大学英语精读第二册11

Book2；lesson11altitude['æltitju:d]alt(高的)+itude(名词词缀)n.1.theheightofaplaceabovesealevel高处海拔:weareflyingatanaltitudeof6000meters.2.(cusuallypl)aplacethatishighabovesealevel(海拔高的)高处高地[固定搭配]：computealtitude计算测量高度[近义词辨析]altitudeheightelevationaltitude指海平面的垂直距离或角度测量时地平面向上垂直距离:Themountainhasanaltitudeof1000meters.height指任何能够测量出来的，从某比较的标准是高还是低的东西:Thetreeattainsaheightof50feet.elevation主要是指高出海面的高度:Theelevationofamountain[形近字]：altitude高度attitude态度[补充归纳]:grabforaltitudea.(空战中)抢占高度b.[俚语]大发脾气；inone'saltitude.a.飘飘然；自高自大b.[美国俚语]醉anticipate[æn'tisipeit]anti(前)+cip(拿)+atevt&vi[过去式anticipated过去分词anticipated现在分词anticipating].1.toexpectsth预期，期望:Weanticipatedherwinningfirstprize.我们期望她获得第一名。2.toseewhatmighthappeninthefutureandtakeactiontopeopleforit预见并做好准:Economistsanticipatethatthenewpolicywillunleashanothercolossalgrowthpotentialforthecountry.经济学家预测：新的政策将会大幅度增加国家潜在的经济收入.3.tothinkwithpleasureandexcitementaboutsththatisgoingtohappen.期望，期待:Weanticipatedherwinningfirstprize.我们期望她获得第一名.4.todosthbeforeitcanbedonebysbelse先于…前行动，抢…之先，占…之先，先人一着；早于别人做(或做成)，在…之前做(或取得):DidtheVikingsanticipateColumbusindiscoveringAmerica.是北欧海盗在哥伦布之前就发现美洲的吗?5.预先考虑并满足(需要、请求、希望等)，(想到别人可能提出的命令、要求等而)预先作好，未等待下达就执行(命令)；未等提出就回答(问题)：Sheanticipatedeachofmyorders.未等下达她便执行我的每道命令。6.过早地考虑(或提出)：toanticipatemoredifficultquestions过早考虑较多困难问题.7.使提前发生；使突然发生；加速；促使：Thebankstaffanticipatedhisdismissalbystealingmoney.那名银行职员因偷钱而遭提前开除。8.预为；预用，预先使用(或享受)，提前支用(钱财)，提前享受:toanticipatealegacy.提前享用遗产[常见搭配]：anticipateit/that/ving/n[近义词辨析]:exceptanticipationexceptmeanstobelievethatsomeoneorsomethingisgoingtoarriveanticipatemeanstoexpectthatsomethingwillhappenandbereadingforit[派生词]anticipation预期预料anticipatory预期的预料的Brace[breis]1.n.adevicethatholdsthingsfirmlytogetherorholdsandsupportstheminposition夹子,支架2.n.amentaldevicethatchildrenwearinsidethemouthtohelptheirteethgrowstraight牙套3.n.bracesstrapsforholdingtrouserup吊带裤4.n.eitheroftwomarks大括号5.n.apairofbirdsoranimalsthathavebeenkilledinhunting猎获的一对鸟6.v.bracesb/yourselfforsth:topreparesb/yourselfforsthdifficultorunpleasantthatisgoingtohappen做准备:Hebracedhimselftohearwhatthebosswouldsay.他做好准备听老板会说些什么。7.v.bracesth/yourselfagainststh:topressyourbodyorpartofyourbodyfirmlyagainststhinordertostopyourselffromfalling抵住,顶住:Theybracedthesaggingwallwithapieceofwood.他们用一根木头撑住那堵往一边倾斜的墙壁。8.vt.totightenthemusclesinyourbodyorpartofyourbodybeforedoingsththatisphysicallydifficult绷紧身体:tobraceone'smuscles把肌肉绷紧.9.vt.tomakesthstrongerormoresolidbysupportingitwithsth加强,加固:Bracethosesaggingshelveswithmorecrosspieces.多用横档加固那些下陷的架子。[常用短语]：1.inabraceofshakes立刻，那间2.takeabrace(运动员)提高技艺(赌徒)时来运转3.wearabeltandbraces[口语]不冒风险；为自己安全过分担忧，过虑[词形变形]vt.bracedbracing[近义词]pairbraceBump：[bʌmp]1.nalumponthebodycausedbyablow肿块.2.n.somethingthatbulgesoutorisprotuberantorprojectsfromitsurroundings隆起物3.vi.knockagainstwithforceorviolence碰撞，撞击:Mycarbumpedintothetree[常用短语]:1.abumponalog[美国口语]呆头呆脑的人；乏味的伴侣2.(be)bumpedup暴发的，擢升较快的，骤然升至高位的，担任徒有虚名的职务的3.bump(s)andgrind(s)a.[俚语](脱衣舞女演员)扭屁股b.迂回曲折，盛衰，浮沉4.likeabumponalong[口语]呆头呆脑，一声不吭5.(one's)bumpoflocality辨别方位的能力6.withabump意外地，突然clench[klentʃ]n[C].1.Atightgriporgrasp.抓紧或咬2.Something,suchasamechanicaldevice,thatclenchesorholdsfast.抓紧用具：抓紧或紧握的某物，例如某种机械设备vt/vi.1.Toclosetightly:咬紧,握紧2.Tograsporgriptightly:紧握3.Toclinch(abolt,forexample).钉牢（例如螺丝钉）[相关词组]:clenchone‘steeth咬紧牙关clenchfistsinanger愤怒地握紧拳头clenchthesteeringwheel紧握方向盘[典型考题]：I_____teethtomyselfsaid:Youmay,youcertainlybeabletodo!AclenchBclutchCclinchDsnatch答案:选A.A.clenchone‘steeth咬紧牙关；B.clutch抓住，攫住；C.clinch钉住，把（木头）钉牢在一起，确定；D.snatch抢夺，攫取；[词义辨析]clench,take,grasp,grab,grip,clasp,clutch,snatch,seize.这些动词均具有“抓住、抓”之意。clench:抓紧用具：抓紧或紧握的某物，例如某种机械设备take:最普通用词，不带感情色彩。指用手抓、取某东西或鞚制某物。grasp:指紧紧抓住、抓牢。grab:指粗暴而急迫的抓住。grip语气比grasp强，指用手的最大力量紧紧抓住。clasp:指用手紧握或用臂紧抱。clutch:强调匆忙、紧急地抓、抓紧。snatch:指突然抢走，侧重动作更快或更具暴力性质。seize:指突然抓住某物，强调突然的猛烈动作。[形近词]：clench[klentʃ]vt.,vi.紧合；咬紧（牙关）；捏紧（拳头）紧握；抓牢eg.Sheclenchedherteethwhenshewasoperatedon;Thegirlclenchedhermoneyinherhand;clinch[klintʃ]vt.,vi.敲弯钉头钉牢；钉住，把（木头）钉牢在一起，确定；决定（贸易等）；达成买卖或合同eg.Thetwocompaniesclinchedthedealquickly.Theofferofmoremoneyclincheditforher.cliff[klif]n[C].asteephighfaceofrock绝壁；悬崖eg.hestoodonahighcliffoverlookingthetown[相关词组]seacliff：海崖；海蚀崖；海蚀崖,海崖；海〔蚀〕崖icecliff：冰崖；冰断崖abruptcliff：陡崖RedCliff：赤壁[词形变换]cliffy['klifi]adj.陡峭的；多悬崖的；[比较级cliffier最高级cliffiest]discipline['disiplin]n1.abranchofknowledge;[C]学科eg."inwhatdisciplineishisdoctorate?"2.asystemofrulesofconductormethodofpractice;[U]训练方法；行为准则eg."hequicklylearnedthedisciplineofprisonroutine"3.thetraitofbeingwellbehaved[U]训练,锻炼,训导eg."heinsistedondisciplineamongthetroops"4.trainingtoimprovestrengthorself-control[U]自制力；遵守纪律5.theactofpunishing[U]处罚,处分;"theoffendersdeservedtheharshdisciplinetheyreceived"vt1.trainbyinstructionandpractice;especiallytoteachself-control;训练，训导"eg.Parentsmustdisciplinetheirchildren";2.punishinordertogaincontrolorenforceobedience;惩戒eg."Theteacherdisciplinedthepupilsratherfrequently"[相关词组]：disciplineoneselftodo严格要求自己disciplinefor因…而处罚[典型考题]：Theteacher————hisstudentforbadbehaviour。AexerciseBdisciplinedCpracticeDtraining答案：选B；A.exercise主要指为强壮体魄而进行的锻炼，也可指进行练习以保持已经获得的技巧；B.disciplinefor因…而处罚；C.practice指把所学的理论或知识用于实践以获得技艺与技巧；D.training普通用词，泛指为从事某种职业而进行的身体或智力方面的训练[词义辨析]：drill，exercise，practice，training，discipline这些名词都有“练习、训练、锻炼”之意。drill侧重进行有系统的，严格和重复的练习.eg.Theteacherdrilledgrammarandthemultiplicationtableseveryday.教员每天通过练习传授语法和乘法表。exercise主要指为强壮体魄而进行的锻炼，也可指进行练习以保持已经获得的技巧。eg.Bothwalkingandridingaregoodexercise.步行和骑车都是很好的锻炼。practice指把所学的理论或知识用于实践以获得技艺与技巧。eg.Practiceisthekeytoanyskill.实践是取得任何技能的要诀。training普通用词，泛指为从事某种职业而进行的身体或智力方面的训练。eg.Doyouofferanypersonaltrainingprograms?你们提供个人训练的课程吗?discipline既可指训练又可指为达到某种熟练程度而进行的约束。eg.Thefootballteamwasdisciplinedbyaprofessionaltrainer.这支足球队受过专业教练员的训练。点击查看……distract[dis'trækt][dis-（除去，分离）+tract(系统，吸引力)]v.1.drawsomeone'sattentionawayfromsomething使(人)分心,分散(注意力)eg.Noiseoutsidedistractedhermindfromherstudies.门外的噪音使她心神不宁,无法集中注意力学习。2.disturbinmindormakeuneasyorcausetobeworriedoralarmed打扰[相关词组]：distractfrom：转移；使分心；使转移注意力；使分散精力distractat/by/with：因...而发狂drawaway（比赛）领先竞争对手；引开distractsb.Withsth.：分散某人的注意力[词义辨析]：puzzle,bewilder,confuse,embarrass,perplex,baffle,confound,distract这些动词均有“使困惑、迷惑、糊涂、伤脑筋”之意。distract:主要用于注意力分散、思想矛盾或过分激动时产生的昏乱eg.Severalpeopletalkingatoncedistractalistener.几个人同时讲话会使听者分散注意力puzzle:侧重使人难于理解、困惑、伤脑筋。eg.Iampuzzledbyhisfailuretoreply.他不给我回信使我感到困惑。bewilder:语气强烈，指因迷不解或惊愕而慌乱，不知所措，无法清醒地思考。eg.Thoseshiftingattitudesbewilderme.那些犹豫不定的态度令我为难。confuse:语气较弱，指由于混淆、混乱而糊涂。eg.Thetwostepscannotbeconfused.这两个步骤不能搞混了。embarrass:常指因处境或困难问题而感到窘迫、局促不安或焦急而不知所措。eg.Hisbadtablemannersembarrassedher.他的不雅的吃相使她很尴尬perplex:除困惑外，还含焦虑或缺乏把握之意，因而难于作出决定，无从下手处理。eg.Hisstrangebehaviourperplexedhergreatly.他的奇怪举止使她茫然不解。baffle:语气最强，多指遇见奇怪情景或复杂困难情况时所产生的惶恐困惑心理。eg.Theunexpectednewsbaffledme.意料之外的消息使我困惑不解。confound:常指人惊慌失措和狼狈不堪。eg.Thenewshasconfoundedourplans.这个消息打乱了我们的计划。easeIi:z][easy的名词和动词]（easedeasedeasing）【释义】1、n.[u]freedomfromdifficultyorfinancialdifficultythatpromotesacomfortablestate.舒适，悠闲；容易，不费力.2、v.theconditionofbeingcomfortableorrelieved(especiallyafterbeingrelievedofdistress);movegentlyorcarefully;lessenpainordiscomfort;alleviate[使···舒服→]减轻（痛苦、负担等），缓和；小心缓慢的移动；放松，调节，使安心【常用短语】1、atease安逸,自在,无拘束,高枕无忧e.g.Hisstateofmindwasnotatease.他心绪不宁。(illatease局促不安，不自在)2、withease容易地e.g.Hegothisjobwithease.他很容易地得到那一份工作。3、easeoff放松,缓和,减轻减轻某人之...e.g.Theflowoftrafficeasedoff.交通已经通畅.4、easesbofsth.减轻某人的痛苦、负担等e.g.Thedoctortriedhisbesttoeaselilyofherheadache.医生在尽力减轻莉莉的头疼。emergency[i'mə:dʒənsi]复数：emergencies【释义】[n].asuddenunforeseencrisis(usuallyinvolvingdanger)thatrequiresimmediateaction;astateinwhichmartiallawapplies紧急情况,突然事件,非常时刻【参考例句】1、Wemustreservemoneyforemergencies.我们应当储备钱留着急用。2、Callthepoliceintheeventofanemergency.万一紧急情况就打电话给警察。3、Intherearoftheplaneisanemergencyexit.在飞机的后面是紧急出口。【常用短语】1、emergencyroom急诊室,急救室2、emergencybrake应急刹车，紧急制动器，安全制动器脚刹.3、emergencyexit紧急出口，备用引出端，安全门4、emergencyprocedure应急操作步骤5、emergencylanding紧急降落【词义辨析】1、emergency，crisis这两个名词都有“危急”之意emergency多指突然发生的出乎意料的紧急情况或事故。crisis含义广泛，可指国家存亡、历史、经刘或人的生命、疾病等面临危急关头。也可指好的或恶化的转折点。2、emergency和emergence：emergence出现，浮现Theemergenceofmanyfactoriesinthisareaisduetotherapiddevelopmentofeconomy.这一地区众多工厂的出现源于经济的迅猛发展。emergency紧急事件【典型考题】Ikeepafireextinguisherinmycarforuseina(an).[C]A.pressureB.urgencyC.emergencyD.extremity[试题解析]译文：我车上备有一灭火器，在紧急时使用。emergency紧急事件，紧急情况，多指具体的紧急事件；pressure压力；urgency也指紧急，急迫，但泛指紧急的行动，而本句中指具体的紧急事件，所以emergency为最佳答案；extremity极限，极度endurance[in'djurəns]【释义】thepowertowithstandhardshiporstress；astateofsurviving;remainingaliven.忍耐,忍耐力,耐性【参考例句】1、Enduranceenabledhimtowintherace.耐力使他获胜2、Ourendurancewastestedtotheutmost.我们的忍耐力受到了最大限度的考验。3、Tothelastmeasureofhumanendurance.人类忍耐的极限。【派生词】：endurancen.忍耐，耐力enduringadj.持久的，不朽的enduringlyadv.持久地endurableadj.可忍受的【辨析】endure,bear,stand和tolerate：Endure:putupwithsomethingorsomebodyunpleasant指长时间忍受痛苦或不幸，一般用于非常严重的情况，强调持久力和意志坚定。Shehasenduredgreatpainforseveralyears.几年来她忍受着极大的痛苦。Bear普通用语，可用于精神、身体上忍受，强承受力"。与否定词连用时表示"极不喜欢"。Ican'tbearstrongtea.我受不了浓茶。Stand:holdone'sground;maintainaposition;besteadfastorupright多用于口语中，强调"不屈不挠"或"经得起"。Theworkcan'tstandthecloseexamination.这工作经受不起仔细检查。Tolerate:putupwithsomethingorsomebodyunpleasant多指忍受人及其行为或容忍意见等精神方面的内容。Wehadtotoleratehisrudeness.我们不得不忍受他的无礼。【典型考题】Ican't__seeinganimalssufferlikethat.[D]A.surviveB.retainC.maintainD.endure[试题解析]survive逃生，幸免于，存活retain保留/持maintain维持，保持exhaustion[ig'zɔ:stʃən]【释义】extremefatigue;seriousweakeningandlossofenergyn.疲惫,筋疲力尽,竭尽;排气装置【常用短语】1、heatexhaustion中暑衰竭，热量消耗，热衰竭，热虚脱e.g.Hepassedoutfromheatexhaustion.他因中暑而晕倒。2、nervousexhaustion【医】神经衰弱,脑力衰竭e.g.Nervousexhaustionfromprolongedpilotingofaircraft.飞行员神经机能病长时间飞机飞行所导致的神经疲惫。3、Finallyreachedthepointofexhaustion.终于到达筋疲力尽的程度。Frame[freim]时态：framed,framing,frames形容词：framable【释义】[n.]1、astructuresupportingorcontainingsomething;oneofaseriesofstilltransparentphotographsonastripoffilmusedinmakingmovies框架,结构,体格[vt.]2、encloseinaframe,asofapicture;takeorcatchasifinasnareortrap;formulateinaparticularstyleorlanguage;makeupplansorbasicdetailsfor.构成,设计,制定,使适合,陷害;框架,(是指在数据链路层中,将网络层数据包加上开始与结尾信息包组成一个框架)[常用短语]1、frameofmind心境,心情,心绪,情绪e.g.Herframeofmindisconfusing.她心绪烦乱。2、frameup装框,阴谋,构思e.g.Ittakeslongtoframeupanarticle.构思一篇文章要花好长时间.3、windowframen.窗框n.窗口框架e.g.Thewoodworkofthewindowframesisperishing.窗户的木框在烂下去。4、timeframe时间量级，时间帧e.g.Rememberthatkidsthisagedon'thavealongtimeframe.你要记住这个年纪的孩子都没有一个长期的计划。initial[i'niʃəl]adj[Anocomp.无比较级]whichis(at)thebeginning开始的，最初的：Theinitialtalksformedthebasisofthelateragreement.最初的会谈形成了后来协议的基础。|theinitialinverstment/outlay最初的投资[费用]n[usuallypl.一般用复数]aCAPTIAL（=large）letteratthebeginningofaname,especiallywhenusedalonetorepresentaperson’sfirstname(s)andlastname(姓名的)大写首字母：HisinitialsarePFW;theystandforPeterFrancisWhite.他的姓名开头字母是PFW，它们是彼得·弗朗西斯·怀特的英文姓名的首字母。v[T]towriteone’sinitialson(apieceofwriting),usuallytoshowapprovaloragreement用姓名开头字母签名于（一份文件）（通常表示批准或赞同）；草签：Pleasewouldyouinitialthesememos,sir?先生，请您草签这些备忘率。【同义词辨析】initial,original,primitiveinitial：开始的，最初的，强调处于事物的起始阶段，也可以指位于开头地方的。original：最初的，最早的；原版的，原物的。指按顺序是首位的，在此前不再有更为原始的同类的东西；也指原件的，原物的，非仿造的东西。Thisistheoriginalpianoonwhichthecomposercreatedsomeofhisgreatestworks.就是在这架钢琴上，这位作曲家创作出了他的一些伟大的作品。primitive：原始的，上古的，早期的，指处于人类生命或事物发展的早期阶段，也可以指自然的或简朴的。PrimitivetribesliveintheAmazonRiverbasin.原始部落居住在亚马逊河盆地。【常用搭配】initialinvestment：期初投资；初期投资；最初投资；原始投资期初投资。initialcondition：初值条件；原始条件；初始状态,初始条件；原始状态。【典型例题】My_______goodopinionofhimchangedwithtime.A.initialB.originalC.primitive【详细解答】答案A符合题意，题目大意为：时间长了我对他最初的好印象改变了。nausea['nɔ:ziə,-siə,-ʃə,-ʒə]n[U]fmlafeelingofsicknessanddesiretoVOMIT(=tothrowupthecontentsofthestomachthroughthemouth)[正式]恶心，呕吐感：Earlypregnancyisoftenaccompaniedbynausea.怀孕早期常有恶心现象。|Doyouexperienceanynausea?你感到恶心吗？【常用搭配】creaticnausea：油腻性恶心；nauseavomiting：恶心或呕吐；gravidarumnausea：妊娠期恶心jerk[dʒə:k]v1.[T]topullsuddenly急拉，猛地拉一下：Hejerkedthestringandthepuppetjumped.他猛地一拉绳子，木偶就跳了起来。2.[I]tomovewithjerks颠簸地行进：Thebusjerkedtoastop.公共汽车猛然刹车，就停住了。n1.ashortquickpullor(backward)movement猛地一拉：Theknifewasstuckbutshepulleditoutwithajerk.那把刀子被卡住了，她猛地一拔，把它拔了出来。2.[贬，俚，尤美]傻瓜，笨蛋（尤指不体贴女性的男子）：Stopdancingonmyfeet,youjerk!跳舞别老踩我的脚，你这个笨蛋！adj牙买加风味的：jerkchicken牙买加风味烤鸡。【常用搭配】inajerk马上，立刻；putajerkinit[俚语]加紧干，使劲干，卖力干notorious[nəu'tɔ:riəs]adjfamousorwidelyknownforsomethingbad[贬]臭名远扬的，声名狼藉的：anotoriousmurderer一个臭名远扬的杀人犯【同义词辨析】notorious，famousnotoriousadj.声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的，表示由于不好的事而出名：benotoriousfor(以……臭名昭著)famousadj.著名的，表示广为人知或常受谈论，往往含有称颂之意：befamousfor(以……著名)Thecityisfamousforitshotsprings.Heisnotoriousfordirtytricks.guarantee[,ɡærən'ti:]n[c](assurance)保证：YouhavemyguaranteethatI'llfinishthejobontime.我向你保证按时完成工作；(COMM)(warranty)质量保证：TheTVsethasayear'sguarantee.这架电视机有一年的保修期。v[vt](promise)[+success,safety,happiness]确保；保证：HewillguaranteeuspossessionofthehousebyMay.他保证我们在五月可搬入这间房子；（COMM）[+product,work]担保【同义词辨析】pledge:普通用词，指严肃地承诺、信守原则，常以个人名誉作为承诺的保证。guarantee:一般指以口头的、协定或合同的形式作为保证、担保，强调口头承诺，含违背许诺，则予以补偿之意。assurance:指用语言保证以消除人们思想上的怀疑与担心。【常用搭配】a/noguarantee…有/没有…的保证；toguaranteetodosth保证做某事【典型例题】Buyingatrainticketaheadoftimewillusually_____youagoodseat.A.stretchB.protectC.guaranteeD.prevent【详细解答】答案选C.guarantee后接双宾语，表示：保证你有一个好座位。Rescue['reskju:]v.(rescued,rescued,rescuing)tosavesb/sthfromadangerousorharmfulsituation营救；援救；抢救：Herescuedachildfromdrowning.Shehaddespairedofeverbeingrescuedalive.n.1.[u]theactofsavingsb/sthfromadangerousordifficultsituation;thefactofbeingsaved救援；营救；抢救；获救：Wehadgivenuphopeofrescue.2.[c]anoccasionwhensb/sthissavedfromadangerousordifficultsituation营救行动：Tenfishermenweresavedinadaringsearescue.[常用短语]~sb/sth(fromsth/sb)营救，救援，抢救：Thehousewasrescuedfromdemolition.arescueattempt/operation一次救援行动amountainrescueteam高山救援队rescueworkersboats/helicopters救援人员/船只/直升机cometoone’srescue解救某人，救助某人（见考题）[典型考题]Teddycametomy_______withachequeof$200topaymyroomrate,afterIphonedhimthatmywallethadbeenstonlen.A.attendanceB.assistanceC.rescueD.safety[试题分析][详细解答]句意：在我打电话告知泰德钱包被偷了之后，他带着200美元的支票来救助我，为我支付了房租。Cometoone’srescue意为“解救某人，救助某人”；A.意为“出席，照料”B,意为“帮助，援助”；D，意为“安全”，这三个词与cameto无法构成固定搭配。Resemble[ri'zembl]v.(resembled,resembled,resembling)[VN][nopassive](不用于进行时)tolooklikeorbesimilartoanotherpersonorthing看起来像；显得像；像：[1]Shecloselyresembleshersister.[2]Somanyhotelsresembleeachother.[3]Theplantresemblegrassinappearance.Salesman['seilzmən]n.[复]:salesmen.amanorwomanwhosejobistosellgoods,forexample,inashop/store售货员；推销员：acarsalesman汽车推销员.Thesalesmanshowedhernearlyallthehatsintheshop.[变形]:saleswoman['seilz,wumən]n.女售货员Sensation[sen'seiʃən]n.1[c]afeelingthatyougetwhensthaffectsyourbody感觉；知觉：atingling/burning/pleasantsensation刺痛/烧伤/愉悦的感觉：Ihadasensationoffalling,asifinadream.我有一种堕落的感觉，像在梦中似的。2[u]theabilitytofeelthroughyoursenseoftouch感觉能力，知觉能力：Sheseemedtohavelostallsensationinherarms.3[c]ageneralfeelingorimpressionthatisdifficulttoexplain;anexperienceoramemory直觉；莫名其妙的感觉；经历；记忆：Hehadtheeeriesensationofbeingwatched.4[c].verygreatsurprise,excitementorinterestamongalotofpeople;thepersonorthethingthatcausesthissurprise轰动；哗然；引起轰动的人（或事物）：Newsofhisarrestcausedasensation.[常用短语]havethesensationof觉得；有知觉；感觉到，感受到；体会到；体验到（身体上或情绪上的情况）[典型考题]Somejournalistsoftenoverstatethesituationsothattheirnewsmanycreateagreat_____.A.explosionB.sensationC.exaggerationD.stimulation[试题分析]此题测试词的意义，答案为B.[详细解答]句意：有些记者为了追求轰动效应，经常在报道新闻是对局势进行夸张。Sensation意为“激动，轰动”，createagreatsensation意为“赵成很大的轰动”。A.explosion意为“爆炸，爆发”，C.exaggeration意为“夸张，夸大”；D.stimulation意为“刺激，激励，鼓舞”。Slope[sləup]n.1[c]asurfaceorpieceoflandthatslopes(=ishigheratoneendthantheother)斜坡；坡地：agrass/woodedslop长满草的/长满树的坡地。Thetownisbuiltonaslope.2[c]anareaoflandthatispartofamountainorhill山坡theeasternslopeoftheAndes安第斯山脉，skislopes滑雪斜坡:Hespendsallwinterontheslope.3[u]theamountbywhichsthslopes斜度；坡度：agentel/steepslope缓坡，陡坡：aslopeof*4545度角；theangleofslop倾角。[补充词义]v.(sloped,sloped,sloping)1.[usually+adv./prep](ofahorizontalsurface水平面)tobeatananglesothatishigheranoneendthantheother倾斜；有坡度：Thegardenslopesawaytowardtheriver.slopingshoulders斜肩.2..[usually+adv,/prep](ofsthvertical垂直物)tobeatanangleratherthanbeingstraightorupright倾斜；非垂直：Hishandwritingslopesbackwards.3.[v+adv,/prep]togosomewherequietlyespeciallyinordertoavoidsth./sb悄悄地走；潜行；溜：Theygotboredwaitingforhimandslopedoff.[常用短语]Slopeoff溜走：Mostpeopleintheaudiencehaveslopedoff.Slopedown/up向下或向上倾斜:TheslopedownwhichAmerica'smetropolitannewspapersaretumblingbecamesteeperthisweek.slopewash：坡积物；坡积土；斜坡侵蚀；坡面冲刷Staff[stɑ:f]n1.[C]strongstickorpoleusedasasupportwhenwalkingorclimbing,asaweapon,orasasymbolofauthorityorsignofoffice手杖;棍棒;权杖:Theoldmanleantonalongwoodenstaff.2.groupofassistantsworkingtogetherinabusiness,etcresponsibletoamanagerorpersoninauthority全体职工;全体雇员:Weneedmorestaffintheoffice.3.peopleinauthorityinanorganization(contrastedwithstudents,etc);thosedoingadministrativework(asdistinctfrommanualwork)当权的人员（相对於学生等而言）;行政人员（与体力劳动者相区分）:aheadteacherandherstaff（女）校长及全体教师anewmemberof(the)staff新来的职员Theschoolstaffareexpectedtosuperviseschoolmeals.学校的教职员应监督学校的膳食.[attrib作定语]astaffparty,room,meeting职员的聚会﹑活动室﹑会议.4.groupofseniorarmyofficersassistingacommandingofficer（军队的）全体参谋人员:thegeneral'sstaff将军的参谋人员*[attrib作定语]a`staffofficer参谋.5.(alsostave/steɪv;stev/)[C](music音)setoffivehorizontalparallellinesonwhichmusiciswritten五线谱6.(idm习语)the,staffof`life(archorrhet古或修辞)bread面包.v1.[通常用於被动语态]provide(sth)withstaff2.actasstafffor为（某部门）配备人员;担任（某部门）的工作人员:awell-staffedhotel工作人员齐全的旅馆.[常用短语]staffnursehospitalnurserankingjustbelowasister医院护士（比护士长低一级）staffsergeant（a）seniorsergeantinanon-infantry(egcavalry)company（非步兵连的）陆军上士[典型考题]Haveyoubroughtyourswimming___?A.crewC..staffB.colleagueD.workers[试题分析]此题为同义词辨析，答案为C[详细解答]你带了游泳用的东西了吗。crew全体船员；colleague同事；workers工作人员Stagger[stægə]v1.[walkormoveunsteadilyasifabouttofall(fromcarryingsthheavy,beingweakordrunk,etc)蹒跚;踉跄;摇晃着移动:Shestaggeredandfell.,2.[通常用於被动语态](ofnews,etc)shock(sb)deeply;cause(sb)astonishment,worryorconfusion（指消息等）使（某人）震惊﹑担心或慌乱:Iwasstaggeredtohear/onhearing/whenIheardofhisdeath.3.[通常用於被动语态]place(sth)inazigzagoralternatingarrangement交错安排（某事物）;使（某事物）错开:astaggeredjunction,ieacross-roadswheretheside-roadsarenotdirectlyoppositeeachother旁侧路口不相对的交叉处.4.arrange(thetimesofevents)sothattheydonotoccurtogether错开（时间）:staggeredofficehours,iearrangedsothatemployeesarenotallusingbuses,trains,etcatthesametime错开的办公时间（以减低使用交通工具的拥挤现象staggertheannualholidays错开年假.5unsteadystaggeringmovement蹒跚;踉跄;摇晃不稳的动作:Hepickeduptheheavysuitcaseandsetoffwithastagger.adjstaggering/stægərŋ;ˋstæɡərŋ/adjastonishing;shocking令人吃惊的;惊人的:astaggeringachievement惊人的成就Ifindtheirdecisionsimplystaggering.我觉得他们的决定简直太惊人了.staggeringlyadv:She'sstaggeringlybeautiful.她漂亮极了.[常用短语]staggertoone'sfeetShestaggertohisfeet,acrosstheroom,fromsidetosideblindstaggers晕倒症(特指牛马等)蹒跚staggeralong摇摇晃晃地走staggeraroundthelot[美]比赛成绩不佳staggerin[美](指赛跑)跑在最后,(棒球)勉强得胜[词义辨析]1.stridewalkwithlong,decisivestepsinaspecifieddirection阔步行进，大踏步走2.staggerwalkormoveunsteadily,asifabouttofall蹒跚(panshan)(尤指喝醉酒drankman走路的样子，也指人劳累tirednessfatigue后走路跌跌撞撞状态。3.Shuffle['ʃʌfl]walkbydraggingone'sfeetalongorwithoutliftingthemfullyfromtheground拖着脚(尤指由于tired脚抬不起来，脚不离地地走)4.stumbletripormomentarilyloseone'sbalance;almostfall绊脚(强调fall的过程)5.saunterwalkinaslow,relaxedmanner,withouthurryoreffort闲逛；漫步（Stroll也有漫步闲逛的意思，但是，它强调的是走走停停，saunter是不紧不慢一个速度下来）6.waddle.walkwithshortstepsandaclumsyswayingmotion(像鸭子一样)摇摇摆摆地走7.tottermoveinafeebleorunsteadyway走得或动得不稳;踉跄;蹒跚(指小孩child老人，oldage走路不稳的样子，或者因为身体上的弱weak,ill走路不稳的样子)[典型考题]Thedrunkman___acrosstheroom.AtotterBstuggerCwaddleDstride此题为同义词辨析，答案为B[试题分析][详细解答]那个醉汉摇摇晃晃地穿过房间totter走得或动得不稳;踉跄;蹒跚waddle(像鸭子一样)摇摇摆摆地走stride阔步行进，大踏步走Surgery[sə:dʒəri]n1.[U]treatmentofinjuriesordiseasesbycuttingorremovingpartsofthebody外科;手术:qualifiedinsurgeryandmedicine内外科合格的preparethepatientforsurgery给病人做术前准备Heunderwentopen-heartsurgery2.(a)[C]placewhereadoctor,dentist,etcseeshispatients（医师的）门诊处,诊所.(b)[U]timeduringwhichadoctor,etcisavailabletoseepatientsathissurgery门诊时间:Surgerylastsfrom9amto10am.门诊时间为上午9时至10时.[attrib作定语].3.[C]timewhenaMemberofParliamentcanbeconsultedbythepeopleherepresents（议员对选民的）接待时间:SheholdshersurgeryonFridaysat6pm.[常用短语]surgeryhours门诊时间cosmeticsurgery美容外科[典型考题]Ihopethedoctorswon'thaverecourseto___.A.urgeB.surveyorC.surgeonD.surgery[试题分析]此题测试词组意义，答案为D[详细解答]我希望医生可别非动手术不可.urge洋溢，汹涌；surveyor检查员；surgeon外科医生；Swallow[swləu]v1.(a)causeorallow(espfoodordrink)togodownthethroat吞下或咽下（尤指食物或饮料）:Takingpillsiseasy;justputtheminyourmouthandswallow.(b)usethemusclesofthethroatasifdoingthis,eginfear做如同吞咽般的动作（如恐惧时）:Sheswallowedhard,andturnedtofaceheraccuser.2.(a)accept(aninsult,etc)withoutprotest忍受（侮辱等）:Shecalledyoualiar.Areyougoingtoswallowthat?(b)believe(sth)tooeasily轻信（某事物）:Heflattersheroutrageously,andsheswallowsitwhole,iebelievesitentirely.3.~sb/sth(up)(a)takesb/sthintoitselfsothathe/itcannolongerbeseen吞没或掩盖某人[某事物]:Thejungleswalloweduptheexplorers.探险人员消失在密林里了.Theaircraftwasswallowed(up)intheclouds.smallfirmsbeingswallowedupbygiantcorporations,ietakenoversothattheydisappear被大公司兼并的小商行.(b)usesthupcompletely用尽某事物:Thecostofthetrialswallowedupalltheirsavings.4.notexpress(afeeling,etc)openly不流露（感情等）:Sheswallowedherangerandcarriedon.5.swallown(a)actofswallowing吞;咽.(b)amountswallowedatonetime一次吞咽的量:takeaswallowofbeer喝一口啤哂.n.1.anyofvarioustypesofsmallquick-flyinginsect-eatingbirdwithaforkedtailthatmigratetonortherncountries(egBritain)insummer燕子.2.(idm习语),oneswallow,doesnotmakea`summer(saying谚)asinglefortunateorsatisfactoryincident,example,etcdoesnotmeanthatalltheotherswillbeasgood一燕不成夏（仅有的一次幸运或好事等并不意味着一切都好）[常用短语]swallowthebaitacceptsththathasbeensaid,offered,etctotemptone上钩;中圈套.swallowone'swordsadmitthatonehassaidsthwrong承认说错了话:HetoldmeIwouldn'tpassthetestbutI'mdeterminedtomakehimswallowhiswordsswallow-diventypeofdivewiththearmsspreadoutuntiloneisclosetothewater（直体）向前跳水;燕式跳水.[词义辨析]eat，dine，have，consume，devour，gorge，swallow这些动词均可表示“吃”之意。eat普通用词，使用广泛。既可用于人，也可用于动物。dine正式用词，既可指一日三餐中的任何一餐，也可以指特殊的用餐。have可与eat换用，但强调一次性的动作。consume侧重痛痛快快地吃得一干二净，可用于人和动物。devour指狼吞虎咽地吃，强调吃得既快又彻底。gorge侧重指拼命地吃或塞，强调吃饱或吃得过量。swallow主要指吃的整个过程的第二部分“咽”，并常指咀嚼得匆匆忙忙地吃。Chewing主要指咀嚼bite指咬和啃nibble指咬范围比bite要小[典型考题]He____thepillswithacupofwater.A.nibbleB.biteC.swallowD.chewing[试题分析]此题测试该词的近义词，答案为C[详细解答]他用一杯水吞下了这些药丸。nibble咬;bite咬，啃;chewing咀嚼Reference['refərəns]n.&v.1[C,U]~(tosb/sth)athingyousayorwritethatmentionssb/sthelse;theactofmentioningsb/sth提到；说到；涉及：Avoidanyreferencetohisillnessbutonlytohisfutureplans.2[U]theactoflookingatsthforinformation参考；查询；查阅：Keepthelistofnumbersnearthephoneforeasyreference.[补充意义]:v.(written)toreferencetosth;toprovideabook,etc.withreferences查阅；参考；给（书等）附参考资料：Eachchapterisreferenced,citingliteratureupto1999.n.1[U](formal)~(tosb/sth)theactofaskingsbforhelporadvice(帮助或意见的)征求；征询：Theemergencynursecantreatminorinjurieswithoutreferencetoadoctor.2[C](abbr.ref.)anumber,wordorsymbolthatshowswheresthisonamap,orwhereyoufindapieceofinformation(为方便查询所用的)标记；标识；编号：Pleasequoteyourreferencenumberwhenmakinganenquiry.3[C]aletterwrittenbysbwhoknowsyou,givinginformationaboutyourcharacterandabilities,especiallytoanewemployer推荐信；介绍信：Wewilltakeupreferencesaftertheinterview.4[C]apersonwhoagreestowriteareference,foryou,forexamplewhenyouareapplyingforajob推荐人；介绍人：Mypreviousbosswillactasareferenceforme.5[C]anoteinabookthattellsyouwhereaparticularpieceofinformationcomesfrom参考书目：Thereisalistofreferencesattheendofeachchapter.[常用搭配]:bear/havesome/onreferencetosth于某事物有关/无关：Thishasonreferencetowhatwewerediscussing.withreferencetosb/sth(espcommerce尤用于商业)关于某人/某事：Iamwritingwithreferencetoyourjobapplication.withoutreferencetosb/sth不考虑某人/某事物：Sheissuedalltheseinvitationswithoutanyreferencetohersuperiors.[词形变换]:referenced引用的；参考的referencing定位；连接连测Religion[ri'lidʒən]n.1[U]thebeliefintheexistenceofagoodorgods,andtheactivitiesthatareconnectedwiththeworshipofthem宗教;宗教信仰：Istherealwaysaconflictbetweenscienceandreligion?2[C]oneofsystemoffaiththatarebasedonthebeliefintheexistenceofaparticulargodorgods宗教;教派theJewis