2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题

PAGEPAGE22021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It1inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen2startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But3agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe4ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe5thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor6thistypeofdecline.Theresearcherslookedatdatathat 7 measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand8thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople9highermeasuresofabdominalfat10worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears11.Forwomen,theassociationmaybe12tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe13.Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould14thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent15formenandwomen.16,therearestepsyoucan17tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental18.Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour19ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingaMediterranean-style20thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.[A]pauses[A]alternatively[B]returns[B]formally[C]peaks[C]accidentally[D]fades[D]generally3. [A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until4. [A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]separation5. [A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement6. [A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize7. [A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted8. [A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied9. [A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played11.[A]ranout[B]setoff[C]drewin[D]wentby12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescriptionSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)PAGE33-Text1Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear’srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear’s,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain’srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear’sincreaseinrailpassengersfares .willeasetrainoperation’sburdenhaskeptpacewithinflationisabigsurprisetocommutersremainsanunreasonablemeasureThestockbrokerinparagraph2isusedtostandfor .cardriversrailtravellerslocalinvestorsordinarytaxpayersItisindicatedinparagraph3thattrainoperators .areofferingcompensationstocommutersaretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunionshavefailedtoprovideanadequatesourcehavesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikesIfunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface .thelossofinvestmentthecollapseofoperationsareductionofrevenueachangeofownershipWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?ConstantComplainingDoesn’tWorkCanNationalizationBringHope?Ever-risingFaresAren’tSustainableText2LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofwhenIndonesia’sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry’santipovertyprogram.In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They’realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.ButCCTprogramsdon’tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.That’sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon’tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia’spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012—includingduringIndonesia’sphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram—in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,“weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,”Ferrarosays.That’slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody’sguess.FerrarosuggeststheresultsmaytransfertootherpartsofAsia,duetocommonalitiessuchastheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat’sgoodforpeoplemayalsogoodfortheenvironment.Evenifthisprogramdidn’treducepoverty.Ferrarosays,“thevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.”Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto .facilitatehealthcarereformhelppoorfamiliesgetbetteroffimprovelocaleducationsystemslowerdeforestationratesThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat .cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoorCCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestylesantipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmerseconomicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradationInhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout .itsacceptancelevelofCCTsitsannualrateofpovertyalleviationtherelationofCCTstoitsforestlosstheroleofitsforestsinclimatechangeAccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthat .itwillbenefitotherAsiancountriesitwillreduceregionalinequalityitcanprotecttheenvironmentitcanboostgrainproductionWhatisthetextcenteredon?PAGE1717-Theeffectsofaprogram.Thedebatesoveraprogram.Theprocessofastudy.Thetransferabilityofastudy.Text3Asahistorian,who’salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast.I’vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).I’vefoundquiteafew,and—sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter—theyhavebeencausingquiteastir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof“SmilingVictorians”makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday’sdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.“Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,”ranonepopularVictorianmaxim,alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular“pearlywhites”wasararesightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedgnashers)lackedclass:drunks,tramps,prostitutesandbuffoonishmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarroll’sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe“nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever”.AccordingtoParagraph1,theauthor’spostsonTwitter .illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotographyhighlightedsocialmedia’sroleinVictorianstudiesre-evaluatedtheVictorian’snotionofpublicimagechangedpeople’simpressionoftheVictoriansWhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas .adeep-rootbeliefamisguidedattitudeacontroversialviewathought-provokingideaWhichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?WhydidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographs?WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?Text4Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersandweb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavortheirownortheirpartners’websitesandservicesoverthoseoftheirrivals.That’swhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,preservingthefreedomandinnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheinternet.Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill—inpartbecauseofpushbackfrombroadbandproviders,anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,butinsteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution,itonlyprolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommissiononnetneutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.TheRepublican-pennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,butrejectedthecommission’sauthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldn’tregulatebroadbandproviderseither.Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelikeAT&Tfavoringitsownvideo-streamingserviceattheexpenseofNetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposeddatacapsontheirrivals’streamingservicesbutnottheirown.OnTuesday,theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadbandproviders,citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatorymove.ButJudgePatriciaMillettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthat"theresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodernbroadbandservice,"andsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldinterveneto"avoidtrappingInternetregulationintechnologicalanachronism."Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCC’sattempttoblockallstaterulesonnetneutrality,whilepreservingthecommission’spowertopre-emptindividualstatelawsthatundermineitsorder.ThatmeansmorebattlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia,whichenactedatoughnetneutralitylawinthewakeoftheFCC’sabdication.Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forthattheFCCcryoutforCongresstoact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.Therehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandprovideswould .bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrolslowdownthetrafficontheirnetworkshowpartialityintreatingclientsintensifycompetitionwiththeirrivalsFacedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFCC .stickstoanout-of-dateordertakesananti-regulatorystancehasissuedaspecialresolutionhasallowedthestatestointerveneWhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?ItprotectsagainstunfaircompetitionItengagesinanti-competitivepractices.ItisundertheFCC'Sinvestigation.Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt'sdecision .focusesontrivialitiesconveysanambiguousmessageisatoddswithitsearlierrulingsisoutoftouchwithrealityWhatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.Broadbandproviders'rightsshouldbeprotected.PartBDirections：Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41–45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelisttointoeachofnumberedblanks.Thereareextrachoices,donotinanyoftheblanks.Markanswersonthe(10points)Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligence(AI)istypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,butinwhatwaysisAIchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdon’tinvolvedoom-and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAImoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.Onecommonapplication?Preventingelectronicsecuritybreaches,which,ratherthaneliminatingITjobs,actuallymakesthosepersonnelmorevaluabletoemployers,becausetheyhelpfirmspreventhackingattempts.HereareafewotherwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:BetterHiringPracticesCompaniesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions.“Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes,”saysDomingos.Inaddition,(41) Onecompanythat’sdoingthisiscalledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocess.MoreEffectiveMarketingSomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.(42) Theseare“toolsthathelppeopleusedata,notareplacementforpeople,”saysPatrickH.Winston,aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.SavingCustomersMoneyEnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybills,savingthemmoneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Companiescanalsooptimizetheirownenergyuseandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompanies,meanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumsonAImodelsthatmoreaccuratelyaccessrisk.(43) ImprovedAccuracy“Machinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatistics,whichmakesdatamorevaluable,”saysWinston.It“helpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions.”(44) ProtectingandMaintainingInfrastructureAnumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAIimageprocessingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbeforetheyhappen.“Iftheyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem,it’sveryexpensive,”saysDomingos.“(45) ”Ireplacetheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou'redoingresearch,youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn'thavetimefor.Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillbemosteffective.Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit’susefulfor[employees]togoto.“Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,”saysDomingos,“ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcost[thecompany]money.”We’realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephone…toaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.AIlooksatrésumésingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)WorldWarIIwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmodernwesternsocieties.(46)Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat3-5%oftherelevantagegroupsduringthedecadesbeforethewar.Butafterthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesforincreasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethanasecondaryschooleducation.(47)Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesforentrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattendingtoauniversitybeforethewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingveryrapidlythoughunevenlyinthe1970sand1980s.Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,andtheseinturnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsofproblems.Therewasfirsttherateofgrowth:(48)inmanycountriesofWesternEuropethenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-year