英语句子成分分析

v1.0可编辑可修改v1.0可编辑可修改v1.0可编辑可修改PAGE句子成分（SentenceMembers）句子成分和结构是英语的基础，是理解和表达英语的关键。英语中许多词类都对句子成分和结构有影响。英语中的句子是由词或短语组成的，这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用，叫做句子成分。英语的篇章是由句子构成的，不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构，这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型。学习英语句法的基础是了解句子成分、句子的基本结构和句子种类。在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。（一）主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如：（1）Lucyisabeautifulnurse.（名词作主语）（2）Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.（代词作主语）（3）Smokingisharmfultothehealth.（动名词作主语）（4）ToswiminKunmingLakeisagreatpleasure.（不定式作主语）（5）Whatweshoulddoisnotyetdecided.（主语从句作主语）练一练：指出下例句中主语的中心词。

1).The

teacher

with

two

of

his

students

is

walking

into

the

classroom.

2).There

is

an

old

man

coming

here.

3).The

useful

dictionary

was

given

by

my

mother

last

year.

4).To

do

today's

homework

without

the

teacher's

help

is

very

difficult.（二）谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。如：Hisparentsareteachers.（系动词和表语一起作谓语）Westudyhard.（行为动词作谓语）Wedon’tfinishreadingthebook.（助动词和行为动词一起作谓语）HecanspeakEnglish.（情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）练一练：选出句中谓语的中心词。

①

I

don't

like

the

picture

on

the

wall.

②

The

days

get

longer

and

longer

when

summer

comes.

③

Do

you

usually

go

to

school

by

bus

④

There

will

be

a

meeting

at

the

library

this

afternoon.

⑤

Did

the

twins

have

porridge

for

their

breakfast

⑥

Tom

didn't

do

his

homework

yesterday.

⑦

What

I

want

to

tell

you

is

this.

⑧

We

had

better

send

for

a

doctor.

三）宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。Sheisdoingherhomeworknow.（名词作宾语）Shesays（that）sheisill.（宾语从句作动词宾语）Weoftenhelphim.（代词作宾语）Helikestoplaybasketball.（不定式作宾语）Weenjoylisteningtothemusic.我们喜欢听音乐。（动名词短语作宾语）练一练：挑出下列句中的宾语。

①

My

brother

hasn't

done

his

homework.

②

People

all

over

the

world

speak

English.

③

You

must

pay

good

attention

to

your

pronunciation.

④

How

many

new

words

did

you

learn

last

class

⑤

Some

of

the

students

in

the

school

want

to

go

swimming,

how

about

you说明1：宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词，称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外，动词不定式可作动词宾语；动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。说明2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，直接宾语指物，间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人，间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如：give,showbring,pass,buy等。如：（1）Ourteachertellsusastory.（2）Thesungivesuslight.间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后，在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。间接宾语前加“to”的有：give,show,send,bring,read,pass,lend,leave,hand,tell,return,write,throw,promise（答应）,refuse（拒绝）等。间接宾语加“for”的有：make,buy,do,get,play,order（命令）,sing,pay等（1）Igivehimabook.改成：（2）Hepassesmethebook.（他将书递给我。）改成：（3）Hewritesmealetter.改成：（4）Hewillbuymesomebooks.改成：（5）Sheismakingmeacake.改成：练一练：划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。

=1\*GB3①Please

tell

us

a

story.

②

My

father

bought

a

new

bike

for

me

last

week.

③

Mr

Li

is

going

to

teach

us

history

next

term.

④

Here

is

a

it

to

Tom.

⑤

Did

he

leave

any

message

for

me（四）宾语补足语在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分，称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。如：Theymakeherhappy.（形容词）Iseeherdance.（不定式）We’llhelpyoutomaketheOlympicsasuccess.（名词）Pleaselethimin.（副词）Weheardhersingingasong.（分词短语）（五）表语表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。如：Iamateacher.（名词）Heisalwayshappy.（形容词）Theyareontheplaygroundnow.（介词短语）Itgetscold.（形容词）系动词Be动词（am，is，are,was,were）表保持（keep,stay,remain）表改变（get，become，turn）感官动词（feel，sound（听起来），seem/look（看起来），taste，smell如：Itsoundsinteresting.（sound为系动词，interesting为表语）Weshouldallremaincareful.Remain（为系动词，careful为表语）练一练：挑出下列句中的表语。

=1\*GB3①The

old

man

was

feeling

very

tired.

②

Why

is

he

worried

about

Jim

③

The

leaves

have

turned

yellow.

④

Soon

They

all

became

interested

in

the

subject.

⑤

She

was

the

first

to

learn

about

it.（六）定语定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。单个词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。如：Theblackbikeismine.（形容词）What’syourname（代词）Theymakepaperflowers.（名词）练一练：挑出下列句中的定语。

①

They

use

Mr,

Mrs

with

the

family

name.

②

What

is

your

given

name

③

On

the

third

lap

are

Class

1

and

Class

3.

④

I

am

afraid

some

people

forgot

to

sweep

the

floor.

⑤

The

man

downstairs

was

trying

to

sleep.

⑥

I

am

waiting

for

the

sound

of

the

other

shoe!

说明1：当定语修饰不定代词：nothing,anything,everything,something等时，定语在不定代词后面。如：Itellhimsomethinginteresting.（形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语）Hehassomethingtodo.（todo为不定式作后置定语）说明2：短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。如：TheboysintheroomareinClassFour.（intheroom是介词短语作theboys的后置定语。）（七）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。如：Hediditcarefully.（副词）HermothergoesouttodosomeshoppingonSunday.（介词短语）WhenIgrowup,Iamgoingtobeateacher.（从句作时间状语）Hesitsthere.（副词地点状语）练一练：挑出下列句中的状语。

①

There

was

a

big

smile

on

her

face.

②

Every

night

he

heard

the

noise

upstairs.

③

He

began

to

learn

English

when

he

was

eleven.

④

The

man

on

the

motorbike

was

traveling

too

fast.

综合练习写出划线部分的句子成分。

1.

Lily

is

cleaning

the

desk

now.

2.

Her

garden

is

the

best

in

our

town.

3.

Liu

Ming

is

thirteen

years

old.

4.