中西跨文化交际课程情景案例分析

UnitLanguageandCultureinCommunicationUnitsotonoticeituntilithiccupsorbreaksdown,isnoexaggerationtosaythatcommunicationsotonoticeituntilithiccupsorbreaksdown,isnoexaggerationtosaythatcommunicationgathering,youmustbeawareofrulesand1.Whenyoujoinasocialgathering,youmustbeawareofrulesandproceduresthatgovernthewaythingsaregoingtoproceed.ThereisatechnicaltermfDrsuchrulesandprocedures —schema.Faceandpolitenessaretwootherareaswhichareextremelyvalue—sensitive.Oneofthedistinctive featuresofChinesepolitenessisself—enigrationandother —elevation.Case1:Litzisaprofessorofcross—cultural communicationinauniversityinFinland.SheinvitedherChinesestudentshomeforaneveningparty.TheschemafromLitz'spointofviewincludesthefollowing:Givinginvitation:byphone/bymailPrepareeverythingbeforethearrivalofguestsReceivingguests:openthedoor/expressweIcome/taketheir overcoats/introduceguests/offerthemdrinks/makethemcomfortableServingfood:setthetable/soupfirst/maincourse/desertPostdinneractivities:chat/playmusic/offermoredrinksSeeingguestsoff:thankthemforcoming/goodnightandLin:Litz'ssandthatandLin:Litz'ssandthatLin:It'snotdifficulttofindyourhouse.Litz:Comeonin.Lin:(comesin)Litz:CanItakeyourcoat?Lin:No,thanks.Litz:Ok,thiswayplease.Lin:(takeolfhercoatandhangsit )Analysis:LitzwashurtbecauseLindidnotletherhanghercoat,offeringtohangLin^scoatisoneofLitz 'sways(it'sonLitzschema).OnLin^sside,shethoughtthatLitzwashersupervisoritwasinappropriatetolethersupervisorhanghercoat.Herewehaveaninstanceofoneactionattachedwithdifferentculturalvalues.

Case2;FindinganInterestedBuyerGeorageHallwasinBeyingattendingatradefairandlookingforanopportunitytodobusinessinChina.HehadbeenverysuccessfulinhisbusinessdealingsintheUSandpridedhimself onhisability “togetthingsmoving.“Hisfirstdaywasgoingwe11.Helookedaroundatthedisplaysofsportingequipmenttogetsomeideaofwhomhemightapproach.Hewassurethathisproducts,tennisracketswithanunusualnewdesign,wouldarousesomeinterests. Ontheseconddayheappreachedthecompanywhichhefeltwouldbemostresponsivetohisproducts.Heintroducedhimselftothegeneral,aMr.Li.SincehehadreadthatChinesefindgettingdowntobusinessimmediatelytooabruptandrude,hebeganacasualconversation,eventuallyleadinguptothetopicofhisproductsandsuggestinghowMr.Li'scompanymightbenefitfromusingthem.GeorgethensuggestedthathecouldarrangetogettogetherwithMr.Liandprovidemorespecificsanddocumentationonhisproducts.Mr.LirespondedinfoirlygoodEnglish, ”Thatwouldbeinteresting."Ah.Thisweekisverybusy,"Itsureis,"saidGeorge,”KnowingthathehadonlyafewdaysleftinBeying,Georgewantedtonaildownatime,”Whencanwemeet?”"Ah.Thisweekisverybusy,"Itsureis,"saidGeorge,””repliedMr.Li.MeetyouHowabout10o'clock?Meetyouhere.”askedMr.Lithoughtftilly.I'11seeyouthen?”"Tomorrowat10o'clock?askedMr.Lithoughtftilly.I'11seeyouthen?”"Right,”saidGeorge,“thereply."Hmm,yes;whydon'tyoucomebytomorrow,“was"OK,”respotidedGeorge,"Itwasnicemeetingyou.thereply.Thenextdayat10o'clockheappreachedMr.Li 'scompany'sexhibitonlytofindthatMr.LihadsomeimportantbusinessandwasnotabletomeetwithGeorge.HecalledbacklaterinthedayandwastoldthatMr.Liwasnotavailable.Analysis:英美人士做事情讲究守时。而中国人不太重视这方面。本案列中，李先生不仅没有准时接见预约的客户，甚至放了他“鸽子”0Chinese.

'96.Lianghaswritten abookonChinesecultureinChinese.

'96.HisbookisputondisplayinBeyingInternation alBookFairProfessorLiangwouldliketohavehisbooktranslatedintoEnglishandsubmittedtoThompsonPubUshers. ProfessorLianghasaskedLiYan,whomhemeetsregularlyintheEnglishCorner,tohelphimtotalktoPeterAllright,aThompsonrepresentative.Prof.Liang: M莱特先生，这是鄙人的拙作。LiTan:Mr.Allright, thisaclumsybookwrittenbyyourhumbleservant.MrAllright:No,no,no,you'renotmyhumbleservant.WedonotpublishbooksinChinese.不，不，不，你不是我的仆人，我们不出中文LiYan(toProfessorLiang):

不，不，不，你不是我的仆人，我们不出中文书。ProfessorLiang: 我要请李艳翻译成英文qaskmetotranslateitintoLiYan(toMr.Allright): ProfessorLiangwillaskmetotranslateitintoEnglish.belittletheirworksbyandtheyusethesamedescriptionwhenpublishers. ButthiswillbeMr.Allright:Mmthat'sinteresting.belittletheirworksbyandtheyusethesamedescriptionwhenpublishers. ButthiswillbeAnalysis:Chineseauthorsalmostalwaysdescribingthemasclumsywritings,theypresentthemtoChinese publishers. Butthiscounter一productiveinEnglish.Instead,authorsshouldpointoutthemeritsoftheirworksratherthan "clumsiness”.Unit2CultureShockTheory:1.Cultureshockcanbedescribedasthefeelingofconfusionanddisorientationthatoneexperienceswhenfacedwithalargenumberofnewandunfomiliarpeopleandsituations.Thereisadesireforindependenceandseparateness,foundinforeigners'needsfortheirownprivacyandautonomyHospitalitymeansthecordialandgenerousreceptionofordispositiontowardguests.Politenessreferstotheconsiderationbrothers,tact,andobservanceofacceptedsocialusage.PrivacycouldbeunderstoodastherightofanindividualtoselMeterminationastothedegreetowhichtheindividualiswillingtosharewithothersinformationabouthimself.Case1:Jane,anAmericanteacherintheUS,hadjuststartedteachingEnglishtoagroupofJapanesestudents.Shewantedtogettoknowthestudentsmoreformally,sosheinvitedthemtoherhouseforparty.Thestudentsallanivedtogetheratexactly8:00p.m.Theyseemedtoenjoytheparty:theydanced,sang,andatemostofthefood.Atabout10:00p.m,oneofthestudentssaidtotheteacher,"Ithinkit'stimeformetoleave.Thankyouverymuchft)rtheparty.”Thenalltheotherstudentsgotuptogo,andallleftatthesametime.Janedecidedshewouldneverinvitethemagain!Analysis:在日本以及其他很多的亚洲国家里，年轻人通常成群结队的一起去参加一些社交聚会，然后一道离去。在他们看来这是很正常不过的事。然后Jane认为这是一种侮辱，因为他们在同一时间里一下子全部离开了。在美国以及其他一些英语国家，晩上10点离开一个聚会相对来说是比较早的。Case2:FourSecretariesandTheirJobsFour classmatesfromatopChineseuniversity alltookjobsas

secretariesaftergraduation.Fiveyearslatertheft)urforniei*classmateshadareunionanddiscussedtheirjobs.ChenQiandDaiYunbothworkasbilingualsecretariesforaFinnishcompanyinBeying.Chen QiissecretarytotheFinngeneralmanger,andonlyslightlyDaiYunissecretarytotheChineselocalmanger,apositionlowerthanthatoftheFinnmanger.ZhangYingisfromapoliticallyprominentsecretarytotheleaderofherhomeprovince.citywhereshewassecretariesaftergraduation.Fiveyearslatertheft)urforniei*classmateshadareunionanddiscussedtheirjobs.ChenQiandDaiYunbothworkasbilingualsecretariesforaFinnishcompanyinBeying.Chen QiissecretarytotheFinngeneralmanger,andonlyslightlyDaiYunissecretarytotheChineselocalmanger,apositionlowerthanthatoftheFinnmanger.ZhangYingisfromapoliticallyprominentsecretarytotheleaderofherhomeprovince.citywhereshewasfamilyandwasofasmallgovernmentbureauintheLuYanworksforastaterunenterprisehiredasthesecretarytothenewmanagerforhiredasthecapitalcityinthesameinternationalmarketing.ThecompanyhasnevermarketeditsproductsabroadbefDresothisofficeandLuYan'spositionarenewtothecompany.FiveyearslaterChenQiissatisfiedwithherjobwiththeFinnishcompanybutDaiYunisnot.TheFinnmanagerreceivesordersfromthecompany^shomeofficeinFinland,andhegivesorderstothosebelowhiminChina,includinghissecretaryChenQi.HeteIlsherhowhewantshistimescheduledandshethenmakesappointmentsforhimaccordingtohisinstructions.ShetranslatesmemosandotherdocumentsandinterpretsfromChinesetoEnglishtoChinese.IfthemanagerdoesnotthinkChenQihasdoneherworkwell,hetellsherrightaway.Heisverydemanding,butChenQifeelsthatsheknowswhatherdutiesareandknowswhathermanagerexpects.Sheisconfidentthatsheisdoingagoodjob.DaiYunoftendoesnothaveasmuchworktodoasChenQidoes,becauseherbossscheduleshisownappointmentsanddoesalotoftheofficepaperworkhimself.Whenheisoutoftownshehastimetostudyforthegraduateentranceexam.However,sheisnotsurewhetherornotsheisdoingagoodjob.HermanagerteUsherwhatsheisexpectedtodo,buthedoesthisdaybyday.Whenpeopiecallorcometotheofficetoseeherboss,shegreetstheminEnglishorChineseasnecessary.Shereceivestheirmemosandothermessagesaswellastheirquestionsandrequestsandpassesthemontohermanager.DaiYunthinksofherjobasdoingwhathermanagerwantshertodo.Shepayscloseattentiontohismoodsandbehavior,andsometimessheisabletoanticipatewhathewouldlikewithouthimteHingher.Analysis:许多中国人在外企工作，不同国家的外企领导有不同的工作作风和标准。本案列中，戴云给不同的外国上司做秘书，在工作中出现由于不同的文化冲突而引起的各种工作以及沟通中的问题就很常见了。Onecoldwuuer duyillHOnecoldwuuer duyillHlibrarymetanAmericanprofessor

greetinghim,Wangsaid: “It'clothes.”Butthepro仇sordidnAnalysis:美国人以及大部分西方国家的人们不喜欢被告知要怎么做怎么做， 他们比较喜欢独立，然而中国人则习惯关心别人，这个案例中王林的建议表达的就

是一种他人的关心，可是美国教授却不的表达。n,agoodrestaurant,fourteenpeoplearegatheredtosaygoodbyetotheirprofessor,whoismovingtoanotheruniversity.Steven;MayIhaveyourattentionplease?I ^dliketocalluponBentosayafewwords.Ben:Thankyou,Steven.ProfessorShore,colleagues:Tonightisoneofthosepamdoxesitasadtimeandyetit^sahappytime.Sad,because.mnotsurewhowillbeWearelosingoneofourbestprofessors;happybecausewearepleasedtoseeProfessorShoregaintherecognitionthatherichlydeserves.Iabletocontrolusandkeepusinline.Ithinkthenewprofessorwillhaveadifficulttime.AndsurelynoonewillbeabletoteIIjokesinthesamewayasyou,Professor.Seriously,weallknowthatyouwillbedifficulttomnotsurewhowillbereplace.YourscholarlyapproachandyourdedicationwillaIwaysberemembered.Iwouldtherelbreliketoproposeatoast.Colleagues,pelasechargeyourglasses.ProfessorShore,mayyourfuturebefilledwillgreatsuccess,andmayyoualwaysrememberus.Weknowwewillneverforgetyou.ToProfessorShore!All:(Standingup)ToProfessorShore!(Everyonedrinks.ProfessorShoreremainsseatedandsmilesatthemall.)Analysis :就餐是要在各种由下向人敬酒：可以是非正式的，向朋友或同事敬酒;也可以是正式的，向全体聚会的人敬酒。与中国式的敬酒大不相同的是，在西方正式的敬酒，受敬的人是不能喝酒的，而是正襟危坐，两眼看人喝酒。另一个不同是:无正式是非正式，敬酒的人不必走去敬酒，而是在自己的座位站起来敬酒。敬酒开始的言永是：“向而其他随敬酒的人重复敬酒人的第一句（即“向…”），然后喝一口酒。敬酒如果了杯，了敬，而上没有喝酒，就会被看做十分不恭的行，在很久以前甚至于被是一种侮辱，是不想加入敬酒的式。Case5:AnAmericanwenttoChinesehome.Hewasofferedsometea.Justwhenthefirstcupwasabouttofinish,moreteawasadded.Thevisitordrankthesecondcup.Thenthecupwasfilledthethirdtime.Thenhedrankit,thenuntilthevisitorwasquitefoil.Why?Analysis:在中国的文化俗里，主人通常会不断客人倒水倒茶，或者不断地客人的子里加食物以表示他的情好客。面的的情况，中国客人知道如何理，在他得吃喝足之后，就会随它放在桌上。而美国客人就不懂了，在美国，在自己的盘子里剩下食物是不礼貌的， 于是他出于遵循美国文化理念可能会在这样的招待中吃的过多。Case6:DinnerwithFriendJaniceisayoungAmericanengineerworkingforamanufacturingjointventurenearNanjing.SheandherhusbandGeorge,whoisteachingEnglishatauniversity,arelearningChineseandenjoyingtheirnewlife.TheyhavebeeneagertogettoknowChinesepeoplebettersotheywerepleasedwhenLiuLingling,Janice'syoungco-workerinvitedthemtoherhomefordinner.WhenJaniceandGeorgearrived,LinglingintroducedthemtoherhusbandYangFeng,askedthemtositdownatatablecontaining8platesofcolddishes,servedthemteaandthendisappearedwithherhusbandintothekitchen.AfterafewminutesLinglingcamebackandaddedwatertotheirtea.JaniceofferedtohelpinthekitchenbutLinglingsaidshedidn'tneedhelp.SheinvitedthecoupletolookattheirnewCDplayerandtheircolorftilTVandthendisappearedagain.Ahal^hourlatershecamebackandsatdownandthethreebegantoeat.YangFengcameinfromtimetotimetoputdishafterhotdishontheMostofthefoodwaswonderfulbutneitherGeorgenorJanicecouldeatthefattyporkinpeppersauceortheeacucumbers,andtherewasmuchmorethantheycouldeat.TheykeptwishingYangFengwouldsitdownsotheycouldtalktohim.Finallyhedidsitdowntoeatabit,butturnedontheTVtoshowthemallitshightechingfeatures.Soonitwastimetogohome.GeorgeandJanicefeltslightlytheinvitationtwoweekslater,andfeltluckytofindolives,Forthemaincoursetheypreparedvarioustable.quicklydepressedbythisexperience,butreturnedTheydecidedtomakeaniceAmericanmealtomatojuice,crackersandasappetizers.spaghettiandasaladwithdressingmadefromoil,vinegar,andsomespicestheyfoundinthemarket.WhenLiuLinglingandYangFengarrivedtheywereapartmentandaskedthepriceoftheTV,videoplayer,otherthings.Janicepolitelyrefusedtoanswertheirimpressedbythevacuumcleanerandquestions.TheytooksmalltastesoftheappetizersandseemedsurprisedwhenbothGeorgeandJanicesatdownwiththem.Theyateonlyalittlespaghettianddidnotfinishthesaladontheirplates.Georgeurgedthemtoeatmorebuttheyrefusedandlookedaroundexpectantly.JuniceandGeorgetaIkedabouttheirfamiliesandjobsandaskedthetableandservedcoffeeandpastries.YangFengandLinglingeachputfourspoonsofsugarsintotheircoffeebutdidnotdrinkmuchofitandateonlyabiteortwoofpastry.Aftertheyleft,Georgesaidthatatleasttheyhadachancetotalk,butJanicewasupset. lefttheirplacesofullthatwecouldn 'twalkandthey'regoingtohavetoeatagainwhentheygethome.Whatwentwrong?Analysis:中西方饮食习惯大大的不同。中国人邀请客人会准备一大桌子的菜，并在就餐程中使客人多吃点，吃完之后，有剩菜，就表明主人的盛情款待O而西方人一不吃，二就餐完后，子最好是空的。本案列中的两中外夫不明个文化差异,生解就是自然而然的事了。Case7:Afterthemealandafterthetablehasbeencleared.Liuisnotsurewhattodo,butwantstohelpinsomeway.Atleast hewantstooffer.Helen:Thanksforyourhelp,Huang.Liu:Pleasure.WhatcanIdonow?Helen:Nothing.It'sfine.I11rinsethesedishesthenstackthem.It11onlytakeaminute.Liu:Doesthefamilyusuallyhelp?Helen:We11,atspecialtimes.Jacksometimesrinsesthedishesbutyoucanseehesreallytiredtonight.Liu:Letmedoitforyou.Helen:Notruly,it'sokay.Liu:MaybeIcanwipethetablethen.Helen:Thatwouldbehelpful.Thanks.You ^rereallykind,Huang.Analysis:在西方人家中的就餐的里，大家都法插手帮一下忙，即便是男士也不例外，不要一点不着开O所有家住者要能帮者餐具，或餐后收拾洗碗，把餐具放洗碗机，倒垃圾，站在一帮着擦干洗好的餐具。然都是小忙，却表明你人的操非常在意，是个用心的人。Case8;Twostrangershavebeenchatting.A:Soyou^rebeenhereforayear?11gobacktochina.11gobacktochina.A:Whatwillyoudobackhome?B:Itshardtoknow.There^salotchangeatthemoment.sdifficultA:Yeah.Everythingischanging,everywhere.Sometimesittokeepup.sdifficultB:That^strue.MaybeI'll…(A^smobilephonerings.)sprobablywork.A:Excuseme,I^dbetteranswerthis.Itsprobablywork.B:Sure.Takeyourtime.Analysis:有在与人交中，免要有什么原因要离开一会儿， 或是去接一个,或要去洗手。礼貌再此被提出来。出于礼貌起，要住做一些恰当解再离开。不管理由是什么，即便是要接一个手机，在打开回前，向方声不起。如果只离开几分，没有必要找一个理由。你了不起，就表明你确是有事要离开一会儿。Case9:LiuHuangiscallinghisfriendStevenathishome.Person:Hello.Johnisspeaking.Liu:Hello?I^mlookingforSteven.Person;Sorry,there'snooneherecalledSteven.

Liu:Isthat65778868?Person;No.Ithinkyou'vegotthewrongnumber.Thisis65788868.Liu:Oh,I'msorry.Person;Noproblem.Goodluck.Liu:Thanks.Analysis:失手拨错号码是常有的事。如果在国外，即便有语言障碍，害怕说英语,也还是要先与对方核对是不是拨错了，然后再道歉。如果发现拨错了号码就马上挂电话，是不礼貌的行为。vehadagreatCase10vehadagreattime.Erica:Lin:Itime.Erica:Lin:IIt'sbeenapleasurehavingyou.Wehopeyoucancomeagain,soon.，dlikethat.Youbothknowhowtomakemefeelathome.Thanksforeverything.Analysis:在动身离去的时候，找到主人，当面说一声谢谢，是有礼貌的行为。Case11:OfftoaBadStartDavidHuhadjuststartedworkingfortheforeignownedcompany.Hewassittingathisworkstationbuthadnotbeengivenanyassignmentthatheshouldbedoingatthismoment.Hewasrelaxingandwaitingandthenthoughthewouldtaketheopportunitytohavealookaround.Hepokedhisheadintoseveralofficesjusttoseewhattherewastobeseen.SuddenlyMr.Parkercameuptohimandangrilyaskedhimwhathewasdoing.DavidHuwasembarrassed.Helaughedandquicklystartedtomovebacktowardhisworkstation.ThisdidnotseemtosatisfyMr.Parkerwhostartedtotalkrapidlyandangrily.Hopingtocalmhimdown,Mr.Husmiledandapologized,tryingtoexplainthathewastryingtolearnmore aboutthedepartment.However,Mr.Parkergotevenangrier.Finally,anotherworkercamebyandcalmedhimdown,butMr.Parkerleft,hestilllookedangry.Mr.Husighed;heknewhehadmadeabadstartbutstilldidn'tunderslandwhy.Analysis:外国人很讲究隐私权，一般不允许自己的私人空间受到打扰。 而中国人比较喜欢看热闹，想知道别人在做什么。所以在本案列中，吴先生未经允许就在公司四处走动，引起其他员工的强烈不满。Case12:SharingtheWealthAnnaBilowhadbeenworkingforaChinese-ownedandoperatedcompanyinNanjingforaboutsixmonths.Thedivision shewasworkinginhadasmallcollectionofChinese-Englishdictionaries,Englishlanguagereferencebooks,andsomevideosinEnglishincludingacoupleoftrainingfilmsandseveralfeaturefilmsthatAnnahadbroughtathernewemployer 'requestwhenshecamefromEurope.Annaknewthatsomeoftheothersectionshadsimilarcollections.Shehadsometimesusedherfriendshipwithoneofthewomeninanotherdepaftment,GuMing,toborrowEnglishnoveIsandreferencebooksandinturnhadletGuMingborrowbooksfromhersectionscollection.Onotheroccasions,shehadseenfriendly,noisyexchanges,whereoneoftheotherworkersinherdivisionhadlentabookorvideotoacolleaguefromanothersection.Annathoughtitwasagreatideawhenamemowascirculatedsayingthatthecompany'sleadershaddecidedtocollectalltheEnglishlanguagematerialstogetherintoasinglecollection.Theplanwastoputtheminasmallroomthatwascurrentlybeingusedforstoragesothatallemployeescouldhaveequalaccesstothem.Nowshewouldnolongerhavetogofromdepartmenttodepartmenttryingtofindthematerialssheneeded.Annawassurprisedtohearherco-workers compbiningaboutthenewpolicy.WhentheyoungmaninchargecametothedepartmenttocollecttheirEnglishlanguagematerials,shewasastoundedtoseethemhidingmostofthebooksandallbutoneofthevideosintheirdesks.Whenshecheckedoutthenewso-calledcollection,shefoundthatthefewitemswerealloutdatedorsomehowdamaged.Shealsonoticedthat noneofthematerialsshehadborrowedfromGuMingwereinthecollection. SheaskedherfriendwhytheChinesewereunwillingtosharetheirEnglishlanguagematerialswithalltheirco-workers,whentheyseemedwillingtosharethemwithintheirdepartments.Analysis :西方人私方面有多禁忌，中国人自我私的保也十分注重，但是两者之存在大差。西方人于将自己的籍和整理的料拿出来朋友和同事共享，而在中国，即便是朋友，人也不愿意与人共享自己的籍和料。由于种料共享的念不同，案例中Anna才会以理解明等同事将自己的料，籍藏起来的做法。Unit3WhatsinaName?Theory:1.ChineseandBritishpeoplecalleachotherwithtitlesindifferentways.2.Kintermsareusedinfamilymembers,butitdiffersbetweenwesternsandChinesepeople.Case1:ABritishtourististravelingbytraininChina.SittingoppositehimisaChinesepassenger.TheyintroducethemselvestoeachotherBritishtourist:Hello,I ^mEricJackson.Gladtomeetyou.Chinesepassenger:Hello,mynameisLiuXin.I^mgladtomeetyou,too.Wheredoyoucomefrom,Mr.Eric?Britishtourist:I ^mfromBritain.PleasejustcallmeEric,Mr.Xin.Chinesepassenger:AndyoumayjustcallmeLiuXin.Analysis:Bothofthemhavetakeneachother'sgivennameforthesurname,sincetheorderofthesurnamesofChineseandEnglishnamesarejustthe

opposite.Asinbothculturesatitleisusuallyusedwiththesurname,theyfeelunnaturalwhentheirgivennamesareusedwiththetitles.AccordingtoBritishcustomit^squitenormalforpersonswhofirstmeettoaddresseachotherbytheirgivennamesalone,whereashere,whenpeoplefirstmeet,theyusuallyaddresseachotherbytheirfullnamesandneverbytheirgivennamesalone.JICA2ABritish touristisvisitingaChinesefamily.TheChinesehostessintroducesherselfandherhusbandtoguest …Chinesehostess:WeIcometomyhome.MynameisCaiHong,andthisismyhusband.you,Mrs.Britishtourist:Thank you,Mrs.Cai.It^sapleasuretomeetyou,Mrs.Cai.I'mLucyTaylor.Chinesehostess:Haveaseat.MadamLucy.Analysis:TheBritishtouristthinksthatCaiHong ^ssurnameisherusuallyusedbysomeonewhoisprovidingtoacustomerorapolicemantoamemberyou,madam?Itisneverusedasatitlemistakesthegivennameforthesurname.husband'ssurname,sincesheisunawareofthefactthatinChinawomenstillusetheirownsurnameaftermarriage.CaiHongthinksthat"madam'isarespectfultermofaddressforanyfemaleEnglish-speaker,unawareofthefactthatinBritainitisaservicesuchasashopassistantofthepublicasin*CanIhelpbeforesomeonename.Shealsousuallyusedbysomeonewhoisprovidingtoacustomerorapolicemantoamemberyou,madam?Itisneverusedasatitlemistakesthegivennameforthesurname.Case3:LinMeiisaChinesestudentwhoisnowstudyingatauniversityinAmerica.Herseven-year-olddaughterJiajiaiswithherandstudiesinaprimaryschool.TheyhavebeeninAmericaft)rthreeyears.WangXiaohongisaChinesevisitingscholaratthe sameuniversityasLinMeiandthetwogetonwellwitheachother.WangXiaohongsometimesfeelslonelysinceshehasbeeninAmericaforonlytwomonths,soshesometimesvisitsLinMei'sfamily.Onedayshecametovisitthem.Belowistheirconversation.WangXiaohong:佳佳，你在家？Jiajia;在。,小阿姨找你。LinMei:王教您来啦，坐。我女儿真不懂礼貌。佳佳，以后要叫王阿姨。Analysis:ThecombinationofthetermofaddressXiaohongAyi(givenname+Auntie)refleetsthemixtureofthetwocultures.Ontheonehandwehavetheextendeduseofkin termsprecededbyapersonsname,conventionallysurname,e.g.Wang+Auntie,inChineseculture.Ontheotherwehavetheconventionaluseofkintermsft)lk)wedbygivennamese.g.Auntie+Xiaohong,inthecultureofEnglish —speakingcountries.Inotherwords,itshowsthecombinationofChinesesequence,+kintermandEnglishuseofgivenname.SinceJiajiahaslivedinAmericaforthreeyears,shemusthavebeenstronglyinfluencedbytheforeignculturedespitetheinfluenceofChineseculturefromhermotherandother

Chinese.SofromJiajia'spointofviewitisappropriate andpolitetocallWangXiaohongXiaohongAyi.However,LinMei,asanadult,stillstickstotheChineseculturewhendealingwithaChinesewhocametoAmericaonlyrecently;andaccordingtoChineseculture,itisimpoliteforchildtoaddressanadultbyusinghisorhergivenname.Unit4SocialInteractionTheory:Socialinteractionpeople.CulturalChinesemeet,unsatisfactoryDifferentisdifferencesSuchinteFactiononeofthecanleadtodifferencesandevenmostcommoninteractionsdifficultiesbetweenwhenforeignersandmisunderslanding,physical reactions.expectationspoliteandrespectftil.thedirectnessandthemselves.exist,governingExpectationindirectnesscanwithcancauseunpleasantwhatisconsideredappropriate,alsodifferregardingprivacy,andwhichpeopleshouldexpressCase1:Theory:Socialinteractionpeople.CulturalChinesemeet,unsatisfactoryDifferentisdifferencesSuchinteFactiononeofthecanleadtodifferencesandevenmostcommoninteractionsdifficultiesbetweenwhenforeignersandmisunderslanding,physical reactions.expectationspoliteandrespectftil.thedirectnessandthemselves.exist,governingExpectationindirectnesscanwithcancauseunpleasantwhatisconsideredappropriate,alsodifferregardingprivacy,andwhichpeopleshouldexpressCase1:Ericagoestoahavebeeninvited.Herhost,Mrs.Pennymeetsthematthedoorofherhome.Penny:Hello,Erica.Welcome.PleasecomeErica:Thankyou.John,IdliketointroducethisismyfriendJohnPernot.Penny:Hello,John.Welcome.John:Hello,Mrs.Roberts.Penny;PleasecallmePenny.Nowdocomeinsidesmalldinnerpartytowhichsheandafriendin.Mrs.PennyRoberts.Penny,andsitdown.Analysis:在介绍时，先介绍谁是有些规矩的，弄不好会产生误会。但学起来并不难。一般的规矩是：首先介绍女性，男女主人，来宾或不太熟的人。Case2:Erica:ProfessorHonda,mayIintroducemyclassmateStevenJacobs.Steven,thisismyprofessorofliterature.Prof:Nicetomeetyou,Steven.Steven:Thankyou.Itsapleasuretomeetyou,ProfessorHonda.Eticahastalkedalotaboutyou.Porf:Allgood,Ihope.Analysis:在西方，将较年轻的人介绍给年纪较大的人以表示对后者的尊重。这也适用于对社会地位的考虑。如果有三个人：一位教授，两位学生。教授的名称要先被提起，同时请他接受向另一位学生的介绍，然后再把第二位学生介绍给他。Case3:WhenmywifeintroducedmetoatouristfromCanada,Ishookhandswithhimandusedmybusinesscard.Andheseemedembarrassed.他们通Analysis:西方人通常不像中国人和日本人那样在介绍时彼此递送名片。常只有在商务活动中才使用名片。他们通Case4 ,. .:AFrenchmantookpartinaparty;thehostdidn 'tintroducehimtoothers.ButtheFrenchmanchattedwithoneoftheguests.Theothers

becameangry.Analysis:当两个西方人在一起的时候，如果遇到另一个人，通常要把在场每一个人介绍一遍。如果新加入的人没有被介绍就同其中一个人聊了起来，其他的人就会认为这两个人的行为没有礼貌。Case5:WhenLinmetaladyfromAmerica,hedidn'tknowwhetherheshouldshakehandswithherornot,buthavingtakenpolitenessintoconsideration,hereachedouthishand.Analysis:如果一位男士拿不准是否要与一位女士握手，最好先等这位女士把手伸出来。Case6:Erica:Hello!Thankforcoming.Here,letmetakeyourcoat.Lin:Hello.Thanks.Here'ssomewineforyou.Erica:That'slovely.Youreallyshouldn'thave,Lin.Thankyou.Let'sgoinandmeettheothers.Analysis:无论东方还是西方，去做客总要带点儿礼物。无论赴晩会还是晩宴，带瓶葡萄酒总是适宜的。有些西方人给女主人买些花儿，或是巧克力。呈上礼物的时候，对你的礼物低调处理，就是说，不要太多地谈论你的礼物。上面的范例是,受礼的主人倒要说上两句，以表谢意。Case7:Twocolleaguesareatwork.Karen;WhatareyoudoingforChristmas?Li:SomefriendshaveinvitedmetostaywiththemoverChristmas,experienceKaren:That'sChristmasthen?Case7:Twocolleaguesareatwork.Karen;WhatareyoudoingforChristmas?Li:SomefriendshaveinvitedmetostaywiththemoverChristmas,experienceKaren:That'sChristmasthen?Li:Yeah.ItsomethingbutIgreat!guessyou，11'Sgood,isn'tit?Maybeyoucanhelp.，mnotsurewhatawestern-styleI'dliketotakeKaren:Doyourfriendshaveanychildren?alittleyounger.Li:Mmmm.Two,Ithink.One's6andtheother'salittleyounger.Ithink.Karen:Wellyoucan'tgowrongif