2019年12月英语四级真题第二套(卷二)

2019年12月全国大学生英语四级考试第二套（卷二）PartIWriting(30PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealettertoaforeignfriendwhowantstolearnChinese.Pleaserecommendaplacetohim.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.Part口ListeningComprehensionPart口ListeningComprehension(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthenquestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A)Thenumberofnurseshasdroppedtoarecordlow.Thereisagrowingshortageofmedicalpersonnel.Thereisdiscriminationagainstmalenurses.Thenumberofmalenurseshasgonedown..A)Culturalbias.B)Inadequatepay.C)Educationalsystem.D)Workingconditions.Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A)Hefelloutofalifeboat.B)Helosthiswayonabeach.C)Hewasalmostdrowned.D)Heenjoyedswimminginthesea.A)Thebeachisapopulartouristresort.B)Theemergencyservicesareefficient.C)Thebeachisagoodplacetowatchthetide.D)Thelifeboatspatrolthearearoundtheclock.Questions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A)Itbecameanonlinestar.B)Itbrokeintoanofficeroom.C)Itescapedfromalocalzoo.D)Itclimbed25storeysatonego.A)Senditbacktothezoo.B)Releaseitintothewild.C)Returnittoitsowner.D)Giveitaphysicalcheckup.A)Araccooncanperformactsnohumancan.Araccooncanclimbmuchhigherthanacat.Theraccoonbecameasfamousassomepoliticians.Theraccoondidsomethingnopoliticiancould.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Shegotawell-payingjobinabank.B)Shereceivedabonusunexpectedly.CShereceivedherfirstmonthlysalary.D)Shegotapayraiseforherperformance.

A)Severalyearsago.C)Rightaftergraduation.A)Severalyearsago.C)Rightaftergraduation.A)Hesentasmallchecktohisparents.C)Heimmediatelydepositeditinabank.A)Buysomeprofessionalclothes.C)Joinhercolleaguesforgymexercise.B)Twodecadesago.D)Justlastmonth.B)HetookafewofhisfriendstoagymD)Hetreatedhisparentstoanicemeal.B)Budgethersalarycarefully.D)Visitherformeruniversitycampus.Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.B)Hehasbeenoverworkedrecently.D)Hehasjusttoomanythingstoattendto.B)Hehasbeenoverworkedrecently.D)Hehasjusttoomanythingstoattendto.B)Turntohisgirlfriendforassistance.D)Seekadvicefromhisfamilyandadvisor.C)Hehasjustquarreledwithhisgirlfriend.A)Giveprioritytothingsmoreurgent.C)Thinktwicebeforemakingthedecision.A)Hisparentsandadvisorhavedifferentopinions.Heisnotparticularlykeenonthejoboffered.Helacksthemoneyforhisdoctoralprogram.Hisgirlfrienddoesnotsupporthisdecision.B)Theyneedtosaveenoughmoneyforit.D)Theyhaven’twontheirparents’approval.B)Theyneedtosaveenoughmoneyforit.D)Theyhaven’twontheirparents’approval.C)Theyhaven’tstartedtheircareersyet.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Acquiringinformationandprofessionalknowledge.Usinginformationtounderstandandsolveproblems.Enrichingsocialandintellectuallives.Expressingideasandopinionsfreely.A)Improvingmind-readingstrategies.C)Playinggamesthatchallengeone’smind.A)Improvingmind-readingstrategies.C)Playinggamesthatchallengeone’smind.A)Giveothersfreedomtoexpressthemselves.C)Discardpersonalbiasesandprejudices.B)Readingclassicscientificliterature.D)Travelingtodifferentplacesintheworld.B)Exposethemselvestodifferentcultures.D)Participateindebatesordiscussions.Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Thenatureofrelationshipsbetweendogs.C)Whydogscanbefaithfulfriendsofhumans.A)Thenatureofrelationshipsbetweendogs.C)Whydogscanbefaithfulfriendsofhumans.A)Theyhaveanunusualsenseofresponsibility.C)Theycanfallinlovejustlikehumans.A)Theyhavetheirownjoysandsorrows.Theyhelphumansinvariousways.B)Thereasonagreatmanypeoplelovedogs.Howdogsfeelabouttheirbondswithhumans.B)Theycanrespondtohumans’questions.D)Theybehavelikeotheranimalsinmanyways.B)Theyexperiencetrueromanticlove.D)Theystaywithonepartnerforlife.Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Acowbone.B)Arareanimal.C)Ahistoricalsite.D)Apreciousstone.A)Measuringit.B)Preservingit.C)Datingit.D)Identifyingit.A)Thesiteshouldhavebeenprotected.B)Theboy’sfamilyhadactedcorrectly.C)Theboyshouldhavecalledanexpert.D)Thechannelneedstointerviewtheboy.A)Searchforsimilarfossilselsewhere.B)AsktheuniversitytorewardJude.C)Conductamoredetailedsearch.D)Seekadditionalfundsforthesearch.Part口ReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Finally,somegoodnewsaboutairplanetravel.Ifyouareonaplanewithasickpassenger,youareunlikelytogetsick.Thatisthe26ofanewstudythatlookedathowrespiratoryviruses27onairplanes.Researchersfoundthatonlypeoplewhowereseatedinthesamerowasapassengerwiththeflu,forexample—oronerowinfrontoforbehindthatindividual—hadahighriskofcatchingtheillness.Allotherpassengershadonlyavery28chanceofgettingsick,accordingtothefindings.Mediareportshavenotnecessarilypresented29informationabouttheriskofgettinginfectedonanairplaneinthepast.Therefore,thesenewfindingsshouldhelpairplanepassengerstofeelless30tocatchingrespiratoryinfectionswhiletravelingbyair.Priortothenewstudy,litterwasknownabouttherisksofgetting31infectedbycommonrespiratoryviruses,suchasthefluorcommoncold,onanairplane,theresearcherssaid.So,to32therisksofinfection,thestudyteamflewon10different33intheU.S.duringthefluseason.Theresearchersfoundthatpassengerssittingwithintwoseatson34sideofapersoninfectedwithflu,aswellasthosesittingonerowinfrontoforbehindthisindividual,hadaboutan80personchanceofgettingsick.Butotherpassengerswere35safefrominfection.Theyhadalessthan3percentchanceofcatchingtheflu.A)accurateF)explorationsK)slimB)conclusionG)flightsL)spreadC)directlyH)largelyM)summitD)eitherI)nearbyN)vividlyE)evaluateJ)respondO)venerableSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoeachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.IsBreakfastReallytheMostImportantMealoftheDay?Alongwitholdclassicslike“carrotsgiveyounightvision”and“Santadoesn’tbringtoystomisbehavingchildren”,oneofthemostwell-wornphrasesoftiredparentseverywhereisthatbreakfastisthemostimportantmealoftheday.Manyofusgrowupbelievingthatskippingbreakfastisaseriousmistake—evenifonlytwothirdsofadultsintheUKeatbreakfastregularly,accordingtotheBritishDieteticAssociation,andaroundthree-quartersofAmericans.“Thebodyusesalotofenergystoresforgrowthandrepairthroughthenight,”explainsdietspecialistSarahElder.“Eatingabalancedbreakfasthelpstoupourenergy,aswellasmakeupforproteinandcalciumusedthroughoutthenight.”Butthere’swidespreaddisagreementoverwhetherbreakfastshouldkeepitstopspotinthehierarchyofmeals.Therehavebeenconcernsaroundthesugarcontentofcerealandthefoodindustry’sinvolvementinpro-breakfastresearch—andevenoneclaimfromanacademicthatbreakfastis“dangerous”.What’sthereality?Isbreakfastanecessarystarttothedayoramarketingtacticbycerealcompanies?Themostresearchedaspectofbreakfast(andbreakfast-skipping)hasbeenitslinkstoobesity.Scientistshavedifferenttheoriesastowhythere’sarelationshipbetweenthetwo.InoneUSstudythatanalyzedthehealthdataof50,000peopleoversevenyears,researchersfoundthatthosewhomadebreakfastthelargestmealofthedayweremorelikelytohavealowerbodymassindex(BMI)thanthosewhoatealargelunchordinner.Theresearchersarguedthatbreakfasthelpsreducedailycalorieintakeandimprovethequalityofourdiet—sincebreakfastfoodsareoftenhigherinfiberandnutrients.Butaswithanystudyofthiskind,itwasunclearifthatwasthecause—orifbreakfast-skipperswerejustmorelikelytobeoverweighttobeginwith.Tofindout,researchersdesignedastudyinwhich52obesewomentookpartina12-weekweightlossprogram.Allhadthesamenumberofcaloriesovertheday,buthalfhadbreakfast,whiletheotherhalfdidnot.Whattheyfoundwasthatitwasn’tbreakfastitselfthatcausedtheparticipantstoloseweight:itwaschangingtheirnormalroutine.Ifbreakfastaloneisn’taguaranteeofweightloss,whyistherealinkbetweenobesityandskippingbreakfast?AlexandraJohnstone,professorofappetiteresearchattheUniversityofAberdeen,arguesthatitmaysimplybebecausebreakfast-skippershavebeenfoundtobelessknowledgeableaboutnutritionandhealth.“Therearealotofstudiesontherelationshipbetweenbreakfasteatingandpossiblehealthoutcomes,butthismaybebecausethosewhoeatbreakfastchoosetohabituallyhavehealth-enhancingbehaviorssuchasnotsmokingandregularexercise,”shesays.A2016reviewof10studieslookingintotherelationshipbetweenbreakfastandweightmanagementconcludedthereis“limitedevidence”supportingorrefutingtheargumentthatbreakfastinfluencesweightorfoodintake,andmoreevidenceisrequiredbeforebreakfastrecommendationscanbeusedtohelppreventobesity.[G]ResearchersfromtheUniversityofSurreyandUniversityofAberdeenarehalfwaythroughresearchlookingintothemechanismsbehindhowthetimeweeatinfluencesbodyweight.Earlyfindingssuggestthatabiggerbreakfastisbeneficialtoweightcontrol.Breakfasthasbeenfoundtoaffectmorethanjustweight.Skippingbreakfasthasbeenassociatedwitha27%increasedriskofheartdisease,a21%higherriskoftype2diabetesmen,anda20%higherriskoftype2diabetesinwomen.Onereasonmaybebreakfast’snutritionalvalue—partlybecausecerealisfortifiedwithvitamins.Inonestudyonthebreakfasthabitsof1,600youngpeopleintheUK,researchersfoundthatthefiberandmicronutrientintakewasbetterinthosewhohadbreakfastregularly.TherehavebeensimilarfindingsinAustralia,Brazil,CanadaandtheUS.Breakfastisalsoassociatedwithimprovedbrainfunction,includingconcentrationandlanguageuse.Areviewof54studiesfoundthateatingbreakfastcanimprovememory,thoughtheeffectsonotherbrainfunctionswereinconclusive.However,oneofthereview’sresearchers,MaryBethSpitznagel,saysthereis“reasonable”evidencebreakfastdoesimproveconcentration—therejustneedstobemoreresearch.“Lookingatstudiesthattestedconcentration,thenumberofstudiesshowingabenefitwasexactlythesameasthenumberthatfoundnobenefit,”shesays.“Andnostudiesfoundthateatingbreakfastwasbadforconcentration.”What’smostimportant,someargue,iswhatweeatforbreakfast.High-proteinbreakfastshavebeenfoundparticularlyeffectiveinreducingfoodandconsumptionlaterintheday,accordingtoresearchbytheAustralianCommonwealthScientificandIndustrialResearchOrganization.WhilecerealremainsafirmfavoriteamongbreakfastconsumersintheUKandUS,arecentinvestigationintothesugarcontentof“adult”breakfastcerealsfoundthatsomecerealscontainmorethanthreequartersoftherecommendeddailyamountoffreesugarsineachportion,andsugarwasthesecondorthirdhighestingredientincereals.Butsomeresearchsuggestsifwe’regoingtoeatsugaryfoods,it’sbesttodoitearly.Onerecruited200obeseadultstotakepartina16-week-longdiet,wherehalfaddeddesserttotheirbreakfast,andhalfdidn’t.Thosewhoaddeddessertlostanaverageof40poundsmore—however,thestudywasunabletoshowthelong-termeffects.Areviewof54studiesfoundthatthereisnoconsensusyetonwhattypeofbreakfastishealthier,andconcludedthatthetypeofbreakfastdoesn’tmatterasmuchassimplyeatingsomething.Whilethere’snoconclusiveevidenceonexactlywhatweshouldbeeatingandwhen,theconsensusisthatweshouldlistentoourownbodiesandeatwhenwe’rehungry.“Breakfastismostimportantforpeoplewhoarehungrywhentheywakeup,”Johnstonesays.Everybodystartsthedaydifferently—andthoseindividualdifferencesneedtoberesearchedmoreclosely,Spitznagelsays.“Abalancedbreakfastisreallyhelpful,butgettingregularmealsthroughoutthedayismoreimportanttoleavebloodsugarstablethroughtheday,whichhelpscontrolweightandhungerlevels,”saysElder,“Breakfastisn’ttheonlymealweshouldbegettingright.”36.Accordingtooneprofessor,obesityisrelatedtoalackofbasicawarenessofnutritionandhealth.Somescientistsclaimthatpeopleshouldconsumetherightkindoffoodatbreakfast.Opinionsdifferastowhetherbreakfastisthemostimportantmealoftheday.Ithasbeenfoundthatnoteatingbreakfastisrelatedtotheincidenceofcertaindiseasesinsomecountries.Researchersfounditwasachangeineatinghabitsratherthanbreakfastitselfthatinducedweightloss.Tokeeponeselfhealthy,eatingbreakfastismoreimportantthanchoosingwhattoeat.Itiswidelyconsideredwrongnottoeatbreakfast.Moreresearchisneededtoprovethatbreakfastisrelatedtoweightlossorfoodintake.Peoplewhoprioritiesbreakfaststendtohavelowercaloriebuthighernutritionalintake.Manystudiesrevealthateatingbreakfasthelpspeoplememoriesandconcentrate.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Textbooksrepresentan11billiondollarindustry,upfrom$8billionin2014.TextbookpublisherPearsonisthelargestpublisher—ofanykind—intheworld.Itcostsabout$1milliontocreateanewtextbook.Afreshmantextbookwillhavedozensofcontributors,fromsubject-matterexpertsthroughgraphicandlayoutartiststoexpertreviewersandclassroomtesters.Textbookpublishersconnectprofessors,instructorsandstudentsinwaysthatalternatives,suchasOpenETextbooksandOpenEducationalResources,simplydonot.Thisconnectionhappensnotonlybymeansofcollaborativedevelopment,reviewandtesting,butalsoatconferenceswherefacultyregularlydecideontheirtextbooksandcurriculaforthecomingyear.Itistruethattextbookpublishershaverecentlyreportedlosses,largelyduetostudentsrentingorbuyingusedprinttextbooks.Butthiscanbechalkeduptotheexorbitantcostoftheirbooks—whichhasincreasedover1,000percentsince1977.Areshufflingofthetextbookindustrymaywellbeinorder.Butthisdoesnotmeantheendofthetextbookitself.WhiletheymaynotbeasdynamicasaniPad,textbooksarenotpassiveorlifeless.Forexample,overthecenturies,theyhavesimulateddialogueinanumberofways.From1800tothepresentday,textbookshavedonethisbyposingquestionsforstudentstoanswerinductively.Thatmeansstudentsareaskedtousetheirindividualexperiencetocomeupwithanswerstogeneralquestions.Today’spsychologytexts,forexample,ask:“Howmuchofyourpersonalitydoyouthinkyouinherited?”whileonesinphysicssay:“Howcanyoupredictwheretheballyoutossedwillland?”Expertsobservethat“textbookscomeinlayers,somethinglikeanonion.”Fortheactivelearner,engagingwithatextbookcanbeaninteractiveexperience:Readersproceedattheirownpace.They“customize”theirbooksbyengagingwithdifferentlayersandlinkages.Highlighting,Post-Itnotes,dog-earsandothertechniquesallowforfurthercustomizationthatstudentsvalueinprintbooksoverdigitalformsofbooks.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutopeneducationalresources?Theycontributetoteachingasmuchastolearning.Theydon’tprofitasmuchastraditionaltextbooksdo.Theycan’tconnectprofessorsandstudentsastextbooksdo.Theycompetefiercelyforcustomerswithtextbookproducers.Whatisthemaincauseofthepublishers’losses?A)Failuretomeetstudentneed.B)IndustryrestructuringC)Emergenceofe-books.D)Fallingsales.Whatdoesthetextbookindustryneedtodo?A)Reformitsstructures.B)Cutitsretailprices.C)Findreplacementsforprintedtextbooks.D)Changeitsbusinessstrategyperiodically.Whatarestudentsexpectedtodointhelearningprocess?Thinkcarefullybeforeansweringeachquestion.Askquestionsbasedontheirownunderstanding.Answerquestionsusingtheirpersonalexperience.Giveanswersshowingtheirrespectivepersonality.Whatdoexpertssayaboutstudentsusingtextbooks?A)Theycandigitalizetheprintseasily.B)Theycanlearninaninteractiveway.C)Theycanpurchasecustomizedversions.D)Theycanadaptthematerialthemselves.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whenwethinkofanimalsandplants,wehaveaprettygoodwayofdividingthemintotwodistinctgroups:oneconvertssunlightintoenergyandtheotherhastoeatfoodtomakeitsenergy.Well,thosedividinglinescomecrashingdownwiththediscoveryofaseaslugthatistrulyhalfanimalandhalfplant.It’sprettyincrediblehowithasmanagedtohijackthegenesofthealgaeonwhichitfeeds.Theslugscanmanufacturechlorophyll,thegreenpigmentinplantsthatcapturesenergyfromsunlight,andholdthesegeneswithintheirbody.Thetermkleptoplastyisusedtodescribethepracticeofusinghijackedgenestocreatenutrientsfromsunlight.Andsofar,thisgreenseaslugistheonlyknownanimalthatcanbetrulyconsideredsolar-powered,althoughsomeanimalsdoexhibitsomeplant-likebehaviors.Manyscientistshavestudiedthegreenseaslugstoconfirmthattheyareactuallyabletocreateenergyfromsunlight.Infact,theslugsusethegeneticmaterialsowell,theypassitontotheirfurthergenerations.Thebabiesretaintheabilitytopro