太阳能电池中英文对照外文翻译文献

1、 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译 )中英文翻译英文原文Historical Review of Solar EnergySolar generally refers to the suns radiation energy. Carried out in the solarinterior from H together into a helium the nuclear reaction, kept a huge release ofenergy, and continue to the space radiation energy, which is solar energy. This so

2、larnuclear fusion reaction inside the can to maintain the hundreds of millions of firsttime. Solar radiation to space launch 3.8x10 23kW power of the radiation, of which20 billionth of the Earths atmosphere to reach. Solar energy reaching the Earthsatmosphere, 30% of the atmosphere reflectance, 23%

3、of atmospheric absorption, andthe rest to reach the Earths surface.Its power of 80 trillion kW, that is to say a second exposure to the suns energy onEarth is equivalent to five million tons of coal combustion heat release. The averageper square meter in the atmosphere outside the area ofenergy per

4、minute to receive1 about 1367w. A broad sense of the solar energy on earth many sources, such as windenergy, chemical energy, potential energy of water and so on. The narrow sense islimited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemicalconversion of the directly.At this st

5、age, the worlds solar energy is still the focus of the study of solarenergy power plant, but the diversification of the use of the condenser, and theintroduction of flat-plate collector and a lowboiling point working fluid, the devicegradually expanded up to maximum output power 73.64kW, Objective T

6、o compare theclear and practical, cost remains high. The construction of a typical device are asfollows: 1901, California built a solar-powered pumping devices, the use of truncatedcone condenser power: 7.36kW; 1902 1908 years, built in the United States five setsof double-cycle solar-powered engine

7、s, the use of flat-panel collector and a lowboiling point working fluid; in 1913,Human use of solar energy has a long history. China more than 2000 years ago,back in the Warring States period, one will find that the use of four steel mirror tofocus sunlight ignition; use of solar energy to dry agric

8、ultural products. Thedevelopment of modern, solar energy has become increasingly widespread use, itincludes the use of solar energy solar thermal, solar photovoltaic and solar energy use,such as the photochemical use. The use of solar photochemical reaction, a passive use(photo-thermal conversion) a

9、nd the photoelectric conversion in two ways. A new solarpower and renewable sources of energy use.Silicon photovoltaic cells mainly in the absorption of solar light energy emittedby silicon photocell is mainly extracted from the sand by the development of BellLabs. Solar energy is the internal or th

10、e surface of the sun sunspot continuous processof nuclear fusion reactions produce energy. Earths orbit on the average solar radiationintensity for the 1367w / . Circumference of the Earths equator to 40000km, andthus calculated the Earths energy can be obtained 173000TW. At sea level standardfor pe

11、ak intensity 1kw/m2, a point on the Earths surface 24h of the annual averageradiation intensity 0.20kw /, which is equivalent to have 102000TW energyHuman dependence on these energy to survive, including all other forms ofrenewable energy (except for geothermal energy resources), although the total

12、amountof solar energy resources is the human equivalent of the energy used by ten thousandtimes, but low energy density of solar energy, and it vary from place to place, fromtime to time change, the development and utilization of solar energy which is facing amajor problem. These features will make

13、solar energy in the integrated energy system2 of the role of subject to certain restrictions.The use of solar cells, through the photoelectric conversion to solar energyconversion is included in electricity, the use of solar water heaters, the use of solarheat hot water and use water for power gener

14、ation, using solar energy for desalination.Now, the use of solar energy is not very popular, the use of solar power costs are hthere, the problem of low conversion efficiency, but for satellite solar cells to provideenergy has been applied.ighAlthough the Earths atmosphere solar radiation to the tot

15、al energy only 22billionths of a radiation energy, it has been as high as 173,000 TW, that is to say asecond exposure to the suns energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal.Earth wind energy, hydropower, ocean thermal energy, wave energy and tidal energyas well as some comes from the

16、 sun; even in the face of the earths fossil fuels (such ascoal, oil, natural gas, etc.) that is fundamentally Since ancient times the storage ofsolar energy down, so by including a broad range of solar energy is very large,he narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovo

17、ltaicand photochemical conversion of the directly.Solar energy is the first time, but also renewable energy. It is rich in resources,can use free of charge, and without transportation, without any pollution to theenvironment. For mankind to create a new life, so that social and human energy into aer

18、a of reducing pollution.Solar cells have to respond to a light and convert solar energy to power thedevice. Photovoltaic effect can produce many kinds of materials, such as: singlecrystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, gallium arsenide, copperindium selenium. They are basically

19、 the same principle of power generation is nowcrystal as an example to describe the process of light generation. P-type crystallinesilicon available after phosphorus-doped N-type silicon, the formation of P-Njunction.When the surface of solar light, the silicon material to be part of photonabsorptio

20、n; photon energy transfer to the silicon atom, electronic transitions havetaken place, as a free-electron concentration in the PN junction formed on both sidesof the potential difference, when the external circuit connected when the effects of thevoltage, there will be a current flowing through the

21、external circuit have a certainamount of output power. The substance of this process are: photon energy intoelectrical energy conversion process.Si is our planets abundance of storage materials. Since the 19th century,3 scientists discovered the properties of crystalline silicon semiconductor, it al

22、mo stchanged everything, even human thought, end of the 20th century. Our lives can beseen everywhere, silicon figure and role of crystalline silicon solar cells is theformation of the past 15 years the fastest growing industry. Production process can bedivided into five steps: a, purification proce

23、ss b, the process of pulling rod c, slicingthe process of d, the process of system battery e, the course package.Solar photovoltaicIs a component of photovoltaic panels in the sun exposure will generate directcurrent power generation devices, from virtually all semiconductor materials (egsilicon) ar

24、e made of thin photovoltaic cells composed of solid. Because there is nopart of activity, and would thus be a long time operation would not lead to any loss.Simple photovoltaic cells for watches and computers to provide energy, and morecomplex PV systems to provide lighting for the housing and power

25、 supply.Photovoltaic panels can be made into components of different shapes, and componentscan be connected to generate more power. In recent years, the surface of the roof andbuilding will be the use of photovoltaic panels components,Even be used as windows, skylights or sheltered part of devices,

26、which are oftencalled photovoltaic facilities with PV systems in buildings.Solar thermalModern technology solar thermal polymerization sunlight and use its energyproduced hot water, steam and electricity. In addition to the use of appropriatetechnology to collect solar energy, the building can also

27、make use of the su ns lightand heat energy is added in the design of appropriate equipment, such as largewindows or use of the south can absorb and slowly release the sun heat the buildingmaterials .According to records, human use of solar energy has more than 3,000 years ofhistory. To solar energy

28、as an energy and power use, only 300 years of history. Thereal solar as the near future to add much-needed energy, the basis of the future energymix is the latest thing. Since the 20th century, 70s, solar technologyhas made rapidadvances, solar energy use with each passing day. Solar energy utilizat

29、ion in modernhistory from the French engineers in 1615 in the Solomon and Germany Cox inventedthe worlds first solar-powered engines run. The invention is a use of solar energyheating the air to the expansion and pumping machines acting.In 1615 1900, between the developed world and more than one sol

30、ar powerplant and a number of other solar energy devices. Almost all of these power plants4 collect the sun means the use of condenser, engine power is not, the working fluid iswater vapor, which is very expensive, not practical value, the majority of individualstudies for manufacturing solar enthus

31、iasts. 100 years of the 20th century, the historyof the development of solar energy technology in general can be divided into sevenstages.1. The First Stage (1900-1920)In this stage, the research focus of solar energy in the world were stillon the solar-powered device which variable photospot method

32、 were applied and flatplate heat collector and low boiling pointactuating medium were started to use; thecapacity of the device was gradually expanded with the max. output power of73.46kW; device was utilized with the definite end-use and in higher cost.The typical built device included: one set of

33、solar energy pumping deviceconstructed in California of U.S in 1901 which employed truncation taper photospotwith the power of 7.36kW; 5 sets of twin-circulated solar-powered engine built in U.Sin 1902 to 1908 which employed the flat plate heat collector and low boiling pointactuating medium; 1 set

34、of solar energy pump comprised of 5 parabolic mirror in alength of 62.5m, width of 4m built in Cairo of Egypt in which the total light collectingarea could reach 1250m 2.2. The Second Stage (1920-1965)For these 20 years, the research of solar energy was implementing on the poorstage, which the manda

35、te to participate in the development and the research projectshad been widely declined due to the mass utilization of fossil fuels and the secondworld war (1935-1945) while the solar energy couldnt satisfy the urgent demandupon the energy. Therefore, the research and development of solar energy was

36、due tobe gradually deserted.3. The Third Stage (1945-1965)For these 20 years after the Second World War, some foresight person hasnoticed that the petroleum and natural gas resources had been rapidly decreased andcalled for attention on these issues in order to gradually promote the recovery anddeve

37、lopment of the solar energy research. Solar energy institutes were setup andacademic exchanges and exhibitions were held which raised the research upsurgeagain on solar energy.In this period, great progress was achieved in the research of solar energy, inparticular: the foundation theory of selectiv

38、e paints proposed in the First InternationalSolar Thermal Academic Conference in 1955, which black nickel had been developed5 as the practical selective paints, contributing to development of high-effective heatcollector; the practical silicon solar cells developed by Bell Lab in U.S in 1954 whichla

39、id the foundation for large scale utilization of photovoltaic generation.Furthermore, there were still other significant results, including:a. One set of 50kW solar stove was built by French National Research Center in1952;b. The worldwide prototype ammonia-water absorbing air conditioning systemhea

40、ted by flat plate heat collector with the capacityU.S in 1960;of 5 tons was built in Florida ofc. An engine equipped with silicon window was invented in 1961.In this stage, research on foundation theory and foundation material of solarenergy was reinforced and academic breakthrough, i.e. selective p

41、aints and siliconsolar cells were achieved. The flat plate had been well developed and ripe intechnologies. Progress had been achieved in the research of solar energy absorbing airconditioners and a batch of pilot solar room was established. Preliminary research wasconducted on the engine and tower

42、type solar-powered generation technologies.4. The Fourth Stage (1965-1973)In the stage, the research work on solarenergy was standstill due to the reasonthat the utilization technologies of solar energy had entered into the growing stagewhich was no ripe in process, heavy in investment and lower in

43、effect. Thus it cannotcompete with conventional energy, which resulted in the absence of attention andsupport from the public, enterprise and government.5. The Fifth Stage (1973-1980)After petroleum played a leading role in the worldwide energy structure, it hasbeen a key factor to control the econo

44、mic and determine the fatal, development anddeclining of a country. After the explosion of Middle East War at Oc., 1973, OPECemployed the method of declining the production and increasing the price to supportthe struggle and safeguard the national benefits which resulted in heavy economicattack for

45、those countries that relied on importing large amount of inexpensivepetroleum from the region of Middle East. Thus, some people in the western countrieswere frightened to call that the energy or petroleum crisis had been launched in theworld. This crisis made people realized that the existing energy

46、 structure should becompletely changed and transition to the future energy structure should be speed up.From that on, many countries, especially the industrialized countries turned theirattention towards the support on the research and development of solar energy and6 other renewable energy technolo

47、gies. The upsurge of developing and utilizing solarenergy had been raised again in the world. In 1973, U.S drew up a government scalesunlight power generation program which the research budget for solar energy wereincreased in a large amount, and solar energy development bank was to established tofa

48、cilitate the solar energy products to be commercialized. In 1974, Japan publishedthe sunlight program made by the government, among which the solar energydevelopment projects included solar room, industrial-use solar energy system, solarthermal generation, solar cells production system, scattered an

49、d large scalephotovoltaic generation system. In order to implement this program, the governmentof Japan input large amount of manpower, material resources and financial resources.The upsurge on the utilization of solar energy raised in 1970s in the world alsoimpacted on China. Some foresight technic

50、ians started to devote to the solar energyindustry one after another and positively proposed to the relative department of thegovernment and published books and periodicals to introduce theinternational trendson the utilization of solar energy. Solar stove was popularized and utilized incountryside;

51、 solar water heater was launched in the city; solar cells used in spacestarted to be applied in the ground. In 1975, the first national solar energy utilizationworking exchanges conference held in An yang, Henan Province further promoted thehavedevelopment of solar energy industry in China. After th

52、is meeting, the solar energyresearch and promotion had been brought into the government program and awardedsupport of specialized fund and material. In some universities and institutes, solarenergy task team and research departments were established one after another. Solarenergy research institutes

53、 were also launched in some places. At that time, an upsurgeon utilization of solar energy was emerging in China.During this period, research and development of solar energy entered into anunprecedented well-developed stage with the following characteristics:a. Each country enhanced planning on sola

54、r energy research. Many countriesworked out short term and long-term sunlight program. The utilization of solar energyhad been a governmental action with intensive support. The international cooperationwas very active which some developing countries had started to participate in theutilization of so

55、lar energy.b. The research field was expanding; research work was developed day by dayand significant results achieved, for example, CPC, vacuum heat collecting pipe,non-crystal silicon solar cells, water-photolyzed hydrogen production and solarenergy thermal power generation.7 c. The solar energy d

56、evelopment program worked out by each country existed theproblems that the requirement was too high and urgent and insufficient expectation ondifficulty in implementation. They have thought to replace the mineral energy in theshort time and to utilize the solar energy in large scale. For example, U.

57、S has oncescheduled to build a small size solar energydemonstration satellite power station in1985 and one set of 5 million kW space solar energy power station in 1995. In fact,this program has been adjusted in later, and the space solar energy power station hasnot yet been realized.d. Products such

58、 as solar water heater and solar cells were started tocommercialize. The solar energy sector has been preliminarily established with asmall scale and ineffective economic effects.6. The Sixth Stage (1980-1992)The upsurge on utilization of solar energy emerged in 1970s was fallen into astage of being

59、 developed in a low and slow step in 1980s. Many countries in the worlddeclined the research budget for solar energy in successive in a large amount, inparticular the U.S.The main reasons resulted in this situation were that the international oil pricewas corrected in a large range while solar energ

60、y product cost was still remaining asbefore which may be of no competitive capability; no any significant breakthrough onsolar energy technologies to increase the efficiency and reduce the cost which led tobreak down peoples confidence to develop solar energy; increased development onnuclear power w