2022年海南同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试考试真题卷

2022年海南同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试考

试真题卷

本卷共分为2大题50小题,作答时间为180分钟,总分100分,

60分及格。

ー、单项选择题（共37题,每题2分。每题的备选项中,只有一

个最符合题意）

1.PassageFive

Mostparentsprizethediversitywithintheirchildren's

publicschools.Theyknowthatlearningtocooperateand

excelinadiverse,real-worldsettingisakeytosuccess

inthe21st-centuryworkplaceandmarketplace.

Buthow“diverseand"real-world"isaschoolthatdoes

nothaveanyminorityteachersThebadnewstodayisthat

some40percentofAmerica'spublicschoolshaveno

teachersofcolor.Thegoodnewsisthatwehavean

opportunitytorecruitandencouragemoreAmericansofcolor

toentertheteachingprofession.Andoursuccessindoing

socanhaveapowerfullypositiveimpactonstudent

第1页共46页

achievement.

Obviously,ateacher'seffectivenessdepends,firstand

foremost,onhisorherskillsandhighexpectations,not

ontheteacher'scolor.Ktwealsoknowthatchildrenof

color-40percentofthestudentpopulationandrising­

benefitinimportantwaysbyhavingsometeacherswholook

likethem,whosharesimilarculturalexperiences,andwho

serveasrolemodelsdemonstratingthateducationand

achievementarethingstoberespected.

Bearinmindthatteachersdonotteachonlyfactsand

“content.Theyalsomodelappropriatebehaviorsandteach

bypersonalexample.Andformanychildren,theteachersand

otheradultsintheirschoolarethemostimportant

authorityfiguresoutsideoftheirhome.

Soitisimportanttoexposechildrentoadiverseteaching

staff--andtodiverserolemodels-withineachofour

schools.Wherewehaveanurbanschoolwithanall-minority

stafforasuburbanschoolwithanall-whitestaff,weare

givingstudentsastuntededucationalexperience.

Issuesofdiversityareespeciallyrelevanttoday,as

publicschoolsareredoublingtheircommitmenttoraising

第2页共46页

standardsandclosingachievementgaps.Weneedtoseize

everyopportunitytoboosttheachievementofpoorand

minoritystudents.Ibelieve-andanimpressivebodyof

researchconfirms-thatrecruitingandretainingmore

minorityteacherscanbecrucialtooursuccess.

NEAhasmadeitacorestrategicprioritytoincreasethe

recruitmentandretentionofteachersofdiverse

backgrounds.BeyondNEA'sownprograms,wearejoiningwith

otherorganizationstocreatetheNationalCollaborativeon

DiversityintheTeacherWorkforce.

Butwecan'tdoitalone.Statesandschooldistrictsneed

todevelopprogramstoassistteacher,saides--large

numbersofwhomareminoritiesーーtoadvancetheireducation

andbecomefullylicensedteachers.Otherprogramscanreach

outtominoritiesstillinschool,offeringencouragement

andincentivestoentertheteachingprofession.Atthesame

time,statesmustensurethatrelevanttestsdonotbar

promisingminoritycandidatesfromenteringthe

profession.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphsixthat

A.thereareachievementgapsbetweenmajorityandminority

students

第3页共46页

B.thereareachievementgapsamongpoorandminority

students

C.publicschoolsaretryingtheirbesttobridgeachievement

amongminoritystudents

D.publicschoolsaretryingtheirbesttowidenthegaps

amongmajorityandminoritystudents

2.PassageThree

Astheglobalvillagecontinuestoshrinkandcultures

collide,itisessentialforallofustobecomemore

sensitive,moreawareof,andmoreobservanttothebody

language(motions/gestures)thatsurrounduseachday.And

asmanyofuscrossoverculturalborders,itwouldbe

fittingforustorespect,learn,andunderstandmoreabout

theeffectiveandpowerful“silentlanguage"ofgestures.

Withoutgestures,ourworldwouldbestaticandcolorless.

Thesocialanthropologists,EdwardT.Hallclaims60percent

ofallourcommunicationisnonverbal.Inthatcase,howcan

wepossiblycommunicatewithoneanotherwithoutgestures

Theworldisagiddymontage(蒙太奇)ofvivid

gesturesーーtheonesusedbytrafficpolice,streetvendors,

第4页共46页

expresswaydrivers,teachers,childrenonplaygroundand

athleteswiththeirexuberant（热情洋溢的）hugging,

clenchedfistsand"highfives".Peopleallovertheworld

usetheirhands,heads,andbodiestocommunicate

expressively.

Gesturesandbodylanguagecommunicateaseffectivelyas

words-maybeevenmoreeffectively.Weusegesturesdaily,

almostinstinctively,frombeckoningtoawaiter,or

punctuatingabusinesspresentationwithvisualsignalsto

airportgroundattendantsguidinganairlinepilotintothe

jet-wayoraparentusingawholedictionaryofgesturesto

teachachild.

Gesturesarewovenintooursociallives.Thevocabulary"

ofgesturescanbeatonceinformativeand

entertaining...butalsodangerous.Gesturescanbemenacing,

warm,instructive,orevensensuous.

Bearinmindthatsomegesturesareingeneraluse,but

theremayalwaysbeexceptions.Inrecentyears,Westernand

contemporaryvaluesandideashavebecomemorepopularand

haveeitherinfluenced,altered,andevenreplaced,someof

themoretraditionalgestures.Understandinghumanbehavior

第5页共46页

istrickystuff.Notwopeoplebehaveinpreciselythesame

way.Nordopeoplefromthesamecultureallperformexactly

thesamegesturesandbodylanguageuniformly.Foralmost

anygesturestherewillprobablybeaminoritywithinagiven

nationalitywhomightsay,“Well,somemightattachthat

meaningtoit,buttomeitmeans..."andthentheywill

provideadifferentinterpretation.

Intheworldofgestures,thebestsinglepieceofadvice

istorememberthetwoA's--"ask"andbe"aware".Ifyou

seeamotionorgesturethatisneworconfusing,askalocal

personwhatitsignifies.Then,beawareofthemanybody

signsandcustomsaroundyou.Whatcanwelearnfromthis

passage

A.Bodylanguageisstaticandcolorless.

B.Bodylanguagecanbeveryamusing.

C.Bodylanguageisuniversalthereforetheinterpretations

ofitarealwaysidentical.

D.Noonecancommunicatewithoutbodylanguage.

3.PassageFour

Americanculturehasnotbeenimmunetoculturalinfluences

第6页共46页

fromoutside.Theideaofdemocracycamefromtheancient

Greeks:theIndustrialRevolutionstartedinEngland:jazz

androckmusicpreserveAfricanrhythms-topickafew

examples.Indeed,manyofthethingswethinkofas”100

percentAmerican"camefromothercultures.

Still,mostofthechangesinAmericancultureoverthelast

centuryhavecomefromwithin,astheresultofinventions

anddiscoveries.Andchangehasbeendramatic.Onehundred

yearsagotheUnitedStateswaslargelyanationoffarmers.

Manyofthethingswetakeforgrantedtoday-ahighschool

education,forexample,orindoorplumbing—wereluxuries

then.Themoonwasalightforlovers,notasitefor

scientificexploration;geneticengineering(基因工程)was

notevenasubjectforsciencefiction,muchlessfor

laboratoryresearchandcorporateinvestments.Thedecades

followingtheSecondWorldWar,inparticular,were

characterizedbyspectacularscientificandtechnological

advances,nationalself-confidence,optimism,and(formany

Americans)prosperity.TheAmericaneconomywasthe

strongestintheworld:moregoodswereproducedandsold,

morepeoplewereworking,andthestandardoflivingwas

第7页共46页

higherthaneverbefore.Polls（民意调查）takeninthe1950s

and1960sshowthattheaverageAmericanwaspreoccupied

withthequestionswillImakeagoodliving"WillIbe

successful"andWillIraisesuccessful,happychildren"

Successwasdefinedintermsofmaintainingastablefamily

and'keepingupwiththeJones".MostAmericansbelieved

thatiftheyplayedbytherules-iftheyworkhardanddid

whatwasexpected,iftheysacrificedtheirownneedsto

thoseoftheirfamilyandtheiremployer-theywouldbe

rewardedwithanever-increasingstandardofliving,a

devotedspouse,anddecentchildren.Anexpensivecar,a

suburbanhome,andchildrenincollegeweretangible（"可

触知的）signsthathardworkandself-sacrificepaidoff.Can

youpredictwhatthisarticlewillcontinuetodiscussin

theforthcomingparagraph

A.TheinfluenceofAfricanculture.

B.TheAmericanculturechangesin1970s.

C.TheinfluenceofAmericanculture.

D.Thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.

4.

第8页共46页

PassageOne

Theworldisfullcfnewhorrorsandthere'snoplaceto

hide.WhosayssoDisasterpsychologists,forastart.They

arethepeoplewhotakeinthebigpictureofourcollective

reactionstohuman-createddisaster,thewaysthese

reactionsarecaused,andourcopingmechanisms.And

researchintodisasterpsychologyisgrowingfast.

Amongthebigissuesbeingaddressedbytheseresearchers

areunderstandingtheterrorists'weapons,assessingthe

fullimpactofterrorism一一and,crucially,workingoutwhich

psychologicalapproachesactuallywork.It'sadeeply

controversialarea.

TaketheworkofDennisEmbryasanexample.Hearguesthat

wehaveoverlookedtheobvious:thepurposeofterrorismis

tocreateterror.Thisworksbestiftheverysymbolsof

everydaylifebecomeconditionedfearandanxiety

stimulant”.Thetoptargetswillbethemostsymbolicofa

nation'sdailylife,preferablyservedupforprime-time

television.CrashingplanesfromUnitedandAmerican

AirlinesintotheTwinTowersandthePentagonmetthose

objectivesal1tooperfectly.Aftertheattacks,people

第9页共46页

stoppedflying.WhyNotbecausetheyhadmadearationalrisk

assessmentbutbecausethemerethoughtofflyingmadetheir

palmssweat.

Fromterrorismtorailcrashes,counselingand

“debriefing”（盘问）arethestandardresponsetohelpthose

caughtupindisasters.Buttherearegrowingdoubtsabout

theireffectiveness.WhatmightbegoingwrongDebriefing

focusesongettingpeopletotalkthroughthetrauma（损

伤）anditsemotionalconsequencessoonaftertheincident.

Coulditbethatsomepeoplearebetterbydistancing

themselvesfromwhathappened,ratherthanretellingit

Ifdisasterpsychologistswanttofindbetterwaystohelp,

they'11havetowintheracebetweenourunderstandingof

humanpsychologyandtheterrorists'.Whydopeopleusually

stopflyingafterterroristattacks

A.Becausetheyareterrifiedofflying.

B.Becausetheybelieveinrationalriskassessment.

C.Becausetheirpalmswillbecometoosweatyforthemto

fly.

D.Becausetheycan'tdecidewhichairlinewillbethe

safest.

第10页共46页

5.

Childrenmodelthemselveslargelyontheirparents.They

dosomainlythroughidentification.Childrenidentify(56)

aparentwhentheybelievetheyhavethequalitiesand

feelingsthatare(57)ofthatparent.Thethingsparents

doandsay--andthe(58)theydoandsaytothem--strongly

influenceachild,s(59).

Aparent'sactions(60)affecttheselfimagethatachild

forms(61)identification.Childrenwhoseemainlypositive

qualitiesintheir(62)willlikelylearntoseethemselves

inapositiveway.Childrenwhoobservechiefly(63)

qualitiesintheirparentswillhavedifficulty(64)

positivequalitiesinthemselves.Childrenmay(65)their

selfimage,however,astheybecomeincreasingly(66)by

peergroups:

Inthecaseofadramaticchangeinfamilyrelations,the

(67)ofanactivityorexperiencedependsonhowthechild

interpretsit.Childreninterpretsucheventsaccordingto

theirestablishedattitudesandprevioustraining.Children

whoknowtheyarelovedcan,(68),acceptthedivorceof

第n页共46页

theirparentsoraparent'searly(69).Butifchildren

feelunloved,theymayinterpretsuchevents(70)asignof

rejectionorpunishment.

A.behavior

B.words

C.mood

D.reactions

6.PassageFive

Mostparentsprizethediversitywithintheirchildren's

publicschools.Theyknowthatlearningtocooperateand

excelinadiverse,real-worldsettingisakeytosuccess

inthe21st-centuryworkplaceandmarketplace.

Buthow〃diverse"and"real-world"isaschoolthatdoes

nothaveanyminorityteachersThebadnewstodayisthat

some40percentofAmerica'spublicschoolshaveno

teachersofcolor.Thegoodnewsisthatwehavean

opportunitytorecruitandencouragemoreAmericansofcolor

toentertheteachingprofession.Andoursuccessindoing

socanhaveapowerfullypositiveimpactonstudent

achievement.

第12页共46页

Obviously,ateacher'seffectivenessdepends,firstand

foremost,onhisorherskillsandhighexpectations,not

ontheteacher'scolor.Yetwealsoknowthatchildrenof

color-40percentofthestudentpopulationandrising­

benefitinimportantwaysbyhavingsometeacherswholook

likethem,whosharesimilarculturalexperiences,andwho

serveasrolemodelsdemonstratingthateducationand

achievementarethingstoberespected.

Bearinmindthatteachersdonotteachonlyfactsand

“content.Theyalsomodelappropriatebehaviorsandteach

bypersonalexample.Andformanychildren,theteachersand

otheradultsintheirschoolarethemostimportant

authorityfiguresoutsideoftheirhome.

Soitisimportanttoexposechildrentoadiverseteaching

staff--andtodiverserolemodels-withineachofour

schools.Wherewehaveanurbanschoolwithanall-minority

stafforasuburbanschoolwithanall-whitestaff,weare

givingstudentsastuntededucationalexperience.

Issuesofdiversityareespeciallyrelevanttoday,as

publicschoolsareredoublingtheircommitmenttoraising

standardsandclosingachievementgaps.Weneedtoseize

第13页共46页

everyopportunitytoboosttheachievementofpoorand

minoritystudents.Ibelieve-andanimpressivebodyof

researchconfirms-thatrecruitingandretainingmore

minorityteacherscanbecrucialtooursuccess.

NEAhasmadeitacorestrategicprioritytoincreasethe

recruitmentandretentionofteachersofdiverse

backgrounds.BeyondNEA'sownprograms,wearejoiningwith

otherorganizationstocreatetheNationalCollaborativeon

DiversityintheTeacherWorkforce.

Butwecan'tdoitalone.Statesandschooldistrictsneed

todevelopprogramstoassistteacherJsaides-large

numbersofwhomareminorities-toadvancetheireducation

andbecomefullylicensedteachers.Otherprogramscanreach

outtominoritiesstillinschool,offeringencouragement

andincentivestoentertheteachingprofession.Atthesame

time,statesmustensurethatrelevanttestsdonotbar

promisingminoritycandidatesfromenteringthe

profession.Toencouragetheminoritiestoenterthe

teachingprofession,statesmust

A.givethemfinancialsupport

B.improvethemethodoftestingminoritycandidates

第14页共46页

C.setupteacherstrainingdepartment

D.simplifythecriteriaforassessingminorityteachers

7.PassageTwo

ManyAmericansharboragrosslydistortedandexaggerated

viewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.Fergus

Clydesdale,headofthedepartmentoffoodscienceand

nutritionattheUniversityofMassachusetts-Amherst,says

bluntlythatifthedangersfrombacteriallycontaminated

chickenwereasgreatassomepeoplebelieve,“thestreets

wouldbelitteredwithpeoplelyinghereandthere."

Thoughthepublicincreasinglydemandsno-riskfood,there

isnosuchthing.BruceAmes,chairmanofthebiochemistry

departmentattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,

pointsoutthatupto10%ofaplant'sweightismadeup

ofnaturalpesticide（杀虫齐リ）.Sayshe.Sinceplantsdonot

havejawsorteethtoprotectthemselves,theyemploy

chemicalwarfare."Andmanynaturallyproducedchemicals,

thoughoccurringintinyamounts,proveinlaboratorytests

tobestrongcarcinogens一一asubstancethatcancausecancer.

Mushrooms（蘑菇）mightbebannediftheywerejudgedbythe

第15页共46页

samestandardsthatapplytofoodadditives（添加齐リ）.

DeclaresChristinaStark,anutritionistatCornell

University:"We'vegotfarworsenaturalchemicalsinthe

foodsupplythananythingman-made.

Yettheissuesarenotthatsimple.WhileAmericanshave

noreasontobeterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertable,

theyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovements

infoodandwatersafety.Theyunconsciouslyandunwillingly

takeintoomuchoftoomanydangerouschemicals.Iffood

alreadycontainsnaturalcarcinogens,itdoesnotmakemuch

sensetoadddozensofnewman-madeones.Thoughmostpeople

willwithstandthesmallamountsofcontaminantsgenerally

foundinfoodandwater,atleastafewindividualswill

probablygetcanceronedaybecauseofwhattheyeatand

drink.

Tomakegoodfoodandwatersuppliesevenbetter,the

Governmentneedstotightenitsregulatorystandards,

stiffenitsinspectionprogramandstrengthenits

enforcementpolicies.Thefoodindustryshouldmodifysome

long-acceptedpracticesorturntolesshazardous

alternatives.Perhapsmostimportant,consumerswillhave

第16页共46页

todoabetterjoboflearninghowtoselectandcookfood

properly.Theproblemsthatneedtobetackledexistall

alongthefood-supplychain,fromfieldstoprocessing

plantstokitchens.Whatisthemessagetheauthorwantsto

conveyinthepassage

A.Immediatemeasuresmustbetakentoimprovefood

productionandprocessing.

B.Eatinganddrinkinghavebecomemorehazardousthanbefore.

C.Thereisreasonforcautionbutnocauseforalarmwith

regardtofoodconsumption.

D.Healthyfoodisnotadreaminmodernsociety.

8.

PassageOne

Theworldisfullofnewhorrorsandthere'snoplaceto

hide.WhosayssoDisasterpsychologists,forastart.They

arethepeoplewhotakeinthebigpictureofourcollective

reactionstohuman-createddisaster,thewaysthese

reactionsarecaused,andourcopingmechanisms.And

researchintodisasterpsychologyisgrowingfast.

Amongthebigissuesbeingaddressedbytheseresearchers

第17页共46页

areunderstandingtheterrorists'weapons,assessingthe

fullimpactofterrorism--and,crucially,workingoutwhich

psychologicalapproachesactuallywork.It'sadeeply

controversialarea.

TaketheworkofDennisEmbryasanexample.Hearguesthat

wehaveoverlookedtheobvious:thepurposeofterrorismis

tocreateterror.Thisworksbestiftheverysymbolsof

everydaylifebecomeconditionedfearandanxiety

stimulant.Thetoptargetswillbethemostsymbolicofa

nation'sdailylife,preferablyservedupforprime-time

television.CrashingplanesfromUnitedandAmerican

AirlinesintotheTwinTowersandthePentagonmetthose

objectivesalltooperfectly.Aftertheattacks,people

stoppedflying.WhyNotbecausetheyhadmadearationalrisk

assessmentbutbecausethemerethoughtofflyingmadetheir

palmssweat.

Fromterrorismtorailcrashes,counselingand

debriefing，,（盘问）arethestandardresponsetohelpthose

caughtupindisasters.Buttherearegrowingdoubtsabout

theireffectiveness.WhatmightbegoingwrongDebriefing

focusesongettingpeopletotalkthroughthetrauma（损

第18页共46页

伤)anditsemotionalconsequencessoonaftertheincident.

Coulditbethatsomepeoplearebetterbydistancing

themselvesfromwhathappened,ratherthanretellingit

Ifdisasterpsychologistswanttofindbetterwaystohelp,

they'11havetowintheracebetweenourunderstandingof

humanpsychologyandtheterrorists'.Counselingand

debriefingmaynotbeeffectivemethodsbecause

A.thereisfiercecontroversyinthisarea

B.manyresearchhaveprovedthis

C.somepeoplemayhidetheirtruefeelings

D.somepeoplemayfeelbettertoforgetthedisaster

9.

Childrenmodelthemselveslargelyontheirparents.They

dosomainlythroughidentification.Childrenidentify(56)

aparentwhentheybelievetheyhavethequalitiesand

feelingsthatare(57)ofthatparent.Thethingsparents

doandsay-andthe(58)theydoandsaytothem--strongly

influenceachild's(59).

Aparent'sactions(60)affecttheselfimagethatachild

forms(61)identification.Childrenwhoseemainlypositive

第19页共46页

qualitiesintheir(62)willlikelylearntoseethemselves

inapositiveway.Childrenwhoobservechiefly(63)

qualitiesintheirparentswillhavedifficulty(64)

positivequalitiesinthemselves.Childrenmay(65)their

selfimage,however,astheybecomeincreasingly(66)by

peergroups:

Inthecaseofadramaticchangeinfamilyrelations,the

(67)ofanactivityorexperiencedependsonhowthechild

interpretsit.Childreninterpretsucheventsaccordingto

theirestablishedattitudesandprevioustraining.Children

whoknowtheyarelovedcan,(68),acceptthedivorceof

theirparentsoraparent'searly(69).Butifchildren

feelunloved,theymayinterpretsuchevents(70)asignof

rejectionorpunishment.

A.inturn

B.nevertheless

C.also

D.asaresult

10.

Childrenmodelthemselveslargelyontheirparents.They

第20页共46页

dosomainlythroughidentification.Childrenidentify(56)

aparentwhentheybelievetheyhavethequalitiesand

feelingsthatare(57)ofthatparent.Thethingsparents

doandsay-andthe(58)theydoandsaytothem-strongly

influenceachild,s(59).

Aparent'sactions(60)affecttheselfimagethatachild

forms(61)identification.Childrenwhoseemainlypositive

qualitiesintheir(62)willlikelylearntoseethemselves

inapositiveway.Childrenwhoobservechiefly(63)

qualitiesintheirparentswillhavedifficulty(64)

positivequalitiesinthemselves.Childrenmay(65)their

selfimage,however,astheybecomeincreasingly(66)by

peergroups:

Inthecaseofadramaticchangeinfamilyrelations,the

(67)ofanactivityorexperiencedependsonhowthechild

interpretsit.Childreninterpretsucheventsaccordingto

theirestablishedattitudesandprevioustraining.Children

whoknowtheyarelovedcan,(68),acceptthedivorceof

theirparentsoraparent'searly(69).Butifchildren

feelunloved,theymayinterpretsuchevents(70)asignof

rejectionorpunishment.

第21页共46页

A.before

B.besides

C.with

D.through

11.

Childrenmodelthemselveslargelyontheirparents.They

dosomainlythroughidentification.Childrenidentify(56)

aparentwhentheybelievetheyhavethequalitiesand

feelingsthatare(57)ofthatparent.Thethingsparents

doandsay--andthe(58)theydoandsaytothem--strongly

influenceachild,s(59).

Aparent'sactions(60)affecttheselfimagethatachild

forms(61)identification.Childrenwhoseemainlypositive

qualitiesintheir(62)willlikelylearntoseethemselves

inapositiveway.Childrenwhoobservechiefly(63)

qualitiesintheirparentswillhavedifficulty(64)

positivequalitiesinthemselves.Childrenmay(65)their

selfimage,however,astheybecomeincreasingly(66)by

peergroups:

Inthecaseofadramaticchangeinfamilyrelations,the

第22页共46页

(67)ofanactivityorexperiencedependsonhowthechild

interpretsit.Childreninterpretsucheventsaccordingto

theirestablishedattitudesandprevioustraining.Children

whoknowtheyarelovedcan,(68),acceptthedivorceof

theirparentsoraparent'searly(69).Butifchildren

feelunloved,theymayinterpretsuchevents(70)asignof

rejectionorpunishment.

A.eyes

B.parents

C.peers

D.behaviors

12.

Childrenmodelthemselveslargelyontheirparents.They

dosomainlythroughidentification.Childrenidentify(56)

aparentwhentheybelievetheyhavethequalitiesand

feelingsthatare(57)ofthatparent.Thethingsparents

doandsay-andthe(58)theydoandsaytothem--strongly

influenceachild's(59).

Aparent'sactions(60)affecttheselfimagethatachild

forms(61)identification.Childrenwhoseemainlypositive

第23页共46页

qualitiesintheir(62)willlikelylearntoseethemselves

inapositiveway.Childrenwhoobservechiefly(63)

qualitiesintheirparentswillhavedifficulty(64)

positivequalitiesinthemselves.Childrenmay(65)their

selfimage,however,astheybecomeincreasingly(66)by

peergroups:

Inthecaseofadramaticchangeinfamilyrelations,the

(67)ofanactivityorexperiencedependsonhowthechild

interpretsit.Childreninterpretsucheventsaccordingto

theirestablishedattitudesandprevioustraining.Children

whoknowtheyarelovedcan,(68),acceptthedivorceof

theirparentsoraparent'searly(69).Butifchildren

feelunloved,theymayinterpretsuchevents(70)asignof

rejectionorpunishment.

A.negative

B.cheerful

C.various

D.complex

13.

Childrenmodelthemselveslargelyontheirparents.They

第24页共46页

dosomainlythroughidentification.Childrenidentify(56)

aparentwhentheybelievetheyhavethequalitiesand

feelingsthatare(57)ofthatparent.Thethingsparents

doandsay-andthe(58)theydoandsaytothem-strongly

influenceachild,s(59).

Aparent'sactions(60)affecttheselfimagethatachild

forms(61)identification.Childrenwhoseemainlypositive

qualitiesintheir(62)willlikelylearntoseethemselves

inapositiveway.Childrenwhoobservechiefly(63)

qualitiesintheirparentswillhavedifficulty(64)

positivequalitiesinthemselves.Childrenmay(65)their

selfimage,however,astheybecomeincreasingly(66)by

peergroups:

Inthecaseofadramaticchangeinfamilyrelations,the

(67)ofanactivityorexperiencedependsonhowthechild

interpretsit.Childreninterpretsucheventsaccordingto

theirestablishedattitudesandprevioustraining.Children

who