UNICEF-更好地管理儿童数据：宣言英-85正式版

TowardsaNewGovernanceRegimeforChildren’sData:AManifestoTheCaseforBetterGovernanceofChildren’sData:AManifesto1 TheCaseforBetterGovernanceofChildren’sData:AManifesto每日免费获取报告1、每日微信群内分享7+最新重磅报告；2、每日分享当日华尔街日报、金融时报；3、每周分享经济学人4、行研报告均为公开版，权利归原作者所有，起点财经仅分发做内部学习。扫一扫二维码关注公号回复：研究报告加入“起点财经”微信群。。SubscribetoOGIP'snewsletterNewInsightstoseehowourexpectationsandrecommendationsevolveovertime

Contents03ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS04EXECUTIVESUMMARY08INTRODUCTIONWhyaManifestoonchildren’sdatagovernance?HowwastheManifestodeveloped?14PART1:CHILDREN’SDATAANDTHEIRRIGHTS15Theecosystemofchildren’sdigitaldata19Achildrightsframeworkinthedatacontext22Keyareasofconcernforchildren’sdatagovernance37 PART2:DATAGOVERNANCEREGIMESANDHOWTHEYAPPLYTOCHILDRENExistinggovernanceframeworksPrivatesectordefactogovernanceParents’orschools’‘governance’ofchildren’sdatauseThedataeconomyasadriverofgooddatagovernanceforchildrenPrerequisitesforstrongdataprotectionforchildren:robustlaws,effectiveimplementationandabsenceofsurveillance54 PART3:THEMANIFESTO:WHYWENEEDANINTERNATIONALAPPROACHTODATAGOVERNANCEFORCHILDREN57Strengetheningofnorms,standardsandprinciplesActionsrequiredofgovernments,companiesandcivilsocietyEnablersofgoodgovernanceofchildren’sdataThewayforward78ENDNOTESThisdocumentisinteractiveanddesignedfordigitalviewing.Pleaseconsidertheenvironmentandrefrainfromprinting.Thedesignationsinthispublicationdonotimplyanopiniononlegalstatusofanycountryorterritory,orofitsauthorities,orthedelimitationoffrontiers.3

AcknowledgementsThisManifestoistheproductofayear-longprocessandthecollectivewisdomandworkof17globalexpertswhoformedtheDataGovernanceWorkingGroupandprovidedanalysis,insights,guidanceandcommentstoinformthefinalreport.Theseare:LindseyBarrett,GeorgetownLawMonicaBulger,JoanGanzCooneyCenteratSesameWorkshopHeatherBurns,OpenRightsGroupJasminaByrne,UNICEF,OfficeofGlobalInsightandPolicyJeffChester,CenterforDigitalDemocracyEmmaDay,UNICEFStevenFeldstein,CarnegieEndowmentforInternationalPeaceUrsGasser,BerkmanKleinCenterforInternet&SocietyJayHarman,formerly5RightsPedroHartung,AlanaInstituteMalavikaJayaram,DigitalAsiaHubSeanMcDonald,DigitalPublicLindaRaftree,IndependentConsultantNanjiraSambuli,Researcher,PolicyAnalystandAdvocacyStrategistCarolineSinders,ConvocationDesignStevenVosloo,UNICEF,OfficeofGlobalInsightandPolicyAndrewYoung,TheGovLabThisdocumentwasalsoinformedbythreeroundsofconsultationorganizedbytheBerkmanKleinCentreforInternet&Society,AlanaInstitutefromBrazilandUNICEFcoveringthefollowingregions–Africa,Asia,Europe,LatinAmericaandNorthAmerica.Over100expertsfromvariousinstitutions,organizationsandcompaniescontributedthroughtheseconsultationsandinformalinterviews.Theteamisparticularlygratefultothosewhohaveprovidedadditionalwrittencomments:MyDataGlobal/#MyData4Childrengroup,RiittaVänskä,TiinaHärkönenandReijoAarnio(SITRAFinland),TimUnwin(RoyalHolloway,UniversityofLondon),AlexandreBarbosaandFabioSenne(Cetic.br),CouncilofEurope’sChildren’sRightsDivisionandDataProtectionUnit,SoniaLivingstone(LondonSchoolofEconomics),AnrivanderSpuy(ResearchITCAfrica),EddanKatz(WorldEconomicForum),BushraEbadi,GabrielleBerman,KarenCarter,AfroozJohnson,SigrunKaland,JosianneGaleaBaron,MelaniePenagosandSarahJacobstein(UNICEF).TheManifestowasproducedbyUNICEF’sOfficeofGlobalInsightandPolicyundertheleadershipofLaurenceChristianChandy(Director)andJasminaByrne(ChiefofPolicy).ThereportwasauthoredbyJasminaByrne,EmmaDay(UNICEF)andLindaRaftree(independentconsultant).Thisdocumentwascopy-editedbyEveLeckeywhileartdirectionwasprovidedbyMarianaAmaral,designbyMardiyahMillerandmapsbyGabrielleMérite.TheCaseforBetterGovernanceofChildren’sData:AManifestoExecutiveSummaryData,ifusedresponsibly,cansolvesocialproblemsandchallengeswhileofferingtremendouspotentialforinnovation.Thisisastrueforchildrenasitisforadults.KeyMessages:Children,however,aremorevulnerablethanadultsandarelessabletounderstandthelong-termimplicationsofconsentingtotheirdatacollection.Existingprivacyandfairnessconcernsstemmingfromthecollectionofadults’dataaremagnifiedwhenitcomestothecollectionofdatafromchildren,giventheirgreatercognitive,emotional,andphysicalvulnerabilities.Theimplicationsofsurveillanceandtrackingarealsomoresignificantforchildrenduetogreaterexposureovertheirlifetime,andduetotheimportanceofchildhoodasatimefordevelopmentandexperimentationwithidentity.Howdataarecollected,storedandprocessedaffectshowdataarethenusedtoinformdecisionsthataffectchildren’scurrentandfuturelives.

Asallareasofchildren’slivesbecomeincreasinglyenmeshedwithdigitaltechnologies,itispossibletoenvisionafutureinwhichthesetechnologicaladvancementsareprimarilyappliedinserviceofchildrenandtheircommunities.Toachievethisfuture,guiderailsandbenchmarksneedtobeestablishedthatwillhelpgovernchildren’sdatainaresponsibleway.Thismeansthatharnessingofdataforsocialgoodcan’tcomeattheexpenseofchildren’sprivacy,protection,orwell-being.Italsomeansthatthebenefitsofdatacollectionanduseshouldbespreadevenlyacrossthedevelopedanddevelopingworld.Betterdatagovernanceforchildren,withclearduties,standardsandresponsibilities,iscriticaltoensurethatchildrenareprotected,andthatdataareusedasaforceforgoodforgenerationstocome.TheCaseforBetterGovernanceofChildren’sData:AManifesto4ExecutiveSummaryThehurdlesstandinginthewayofbettergovernanceofchildren’sdataaremanyandcomplex,andtheyhavebeenallowedtogrowlargelyunchallengedasdatahavecometoplayagrowingroleinchildren’slives.Whatarethechallenges?»

Surveillanceculture

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Predictiveanalyticsthreatenschildren’sfreedom

canamplifyexistingandprivacy.Surveillance

discriminationandbias.bycorporationsandgovernmentscanhaveachillingeffectonchildrenatakeydevelopmentstage,andthepermanenceofdatacanhaveanegativeimpactontheirfutures.

ArtificialIntelligenceisincreasinglyusedtomakecriticaldecisionsforchildren,suchasallocationofwelfarebenefitsorwhereschoolsshouldbebuilt.Whenthesesystemsusebiaseddatasets,discriminationcanresult.»

Poorprotectionofchildren’ssensitivedatapavesthewayforevenmoresurveillanceanduseinunanticipatedandharmfulways.Thelackofclearregulation,standards,andlimitsonhowchildren’sdataaremanaged–includingthecommercializationofthesedata–createsbothshort-andlong-termrisks.

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Children’sdatacanbeusedtomanipulateandinfluencetheirbehaviour.Civilsocietyorganizations,governmentsandsocialmediaplatformsincreasinglydeploy‘microtargeting’toshapechildren’sbeliefsonissuessuchasgenderorpoliticalparticipation.Childrenarehighlysusceptibletothesetechniqueswhich,ifusedforharmfulgoals,areunethicalandunderminechildren’sfreedomofexpression.5TheCaseforBetterGovernanceofChildren’sData:AManifestoExecutiveSummary» Legalframeworksgenerallyoverlooktherisksforchildrenofgroupdataprofiling.Socialmediacompanies,forexample,usechildren’sdatatogroupthemintosegmentsandmicrotargetthemwithadvertising.Suchgroupdata,ifexploited,canrevealcharacteristics,attributes,andlocationsofchildren.Aggregated,non-personaldataneedfurtherexplorationandadequateregulation.» Balancingconflictingrightsischallenging.Emergingtensionsbetweenseeminglyconflictingrights–forexample,protectionandprivacy–canbedifficulttoreconcile.Issuessuchasageverification,encryptionanduseofparentalcontrolsmustbeconsideredinconnectionwithchildren’swishes,capacitiesandfreedoms.

Datagovernancedoesnotaccountforchildren’sevolvingcapacitiesanddifferentexperiences.Childrenandadolescentshavedifferinglevelsofawarenessofwhatinformationiscollectedonlineandforwhatpurposes.Butdataprivacylawsandpoliciesatbesttreatchildrenasahomogeneousgroup.Mostdataregimesdonotadequatelyaddressconsent,childprotectionandrepresentation.Usingagetoindicatethatachildcanunderstandtermsandconditionsandconsenttodatacollectionmaynotbemeaningfulorappropriate.Inaddition,theinternetmakesittoughtoobtainparentalconsent,whilecurrentconsentframeworksmayleadtoparentsandguardiansoverridingchildren’srightstofreedomofexpressionandparticipation.6TheCaseforBetterGovernanceofChildren’sData:AManifestoExecutiveSummaryThesetenactionsformaManifestothatarticulatesavisionforabetterapproachtochildren’sdata.Theinternationalcommunitymustconsidertheseactionswhendevelopingandimplementingdatagovernanceframeworks.1.PROTECTchildrenandtheirrightsthroughchild-centreddatagovernance.Suchdatagovernanceshouldadheretointernationallyagreedstandardsthatminimizetheuseofsurveillanceandalgorithmsforprofilingchildren’sbehaviour.2.PRIORITIZEchildren’sbestinterestsinalldecisionsaboutchildren’sdata.Governmentsandcompaniesshouldgiveprioritytochildren’srightsintheirdatacollection,andprocessingandstoragepractices.3.CONSIDERchildren’suniqueidentities,evolvingcapacitiesandcircumstancesindatagovernanceframeworks.Everychildisdifferentandchildrenmatureastheygetolder,sodatagovernanceregulationsmustbeflexible.Marginalisedchildrenmustneverbeleftbehind.4.SHIFTresponsibilityfordataprotectionfromchildrentocompaniesandgovernments.Extendtheprotectionmeasurestoallchildrenbelowtheageof18,regardlessoftheageofconsent.

5.COLLABORATEwithchildrenandtheircommunitiesinpolicybuildingandmanagementoftheirdata.Throughdistributedmodelsofdatagovernance,childrenandtheircommunitiesshouldhavemoresayinhowdataisprocessed,bywhomitcanbeprocessed,andwithwhomitcanbeshared.6.REPRESENTchildren’sinterestswithinadministrativeandjudicialprocesses,aswellasredressmechanisms.Itisimperativethatchildren’srightsareintegratedintoexistingmechanisms,suchastheworkofdataprotectionauthorities.7.PROVIDEadequateresourcestoimplementchild-inclusivedatagovernanceframeworks.Dataprotectionauthoritiesandtechnologycompaniesmustemploystaffwhounderstandchildren’srights,andgovernmentsshouldallocatefundingforregulatoryoversight.

8.USEpolicyinnovationindatagovernancetosolvecomplexproblemsandaccelerateresultsforchildren.Policyinnovationcanhelppublicauthoritiestomakethemostofdata,whileatthesametimesafeguardingchildren’srights.9.BRIDGEknowledgegapsintherealmofdatagovernanceforchildren.Therearesomeurgentknowledgegapsthatneedfurtherresearchtoensurethatdatagovernanceregulationsareevidence-based.10.STRENGTHENinternationalcollaborationforchildren’sdatagovernanceandpromoteknowledgeandpolicytransferamongcountries.ThisManifestocallsforgreaterglobalcoordinationonlawandpolicy.Uncoordinatednational-leveldatagovernancelawscanleadtocompetingassertionsofjurisdictionandconflict.7 TheCaseforBetterGovernanceofChildren’sData:AManifesto©UNICEF/UN0299601/HerwigIntroductionTheCaseforBetterGovernanceofChildren’sData:AManifesto 8IntroductionHowdowedefinechildren?TheUNConventionontheRightsoftheChilddefineschildrenasthoseundertheageof18.19

Bythetimeachildturns18,tensofthousandsofdatapointswillhavebeencollectedaboutthem.2WhyaManifestoonchildren’sdatagovernance?Children’sdataarecapturedandusedinamultitudeofwaysinbothhigh-techandlow-techsocieties–fromthetimetheyareinthewomb,whensomeparentscaptureandshareultrasoundimages–toadulthood.Fromtheearliestpossibleageschildren’sphotosandotherdataaredigitizedanduploadedtotheinternet.Theyareobservedbyparentsaswellasprivatecompaniesthroughbabycamerasandtoysembeddedwithdata-generatingsensors.Astheygrowolder,childrenusemobiledevicesforentertainment,includingeducationalgamesandvideos.Aspre-teensandteenagers,childrenaccesssocialmedia,messagingapps,andotherplatformsandchannelsthathelpthemstayconnectedwiththeirpeers,teachersandthewiderworld.Companiesthatmanagetheseplatforms,andthirdpartieswhohaveaccesstothesedata,haveanexclusiveviewintotheirlivesandhabits.©UNICEF/UN0309991/ArcosTheCaseforBetterGovernanceofChildren’sData:AManifestoIntroductionWhatarepersonaldata?Personaldataaredefinedasanyinformationthatrelatestoanidentifiedoridentifiablelivingindividual.3‘Personaldata’undertheGeneralDataProtectionRegulation(GDPR)andasdefinedbytheChildOnlinePrivacyProtectionAct(COPPA)includesonlineidentifierssuchasdeviceID,IPaddress,cookies,geolocationinformation,photos,videos,audiorecordings,browsertypeandplug-indetails.4,5Personaldataalsoincludesdifferentpiecesofinformationwhich,whencollectedtogether,couldidentifyaparticularperson,andanydatathathavebeende-identifiedbutcouldbeusedtore-identifyaperson.Fordatatobetrulyanonymoustheanonymizationmustbeirreversible.10

Governmentstoocollectdataaboutchildren–fromtheincreasinguseofbiometrictechnologyinbirthregistration,throughtoinclusioninpublicsectordatasystems,schoolrecords,healthtrackingsystems,andnationalIDsystems.Incontextswherebasicservicesarenotdeliveredbygovernment,dataisalsocollectedbyNGOs,internationalorganizationsandUNagencies.Somegroupsofchildrensuchaschildrenonthemove,childreninalternativecare,andchildreninconflictwiththelaw,maybesubjecttomoredatacollectionthanothers.Data,ifusedresponsibly,canhavetransformativepowerforsolvingsocialproblemsandcanoffertremendouspotentialforinnovation.Datacollectionandprocessingatscalenowunderpinmanyhealth,educationandsocialservicesusedforandbychildren.Thisinformationisoftenusedtomakeassessmentsanddeterminationsofchildren’sneeds,abilitiesandfutureprospects.Datacollectedfromandaboutchildrenalsoprovidearichevidencebasefromwhichcompaniesandgovernmentscanimprovetheireffectivenessandefficiency.Thechallengewearefacingtoday,duringaperiodofexponentialgrowthofdata,ishowtomaximizethebenefitsgleanedfromdata,whileatthesametimeensuringthatindividuals,includingchildren,areprotected,empoweredandendowedwithcontrolovertheirpersonaldataandknowledgeoftheiruse.Wehopethatthefutureoffersascenariowheredatafromandaboutchildrenisusedsolelyandexclusivelyfortheirbenefit–forexample,toidentifytheirpotentialsortheirvulnerabilitiesandtohelpusofferbettertargetedsupportandpreventativeservices.Webelievethatchildren’sdatameritspecialprotectionandadistinctconsiderationininternationalandnationalgovernanceregimes.Misuseofchildren’sdataviolatestheirrightsundertheUNConventionontheRightsoftheChild(CRC).Respectforandimplementationoftheserightsaswemovefurtherintothedigitalagearenotonlylegalandmoralimperatives,butalsorepresentanimportantsteptowardsensuringchildren’spsychologicalandphysicalwell-being.6States,companiesandguardianshaveadutyunderexistinginternationalhumanrightslawstopreventchildren’spersonalinformationanddatafrombeingusedtoexploitthemorviolatetheirfreedoms.TheCaseforBetterGovernanceofChildren’sData:AManifestoIntroductionThemaindifferencebetweengeneraldatagovernanceandchildren’sdatagovernanceisthepresumptionthatchildrencannoteffectivelyadvanceandadvocateonbehalfoftheirowninterestsbecauseoftheirageandcapacity.7Weoutlinefourkeyreasonswhyspecificconsiderationshouldbegiventochildren:Childhoodisaperiodofgrowthandexperimentation,andchildren’schoicesandpreferencesshiftandchangeastheyexploretheirworldsandtheiridentities.Privacyandprotectionoftheiridentityandtheirinformationenablesthemtodeveloptheirpersonalities.Childrenareagroupwithlimitedautonomywhich,dependingontheirageandevolvingcapacities,makesthemlesssuitedthanadultstoprovidemeaningfulconsentfortheirdatacollectionanduse.Evenwhenchildrenandthosearoundthemknowthattheirdataarebeingcollected,theyoftendonothaveclarityabouthowthesedataareused,bywhom,forwhatpurposes,nordotheyhaveameaningfulabilitytorespondtopotentialnegativeconsequencesofdatause.Governments,businessesandpublic/privatewelfarebodiesallhaveresponsibilitiesinrelationtochildrenandtheirdata.However,thepowerimbalancethatexistsinthephysicalandthedigitalworld,suchasthepowerdisparitybetweenachildandanadult,alargecorporationandanindividual,orgovernmentandcitizen,placeschildreninanespeciallyvulnerableposition.Childrengenerallycareaboutthecollectionanduseoftheirdata,butfeeltheydonothaveachoiceindecisionsabouthowtheirdataarecollectedandused.Evidenceshowsthatchildrenhavedifferentlevelsofawarenessthatonlinedisclosureofinformationhasprivacyconsequences.8Theycontinuouslynavigatebetweenthedesiretoengagewithothersandthedesiretoprotectthemselves.However,evenwhentheyarecarefulwiththedatatheyshare,childrenhavelittlecontroloverthedataothers(parents,peers)shareaboutthemandhowtheirdataareusedbythirdparties,leadingtoaseeminglyambivalentorresignedattitudetodataprivacy.9Insightsderivedfromchildren’sdatacansupportresearch,developmentandprovisionofservices,thuspoordatagovernancemayleadtolossofpotentialbenefitsforchildren.Goodgovernanceofchildren’sdataisnotonlybeneficialforthem,itcanbebeneficialfordevelopment,businessandadata-driveneconomy.TheCaseforBetterGovernanceofChildren’sData:AManifesto11IntroductionWhatisdatagovernance?Datagovernanceencompassestheuniverseofrulesandnormsthatdictatewhyandhowdataarecapturedandusedandwhoholdsresponsibilityfortheprocess.Beyonddatamanagement,dataprivacy,orevendataprotection,datagovernanceincludespolicy,strategies,standards,rightsandaccountabilityfortheend-to-endcycleofdata.©UNICEF/UN063143/AltafAhmad12

Thisdocumenthasadualaim:first,toraiseawarenessoftheissuesspecifictochildren’sdatabyanalysingthecurrentstatusandpointingtokeygapsinpolicyandpractice;andsecond,toencouragegovernments,businessesandpublic/privatewelfarebodiestospecificallyaddresschildren’srightswithinexistingandfuturedatagovernanceframeworks.Withagrowingnumberofcountriesintroducingdataprotectionregulation,wehaveanopportunitytobringaboutpositivechangethatbenefitstheyoungestmembersofsociety.Betterdatagovernanceforchildren,withclearduties,standardsandresponsibilitiesthatspanthefullecosystemofdata,iscriticaltoensurechildrenareprotectedfromdatamisuseandresultingharms,andthatdataareusedasaforceforgoodforgenerationstocome.TheCaseforBetterGovernanceofChildren’sData:AManifestoIntroductionUNICEF’sOfficeofGlobalInsightandPolicyworkedwithagroupof17globalexpertsfromarangeofdisciplinesandperspectivestoexploretrendsinthegovernanceofchildren’sdata,includingthetensionsbetweendifferentrulesandnorms,emergingconceptsandpractice,andimplicationsforpolicyandregulation.HowwastheManifestodeveloped?Membersoftheworkinggroupdevelopedasetofbackgroundpapersexploringawiderangeofissuesrelatedtochildren’sdatagovernance,includingmarketingandadvertisingtochildren,statesurveillanceofchildrenthroughtheirdata,educationandhealthsurveillancedata,groupprofilinganddemographicallyidentifiableinformation,thepotentialrolefordatafiduciaries,therighttobeforgotten,andmodelsforachild-rights-by-designapproachfortechnologycompanies.Wedrewfromthesepapersaswellasfromworkinggroupdiscussionsanddebate.Wealsocuratedinformationandideasfromdiversesources,includingexistingliteratureandpolicydocuments,mediareportsrelatedtodatagovernance,keyinformantinterviews,eventsandonlinemeetings,andothersources.Finally,wesharedthedraftfindingsandrecommendationswithmorethan100expertsthroughonlineworkshopsandmeetings,whosevaluableinsightshavehelpedshapethisfinalversionoftheManifesto.13TheCaseforBetterGovernanceofChildren’sData:AManifesto©UNICEF/UNI358621/CristofolettiPART1Children’sdataandtheirrightsTheCaseforBetterGovernanceofChildren’sData:AManifesto 14PART1Children’sdataandtheirrightsNumerousactorscollectandsharechildren’sdataforamultitudeofpurposes,inwaysthatareoftensoseamlessthatneitherchildrennortheiradultguardiansareawarethattheirdataarebeingcapturedandprocessed.Theecosystemofchildren’sdigitaldataThedigitaldataecosystemiscomplexandintertwinedwitheverypartofachild’slife.Whiledetailschangeaccordingtothecontext,thedataecosystemhasseveralkeyplayers.Governments,includingvariousagencies,enactlawsandregulationsrelatedtodataprocessinganduse;collect,process,share,storechildren’sdata;andusedatatomakepublicpolicydecisionsaboutandforchildren.Privatesectorcompaniesandplatformscollect,process,share,storechildren’sdata;makedecisionsabouthowchildren’sdatawillbecollected,processed,shared,usedandmaintainedandinwhichsystems;andusechildren’sdatatomakebusinessdecisions.Datacollectedfromusersofsocialmediaplatforms,includingchildren,comefromregistrationandlogindetails,onlineactivity,contentproducedbyusersandinformationgeneratedfrompersonaldevices.10Databrokersarethirdpartycompaniesthatcollectdatapointsaboutindividuals(ageandgender,interests,educationlevel,stateofhealth,religionandother)andcreateusersegmentsorprofileswhichtheyselltocompanies.11Databrokersoftenoperatebehindthescenesandareoutsidethecontrolofindividualsusingtheseonlineplatformsandservices.15TheCaseforBetterGovernanceofChildren’sData:AManifestoPART1Children’sdataandtheirrightsNon-profitorganizationscollect,aggregate,process,sharechildren’sdata;makedecisionsabouthowdatawillbecollected,processed,shared,usedandmaintainedandinwhichsystem;andmakedecisionsonservicesofferedtochildren.Parentsandguardiansgenerateandsharechildren’sdata,andactasproxiesfortheirchildrenwhenconsentingtochildren’sdatause.Childrencreatedatapointsaboutthemselvesandtheirpeers,theysharetheirdatawithothers,andconsenttotheirdatabeingprocessed.Theseactorsdonotoperateinisolationanddataoftenflowbetweenmultipleactors.Thelinesbetweentheseactors,ofteninpublic-privatepartnerships,makesdatagovernanceandaccountabilitychallenging.Nevertheless,alltheseentities,regardlessoftheirrolealongthedatalifecycle,areresponsibleforprotectingchildren’sdataandupholdingchildren’srights.Someexamplesofchildren’sdataflowarebelow:Aschoolmightmandatetheuseofanonlinechildsafeguardingprogramonbothschool-issueddevicesandstudentpersonaldevices.Thesoftware,designedbyprivatecompaniestosurveilchildren’swebsearches,mightalsoenableteacherstomonitorwhatchildrentypeinrealtime,andmatchthiswithalistofthousandsofwordsthatcanindicateharmfulbehaviours,suchasabuse,self-harm,violenceorextremism.Datafromthiskindofsafeguardingsoftwarecanbeusedtoreferchildrentoagovernmentinterventionorawatchlist.12©UNICEF/UN0410299/TinagoTheCaseforBetterGovernanceofChildren’sData:AManifesto16PART1Children’sdataandtheirrightsAgovernmentmightshareorsellitspopulation’shealthdatatoacommercialdataanalyticsfirmtogenerateinsightstoplananationalhealthstrategy.13Thecommercialfirmmightbuildaprofitablecommercialhealthalgorithmusingthisdata,oritmightselldatamodelstohealthinsurancecompaniestopredictwhowillbehealthyorsick.Aprivatesectorplatformmightsharevideofootagefromahomesecuritycamerasystemorpublicspacesthatchildrenfrequentwithlawenforcementorgovernmentauthorities,regardlessofwhetherapersoncapturedbythecamerahasgiventheirconsentoriftheindividualisachild.14Anon-profitorganizationmightdevelopawearabledigitalnecklaceforinfants,initiallyforthepurposeofreducingchildmortalitybytrackingimmunizations.Theusesofthetoolmightthenbeexpandedtoincludethecollectionofbiometricinformationfrombabies,mothersandhealthworkers,andseveralprivatesectoractorsmightbebroughtinacrossdifferentcountries,withwhomdatawouldbeshared,used,andre-used.15SitraDigitrailSurvey16Atwo-weekstudyoftheonlinedataflowsofsixindividualscarriedoutbySitra,anindependentpublicfoundationfromFinland,illustratesthecomplexityofthisecosystem.Theaimofthestudywastofindouthowmuchdataisbeingcollectedfromeachindividualandwhichthirdpartycompanieshaveaccesstothedata.Testsubjectsincludeda16-year-oldboy,astudent,apolitician,ajournalist,acompanydirectorandaretiree.Thestudyuncoveredahostofsecondandthirdpartiesbehindtheservicesthatthetestsubjectsuseddirectly.Onewebsite,forexample,shareddatawith56differentparties.Testsubjectswereawarethatthey

hadapprovedsomelevelofdatacollectionbyusinganonlineservice,buttheyweresurprisedbythenamesandnumberofthethirdpartiesthatalsohadaccesstotheirdata.Unsurprisingly,theyhadnotreadthetermsandconditionsandcookiesettingsfortheservicesthattheyused.The16-year-oldboy’sdataweretransmittedto114companiesandatotalof44advertisingcompanies,thelargestamountofdataofallthestudysubjects.Theactualnumberofwebsitesusingadvertisingtechnologywas