ISSUE大全[224篇]（提纲+翻译）.doc

1、We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning. 我们通常从和我们意见统一的人那里学到的东西比从和我们意见相悖的人那里学到的东西多的多；意见分歧阻碍了学习。Although we can learn knowledge from people whose views we share, the knowledge is limited, since the sphere of knowledge of the people who share the same opinion are confined to same level of cognition with us. It will be quite different if we communicate with people whose views contradict to ours. Admitted that, it is little harder or even bitter to accept opposite views for us due to our self-assertion is impaired caused by others challenge. 2、Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society. 竞争对社会的好处大于坏处。Through competing, the one who is most eligible is put on the right place, and then will produce much more values than those who are not competent as he or she. While, on the other hand, if a competition is fraught with adulteration and illegality, it will bring deterioration to the society rather than progress. A case in point is related to market economics.3.It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations. 我们应该把更多的钱用在当前的问题上，而不是用在可能有助于我们后代的长期的研究项目上。When we enjoy the fruits of industrialization and democracy, we are, on the other side, confronted with social problems brought by as another consequence of this process.Firstly, immediate, existing social problems that baffled us deeply need to be resolved as quickly as possible so to restore a sound society and conduce its healthy development. However, many present social problems cannot be resolved immediately as we hoped. Furthermore, neglecting long-term researches that may help future generations, overemphasizing to focus on the present problems, may result in incomplete resolution to these social problems, which can merely be an expedience rather than a resolution. 4.No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study. 如果没有失败者介绍自己的经验和知识，没有哪个领域的研究会取得长足的进步。几乎没有任何领域能够取得具有重要意义的进步,除非结合其他行业的知识和经验到该领域中来 I agree with the assertion that significant advances in knowledge require expertise form various fields. A. No area of intellectual inquiry operates in a vacuum, that is, sciences in various fields are inextricably related. B. Scientific breakthrough in one certain area may be great contribute to advancement in another or several other fields. C. New scientific fields often emerge in the interaction among different disciplines. D. Sciences of other areas are indispensable for a certain creation in a field to be viable and perfect. Related example: 1) Radioactivity is the starting point for cancer treatment, for the dating techniques used on ancient objects, rocks and the universe, and for molecular biology and modem genetics; it is also the source of nuclear energy and the atomic bomb. 2) In invention of telescope initiated in the magnifying tube, a great advancement in optics. Thus began the age of telescopic astronomy 3) Computernearly all the scientific areas 5.A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer.一个国家应该要求所有的学生在上大学前都学习相同的课程，而不应该允许不同地区的学校擅自决定自己的教学领域。 Firstly, with the same national curriculum, it is convenient for educationist of different parts of the nation to scientifically arrange and prepare the classes of the curriculum. Secondly, thinking of the possible differences, it is unwise to allow schools rather than a nation to choose the courses for the students.A nation rather than the schools in different parts of the nation determine the national curriculum for the students, however, it does mean that the local schools have no freedom to choose any course for local students.6.The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth.了解当代文化最有效的途径是分析它在形成初期的发展趋势。了解当代文化最有效途径是分析其年青人的趋势和潮流。了解当代文化最有效的方式是分析其年轻人的文化趋势We always regard youth as the future of the society. Although they are young, fresh and immature, they are also shrewd, full of passion and vitality.Actually, studying the trends of a countrys youth, may help to understand its contemporary culture, since that youth is the pioneer of a country, in this sense, they mirrors the development of the country. Since youth is only a fraction of the society, studying them and their culture just provide us one perspective of the whole culture. In my view, compare with the youth, those conventions and traditions constitute the foundation of the contemporary culture. 7.The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records. 数码相机可以精确地拍摄当代人们的生活，它的重要性已经超过了纸笔记录。Our life has gone through great changes since the video camera came into being, which provides a totally new and different way of recording life to the traditional written methods. Compared with written records, video documentation is much less influenced by the one who took record and the one who interpreted it. Another conspicuous advantage of video records is its integrity. Yet it is rash to say that video camera has already won over traditional written documents and become the new domination of documentation field since video record is limited in several aspects. We cannot say whether video camera or the written document is more important than the other in that each one has its irreplaceable merits and values. Video camera offers the accurate and convincing method of recording which can revive life in before while traditional written document can provide a more detailed and rational record in lower cost. 8.It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public.政治领导们在公众面前有所保留是必要的，甚至是必须的。Firstly, political leaders, in a democracy regime, will harm the proper right of people as they withhold information from the public. Secondly, withholding information from the public will result in corruption in the government, and therefore bring detriment to society. Admittedly, sometimes it is necessary for political leaders to keep the public from know something, such as countrys top secrete, which is indispensable and helpful for a country in defending aggression and keeping safety. 9Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use. 今年来学术领域更加专业化，以至于学者门的研究只作用于很小范围内的人群。除非学者们的研究能适合大范围的人群，他们的想法才有用。As a matter of fact, the more specialized the ideas, the less accessible to them. However, specialization does not have any impact on the value of scholars ideas. Actually, it is not necessary for the public to understand all abstruse ideas scholars hold. For example, most people do not know how the CPU is running in the personal computer, but this does not hamper them to using computers. 10Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nations cultural traditions are preserved and generated.政府必须保证主要城市用于发展的财政支持，因为国家的文化传统发源于并保留在这些主要城市It is always true that big cities of a country boom not only in economy but also in culture. Actually, not all the major cities of a country are bound to the responsibility of preserving a nations culture traditions. Indeed, in some major cities, where have less culture traditions, it creates a better environment for development than in those cities where long culture traditions are preserved. Nevertheless, admitted that, there are also some major cities that are characterized by their long culture traditions, similarly, either small cities, or villages and towns, in spite of not being major cities, are the places where culture traditions generated and handed down be generations. 11All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the worlds most persistent social problems. 所有的国家都应该帮助建立起一个全球性的大学，用来培养学生们解决世界上最顽固头疼的社会问题。Though each social problem appears to be different in different nations, as theft in affluent nations may be conducted more for psychological reasons rather than for the value of the issue with regard to its counterpart in poor nations, there is always a radical key lying beneath. On the other hand, though nearly all the social problems are persisting in every nation, some may be disasters in one nation while slight flaw in another. Such a global university asks for the support from all nations of the world. 12Peoples attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic. 人们的态度更多情况下取决于当时的处境和环境，并非人们的性格特点。We are living in the society. We have families, friends and colleagues. We communicate each other, and have influence on or being influenced by others. Immediate situation or surroundings play enormous influence on shaping our attitudes and moods toward exterior.However, what people express in responding to their situation and surroundings is based on their internal characteristic, which develop on the combination of intellectual and morals. As a matter of fact, peoples attitudes are determined by the compound effect of situation and internal characteristic. 13Many of the worlds lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct.许多世界上鲜为人知的语言由于越来越少的人使用而逐渐消失。使用这些语言的国家应该采取措施防止这些语言绝迹。With the development of globalization, increasing cooperation within countries brings each country both prosperities especially in science and technology, and impact on culture. When retrospect development of recent history, we may find many languages of the world are becoming extinct. While, with the disappearing of native language, at the same time, native culture constructed on the language is perishing.14It is necessary for everyone to read poetry, novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature. 每个人都有必要去阅读诗、小说、神话和其他的幻想类的文学作品。每个人都有必要去阅读诗、小说、神话和其他的幻想类的文学作品。We have been brought up with fairy tales, mythologies and science fictions. Imaginative literature is characterized by fancy and illusion, which can inspire our imagination as well as intelligence.However, when we immerse in the fantasy contrived by imaginative work, we should also notice its dark side. 15The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior.社会的安定取决于它对人们极端行为的响应和措施Though it seems impossible that there will be a society as serene as paradise without any kind of horrible extremes of human behavior, it should never be an excuse for the failure of keeping the happening of extremes under effective control. But the stability of a society asks for much more than just agile responds and firm punishment to the extremes of human behavior. The stability of a society even requires its adequate conduction to some seemingly ordinary human behaviors in specific situations. A stable and healthy society is cherished by everyone. 16Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.尽管很多人认为现在奢侈安逸的生活是无害的，但实际上这样的生活阻止了人们培养坚强独立的性格Without modern facilities, we could hardly do anything.While, without such modern facilities, can we become truly strong and independent individuals? It is important us for to realize the limitation of modern facilities and that potential danger which will be aroused if we lost our domination over modern facilities and too rely on them. 17There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws. 有两种法律：公平的和不公平的。社会中的每个人都应该遵守公平的法律，更重要的是，应该不遵守或者违抗不公平的法律Laws and regulations are set up along with the entrenchment of a government serving as a means to control the country. Since laws are built up under the power of government, which represents the public interest whereas run by a few individuals, it is quite possible that laws are constituted in the name of representing the majority while on the contrary in a few individuals favor. Facing unjust laws, every individual has the very responsibility to resist them. No matter that whether every individual could reach an agreement on unjust or not, one point is important that we should put forward our opinions toward unjust laws. 18Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea. 只有通过质疑某个观点，并把它与其他观点进行比较，人们才能真正理解那个观点的价值。只有通过质疑某个观点，并把它与其他观点进行比较，人们才能真正理解那个观点的价值。 只有被迫对某个观点的质疑进行反驳，并。Think of those ideas which we have long been used to, maybe since we are young. When the idea held is challenged, however, we are motivated to defend it against doubts and disagreements. Anyway, one should never be a bigot, who sticks to his own point of view and never budge even if lethal errors are rooted in. 19If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens. 一个社会要发展，必须先取得整体的发展，再去发展社会中的个人。一个社会要繁荣，其整体的发展应优先于个人的利益。 （我理解题目的意思是：整体的发展和个人的利益发生矛盾的时候，出于对社会繁荣的长远考虑，个人的利益应让位于整体的发展。）The achievement of social entire success owns much to ceaseless and assiduous hard work of every citizen. If a country overemphasizes the priority of its overall success in the process of thriving, it risks to obtaining the achievement at the expense of individuals interest. However, not every individuals interest accords with that of society.Tim: A society is a community comprised by the members. It exists because its members exist. In my opinion, its overall success entirely depends on the welfare of its individual citizens. Such welfare should be prioritized.Prior to our analysis, we need to agree upon the definition of overall success. Hypothetically, if we eliminate the elderly, the weak, the mentally and physically handicapped, and the unfit, then clearly our society consists of only healthy and intelligent members. It will likely become productive, and thus make considerable advancement.Does this considerable advancement mean overall success? If it does, then we should indeed adopt a policy of master race, such as the one advocated by Nazis. We should place our emphasis on the societys success ahead of the welfare of individual members.My definition of overall success, however, is different. Rather, happiness of its members is the main criterion. If members are stressful throughout their life, this society is not deemed successful even if it enables its members to land on Mars.Again, hypothetically, let us say that our world population is reduced from 6.2 billion to 100 million. All the unfit have been annihilated. These 100 million people are good looking, tall, smart, young, and healthy. Their earth is filled with bountiful food and is equipped with advanced technology. Now, let us examine the likelihood that they will be happy.First, this master race still cannot defy aging and death. The members will age and die. But according to their own regulations, people at the age of, say, 50 must be phased out. So, what do you think that those reaching ages of 35, 40, or 45 will feel?Second, other than aging, the members do not dare to show any sign of weakness. If they are sick, theyd better pretend to be well. If they do not understand something, they will pretend that they are bright. If they are unable to accomplish some tasks, they will appear to be competent. So they constantly live in pretense and anxiety.Finally, how will these cut-off limits of unfitness be defined? It is law of nature that nobody on earth is perfect. Nobody can possibly possess every nice attribute in him. If he is bright, but physically weak, will he be eliminated? The society will become chaotic, as there will be constant debates over the definition of unfitness.In summary, based on three reasons stated above, members of this society will not likely live happy lives. If they will not, the society, deemed by me, is not successful. If I am allowed to uphold my own definition, then clearly we should accept every member, weak and strong alike, as he is, and prioritize his well being. The society does not necessarily have to make progress.20National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults.政府为儿童所想所做应该比成人多Adults, who make up the major work force of our society, are where the fortune and power of the nation lying, thus the premise of the social stability. Faraway from the superficial impression that national government has set enough social programs and services to help adults, the fact is that, such help still can not meet the request and even worse is that some of them are not adequately conducted to bear the assumed out comings. As we have to keep sufficient notice on adults affairs, we shall absolutely never fail to provide children a safe, clean and nice environment for them to grow happily and robustly.21Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world. 在乎自己