高一英语语法：定语从句之关系副词

1、Unit5 Nelson Mandela - a modern heroThe Attributive ClausesGrammar定语从句之关系副词The strucure of an attributive clauseRevision: 基础知识 1 先行词主句中被修饰或限定的名词或代词关系词关系代词和关系副词，引导定语从句并代替先行词在从句中做相同成分从句1、缺少主语/宾语/状语/定语；2、但必须有谓语；3、所缺成分具有唯一性；4、缺什么补什么；+WHY?已经作定语从句中的成分定语从句好像一面镜子，对先行词进行描述先行词就是主句中的“本人”同指关系关系词就是“镜子”里的“自己”，在定语

2、从句中代替先行词这种情况不会出现，因为先行词或关系词作定语从句中的相同成分（同指关系）先行词作定语从句中的主语或宾语，关系词也要作定语从句中的主语或宾语，因而选用关系代词引导定语从句。先行词作定语从句中的状语，关系词也要作定语从句中的状语，因而选用关系副词引导定语从句。先行词关系词Have you learned about the city where we are visiting?Have you learned about the city which we are paying a visit?(which/ that)及物动词后缺宾语及物动词后有宾语，缺状语whereThis is

3、 the very pen that you gave it to me before.Id like to lend you somebooks which you are sure to find them interesting.这种情况不会出现，因为关系词已经作了定语从句中的成分，定语从句中不能出现相同成分先行词关系词I still remember the years when we studied together then. I found the book at the placewhere I lost it there yesterday.This is the point

4、 whereI disagree with.改错：定语从句中重复出现先行词或关系词所作的成分引导定语从句的关系词只指代人 只指代事物 人、物皆可 指地点 指时间 指原因 who, whomwhichthat, whose, aswherewhenwhy关系代词关系副词Revision: 基础知识 2 作定语从句中的主语、宾语、定语等作定语从句中的状语英语名谚：The dictionary is the only place _ success comes before work. 只有在字典里，“成功”才会出现在“工作”之前。先行词是事物，也有特殊修饰，但是先行词作定语从句中的状语成分！？wh

5、ere如何使用关系副词 Summary:关系词 判 断 规 律 :?先行词是什么？有何特殊修饰？作定语从句中的什么成分？定语从句及主句的句式特征“四位一体”成分优先定语从句关系副词的使用关系词的判定：先行词作定语从句中什么成分？ 原则上先行词作定语从句中的主语、宾语、介词宾语，要用关系代词引导定语从句；先行词作定语从句中的状语，要用关系副词引导定语从句。 缺什么补什么 但最难判断的是先行词到底作宾语还是作状语，此时一定要抓住定语从句的谓语动词的特点，特别是定语从句的谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词。先行词作定语从句中的主语、宾语、介词宾语 关系代词: who/ whom/ whose/ tha

6、t/ which/ as 缺主语 无论谓语什么形式主语 vt. 缺宾语主语 vi./ be 表语 介词 缺宾语 主语 双宾语vt. 缺一个宾语主语 vt. 缺宾语 宾补关系词的判定：先行词作定语从句中什么成分？（定语从句中缺少宾语）关系词的判定：先行词作定语从句中什么成分？先行词作定语从句中的状语 关系副词：when/ where/ why(或介词which)主语 vi. 缺状语主语 vt. 宾语 缺状语主语 be 表语 缺状语 主语 be done （被动语态） 缺状语主语 vt. 双宾语/ 复合宾语 缺状语（定语从句中缺少状语）when, where, why &that, which T

7、his is the reason _ ( = for which ) I didnt come here. The reason _ she gave me was not true.why(which/that)指时间、地点或原因的先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，用关系代词which或that引导定语从句；先行词如在定语从句中作状语，要使用关系副词引导定语从句。主语 vt. 缺宾语主语 vi. 缺状语1) Ill never forget the day _ we first met in the park.2) Ill never forget the time _I spent wit

8、h you.3) This is the museum _ I paid a visit last year.4) This is the museum _ I visited last year.when(which/ that)where(which/ that)when, where, why &that, which 主语 vi. 缺状语主语 vt. 缺宾语主语 vt. 宾语 缺状语主语 vt. 缺宾语5) This is the story _ the old man told us young people. 6) This is the story _ the old man t

9、old us young people his experience.7) This is the point _ I dont agree.8) This is the point _ I dont agree with.(that/ which)where/ in whichwhere/ with which(which/ that)when, where, why &that, which 主语 双宾语vt. 缺一个宾语主语 vt. 双宾语 缺状语主语 vi. 缺状语主语 vi. 介词 缺宾语9) Later, they came to a place _ the natives cal

10、led the Ghost Cave.10) This is the very case _ a new word is used uncorrectly, although it has been learnt by heart.(that/ which)wherewhen, where, why &that, which 主语 vt. 缺宾语 宾补主语 be done （被动语态） 缺状语成分优先Group work: List vt. or vi. as many as you can.?Discussion容易误用作不及物动词的及物动词(vt.)：enter, reach, menti

11、on(提到), serve, marry, discuss, fit, lack(缺乏), greet(问候), ring, doubt(怀疑), say等 上述及物动词作谓语（后无宾语）时，定语从句要关系代词引导。That was a cave _ nobody had entered before.(which/ that)容易误用作及物动词的不及物动词(vi.)：agree, disagree, knock, object(反对), arrive,live, lie, flow, operate(做手术), depend, stay, rely(依靠、取决于), wait, work,

12、happen, insist(坚持), reply, talk, look, listen, belong, rise, give in等上述不及物动词作谓语时，定语从句（不缺主语）要用关系副词或介词加关系代词引导。Lanzhou is a city _ the Yellow River flows.where/ through which提升训练?1. Im very glad to return to my hometown _I had lived for 10 years.2. This is my hometown _I used to talk about to you.3. I

13、think I can understand the reason_ he didnt tell the truth to me.4. No one believes the reason _he offered us about his absence at the meeting.where(which/ that)why(that/ which)关系副词的使用：关注“特殊”含义的先行词当先行词为point, situation, case, stage等表示“情况，境地，场合”或activity/ match/ race/ party等表示“活动”含义的名词而且作定语从句中的状语时，其后

14、定语从句常由where引导。如：Can you think of a situation where this phrase can be used?I decided to go to the party, where I could meet some old friends.关系代词前有介词，用which指物、用whom指人, 不用that引导定语从句； This is the house in which he was born.I agree with the idea _ you thought of.that/which/(left out)做of 的宾语I agree with

15、 the idea（主句）_you thought of which.I agree with the idea _ you thought of.of which这就叫介词提前的关系代词，prep+关系代词。请思考：可用于介词后的关系代词有哪几个？请还原which 在从句中的位置which/ whom/ whose This is the boy. I played tennis _the boy yesterday. Well go to visit the famous school. We have often talked _the famous school.withaboutTh

16、is is the boy whom/ that/ / who I played tennis with.Well go to visit the famous school which/ that/ we have often talked about. with aboutOctober 1st, 1949 is the day _ the Peoples Republic of China was founded.此处on which = when有些时间介词 + which = when某些介词+which 与关系副词之间的关系：时间状语on which/ when但要关注介词与关系副

17、词之间的排斥性。Have you ever dreamed of playing in front of thousands of people at a concert, _ everyone is clapping and appreciating(欣赏) your music?此处at which = where有些方位介词 + which = whereat which/ where某些介词+which 与关系副词之间的关系：地点状语I didnt get a pay rise, but this wasnt the reason _ I left.The reason _ he wa

18、s late was that he missed his train.此处for which = whyfor which/ whyfor which/ why某些介词+which 与关系副词之间的关系：原因状语Conclusion介词 + which 在定语从句中做时间状语时，等于when介词 + which在定语从句中做地点状语时，等于wherefor which 在定语从句中做原因状语时，等于why1、介词+which都可以转换成关系副词吗？2、关系代词前介词的选择有什么规律？关系代词前介词的确定preposition + which（指物） preposition + whom（指人

19、） preposition + whose（指所属）How to choose the right prepositions？ 关系代词前介词的确定1. Do you like the book _ she spent $10? 2. Do you like the book _ she paid $10?3. Do you like the book _ she learned a lot? 4. Do you like the book _ she often talks? on whichfor whichfrom whichabout whichConclusion 根据定语从句中谓语

20、动词的习惯搭配来决定。关系代词前介词的确定Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future. A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which2. Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time. A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into whichMore PracticeI ll never forge

21、t the day _he made the speech. _ the day + onon whichThe moment _which I made the decision is exciting. _ the moment atatThe month _which I left for vocation is July. _ the month in in这些介词是根据什么规则选择的呢？2) 根据先行词与介词的逻辑关系搭配来决定。关系代词前介词的确定The paper _ which he is writing now was bought yesterday. The pen _

22、which he is writing now was bought yesterday.onTest yourselveswith关系代词前介词的确定 Air, _ which man cant live, is really important.3）根据定语从句所表达的意义和逻辑来确定。withoutConclusion此处介词是根据什么规则选择的呢？关系代词前介词的确定4)根据定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配。 He gave me some reference books _ which I am not very familiar.withConclusion此处介词是根据什么规则选择的

23、呢？关系代词前介词的确定关系代词前介词的确定5） 非限制性定与从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/ 代词 + of + 关系代词”的结构，如：e.g. There are 50 students in our class, two-thirds of whom have been to Beijing.6） whose引导的定语从句可转换为“ of +关系代词”型，如：e.g. They live in a house, whose door opens to the south. They live in a house, the door of which opens to the

24、 south. They live in a house, of which the door opens to the south.关系代词前介词的确定Can you work them out ?Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions:1. The sun gives us heat and light, _ which we cant live.2. The student _ whom we were talking just now is the best student in our class.3. Ill never forget

25、 the day _ which she said good-bye to me.4. Who can give me the reason _ which he hasnt turned up yet?foraboutonwithout 常见的这类动词短语有:look for/ after/ forward to/ into;give off; set about; care for (照顾，喜欢); take care of等. Is this the watch that you are looking for?The old man whom I am looking after is

26、 better . 在固定短语中介词不能提前!下面两句中的介词能提前吗?介词提前的关系代词（prep+关系代词）引导定语从句时应注意的问题1、提前介词 + which/ whom/ whose + n. ，不可使用that/ who/ as，也不可省略关系代词。2、定语从句中固定短语中的介词不可前置。3、有些时间介词、方位介词或介词for + which相当于关系副词，作定语从句中的时间状语、地点状语、原因状语，此时应当注意介词与关系副词的排斥性。4、特别注意介词的使用错误，如时间介词、方位介词、短语中固定搭配的介词、表示整体与部分关系的介词of等。5、注意语序问题，特别是表示所属含义或整体与

27、部分关系含义时的语序，以及介词前置导致的定语从句倒装等。Correct the sentences:1. Im using the pen which he bought it yesterday.2. The man whom I spoke is from Canada.3. July 1,1999 is the day when well never forget.tothatTest yourself4. Im going to work in the hospital where needs me.5. Those that havent been to the West Lake will gather at the school gate.whichwhoCorrect the sentences:Test yourself6.This is the last time when Ive given you lessons.7. The reason which he explained it to us again sounds reason