考研考博-英语-天津体育学院考试押题三合一+答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-天津体育学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Birdmigrationisoneofthemostinterestingyetleastunderstoodnaturalphenomena.Everyfallbirdsfromnorthernlatitudesflyingroupstothewarmersouthernlatitudesandthenreturnnorthinthespring.Scientistsagreeonthemainreasonsformigration:tofollowthefoodsupplyandtoavoidharshclimateconditions.Forexample,insectsdisappearduringthecoldmonths,promptinginsect-dependentbirdstoflysouthtowarmareaswhereinsectsbreed.Nosimilarconsensushasemerged,however,abouthowbirdsareabletonavigate.Despitemanyrecentexperiments,birdexpertsstilldonotknowhowbirdsarriveatthesamedestinationeveryyearandthenfindtheirwaybackhomeinthespring.

Somehavesuggestedthatbirdsfindtheirwaybyfollowinglandmarks,suchasriversandmountainranges.Experimentshaveconfirmedthatsomespeciesdofollowsuchtopographicfeatures.Butthatmethodcannotexplainhowsomebirdstravelatnight.Otherstudiesshowthatsomenocturnalbirdsnavigatebythestars.Butthatexplanationcannotexplaindaytimemigrationortravelwhentheskiesarecloudy.

ThemostpopularexplanationcurrentlyisthatbirdsareguidedbyEarth’smagneticpoles.Themechanismbywhichthatworkshasnotyetbeenproved.Onetheorypointstothefactthatsomebirds’brainscontainmagnetite,anaturallyoccurringmagneticcompoundconsistingofironoxide.Magnetite

hasbeenfoundinmanyanimals,includingbirds.Withmagnetsembeddedintheirbrains,birdswouldbeabletosensethemagneticfieldsoftheNorthandSouthPoles.

Arecentexperimentwithhomingpigeonsprovidedsomeevidencethatmagnetitedoesplayacrucialroleinmigration.Homingpigeonsareknowntohavetheabilitytoreturntotheirhomesafterbeingtakenhundredsofmilesaway.Researchersfoundthattheycouldtrainhomingpigeonstorecognizechangesinamagneticfield.Whenasurroundingmagneticfieldwasnormal,thebirdswouldgatheratoneendofacage.Butwhenthefield’spolaritywasaltered,theyhoppedtotheotherend,suggestingthattheyweredetectingandrespondingtochangesinthemagneticfield.

Anothertheoryhasbeenofferedtoexplainthissensitivitytomagneticpoles,atheorythatdrawsuponquantummechanics,whichisthestudyofhowparticlesmoveinsideanatom.Itreliesonthefactthatelectronscomeinpairsthatorbitthenucleusofanatom.Thetwoelectronsspininoppositedirections,creatingtwomagnetsthatneutralizeeachother.Butwhenmoleculessplitandreactwithothermoleculestoformcompounds,theelectronpairsmaynolongerspininoppositedirections.Instead,theymayrepeleachother,aswhentwonorthendsofmagnetsarepressedtogether.Theelectronsstruggletochangedirectioninordertoachieveastablestateinwhichthetwoelectronsagainneutralizeeachother,givingoffnomagneticfield.

Thetheoryisthatthesedisturbedelectronpairsarecreatedinbirdswhentheyareexposedtochangesinlight.ThebirdscansensetheeffortsoftheelectronsintryingtoreachaconditionofstabilitybecauseoftheslightchangesinthepulloftheNorthandSouthPoles.Inthisway,thebirdscandetectthedirectionofthepoleswhiletheyareinflight.

Inoneexperimenttoconfirmthiseffect,agroupofEuropeanrobinsweretrickedbyartificiallighttobelievethatitwastimeforspringmigration.Thebirdsbecameeagertoflynorth.Thechangesinlighttriggeredtheelectron-pairmovementdescribedabove,exposingtherobinstothemagneticfieldaccompanyingtheelectronpairs.Thebirdsbecamedisorientedandflewinalldirections.Thesimulatedmagneticfieldsweremuchtooweaktobedetectedbythebirds’naturalmagnetite,suggestingtotheexperimentersthattheelectronpairs,notthemagnetite,wereresponsibleforthebirds’confusedflying.

Thecurrentview,therefore,isthatlightplaysanimportantroleinguidingbirdmigration.Thismaybewhybirdsturntheirheadsfromsidetosidebeforeflyingoff.Theireyesarecollectingthesurroundinglight,whichinturnallowsthemtoprocessandanalyzetheexistingmagneticfieldsandtokeepthemselvespointedintherightdirection.

1.AccordingtoParagraph1,insectsinfluencebirdmigrationinwhichofthefollowingways?

2.AccordingtoParagraph3,birdscandetectthemagneticfieldsoftheNorthandSouthPolesbecause（

）.

3.TheauthordiscusseshomingpigeonsinParagraph4inorderto（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretheoriesabouthowbirdsnavigateexcept:

5.Accordingtothepassage,theauthormentionsallofthefollowingaboutelectronsexcept:

问题1选项

A.Insectsgenerateamagneticfieldthatbirdscandetect.

B.Insectsprovideafoodsupplythatexistsonlyinwarmclimates.

C.Birdsfollowthepathstakenbyflyinginsects.

D.Birdsknowwhentomigratebyasuddenincreaseininsectpopulation.

问题2选项

A.theysensethemotionofelectronpairs

B.theycanlocatethepolesbyfollowinglandmarks

C.theyingestmetalparticlesthatareattractedbythepoles

D.theyhavemagnetiteintheirbrains

问题3选项

A.provideanexampleofhowhumanscantrainbirds

B.describeanexperimentshowingtheimportanceofmagnetite

C.showthathomingpigeonsreturnhomebyfollowinglandmarks

D.reporthomingpigeons,behaviorinsideacage

问题4选项

A.Theyfollowlandmarkslikeriversandmountains.

B.Theyareguidedbytheirpositionrelativetothestars.

C.Theyfeelvibrationsinnerveendingsintheirbrains.

D.Theyrespondtochangesinlight.

问题5选项

A.Changesinlightcauseelectronpairstochangethedirectionoftheirspin.

B.Magnetitecontainselectronsthatrepeleachother.

C.Electronsthatspininoppositedirectionsneutralizeeachother.

D.Thenucleusofanatomisorbitedbyelectronpairs.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.文章第一段第三句提到鸟类迁徙的主要原因是为了获取食物和躲避不利的气候，并举了昆虫的例子来说明食物对鸟类的迁徙有重大作用。选项B符合题意。

2.文章第三段最后一句提到鸟类的大脑里有磁体，所以它们可以感应南极跟北极的磁极磁场。选项D符合题意。

3.文章第四段第一句提到了关于信鸽的实验，主要说明了磁性在迁徙过程中起到了重要的作用。选项B符合题意。

4.文章第二段第一句somehavesuggestedthatbirdsfindtheirwaybyfollowinglandmarks,suchasriversandmountainranges，排除选项A；第二段第四句otherstudiesshowthatsomenocturnalbirdsnavigatebystars,排除选项B；第六段第一句thetheoryisthatthesedisturbedelectronpairsarecreatedinbirdswhentheyareexposedtochangesinlight,排除D选项。选项C符合题意。

5.文章第五段第二句electronscomeinpairsthatorbitthenucleusofanatom，排除选项D；第五段第三句Thetwoelectronsspininoppositedirections,creatingtwomagnetsthatneutralizeeachother，排除选项C；第六段第一句thetheoryisthatthesedisturbedelectronpairsarecreatedinbirdswhentheyareexposedtochangesinlight，排除选项A。选项B符合题意。

2.单选题

Tosomepeople,thegreatestpleasureoflifeistospendtheirtimeathomewatchingTVand（）theirpets.

问题1选项

A.stroking

B.desiring

C.modeling

D.flattering

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析题。stroke"轻抚,抚摸";desire"希望,渴望";model"做模特;制作模型";flatter"奉承;谄媚"。句意：对某些人来说，生活中最大的乐趣是花时间在家里看电视和抚摸他们的宠物。选项A符合句意。

3.翻译题

互联网使我的工作方便多了。我可以通过电子邮件撰写、编辑并提交我的文章；在网上与我的同事聊天，与老板讨论工作。我用鼠标一击，马上就能拿到我要的一切资料，获得最新的消息。可是，另一方面，用网络通信有时也令人沮丧。系统有可能瘫痪。更糟的是，因为没有面对面交谈的情感提示，键出的词有时似乎很难理解。

【答案】TheInternethasmademyjobaloteasier.Icanwrite,submitandeditarticlesviaemail,chatwithmycolleaguesonlineanddiscussworkwithmyboss.Withaclickofthemouse,IcangetallthedataIneedandkeepupwiththelatestnews.Butthen,communicatingthroughtheNetcanbefrustratingattimes.Thesystemmaycrash.Worststill,withouttheemotionalcuesofface-to-facecommunication,thetypedwordssometimesseemdifficulttointerpret.

4.单选题

TheInternet,E-commerceandglobalizationaremakinganeweconomicerapossible.Bythemiddleofthe21stcentury,capitalistmarketswilllargelybereplacedbyanewkindofeconomicsystembasedonnetworkedrelationships,contractualarrangementsandaccessrights.

Hasthequalityofourlivesatwork,athomeandinourcommunitiesincreasedindirectproportiontoallthenewInternetandbusiness-to-businessInternetservicesbeingintroducedintoourlives?IhaveaskedthisquestionofhundredsofCEOSandcorporateexecutivesinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.Surprisingly,virtuallyeveryonehassaid,“No,quitecontrary.”

Theverypeopleresponsibleforusheringinwhatsomehavecalleda“technologicalrenaissance”saytheyareworkinglongerhours,feelmorestressed,aremoreimpatient,andareevenlesscivilintheirdealingswithcolleaguesandfriends—nottomentionstrangers.Andwhat’smorerevealing,theyplacemuchoftheblameontheverysametechnologiestheyaresoaggressivelychampioning.

Thetechnoguruspromisedusthataccesswouldmakelifemoreconvenientandgiveusmoretime.Instead,theverytechnologicalwondersthatweresupposedtoliberateushavebeguntoenslaveusinawebofconnectionsfromwhichthereseemstobenoeasyescape.

Ifanearliergenerationwaspreoccupiedwiththequesttoencloseavastgeographicfrontier,generation,itseems,ismorecaughtupinthecolonizationoftime.Everysparemomentofourtimeisbeingfilledwithsomeformofcommercialconnection,makingtimeitselfthemostscarceofallresources.Oure-mail,voicemailandcellphones,our24-hourInternetnewsandentertainmentallseizeforourattention.

Andwhilewehavecreatedeverykindoflabor-andtime-savingdevicetoserviceourneeds,wearebeginningtofeellikewehavelesstimeavailabletousthananyotherhumansinhistory.Thatisbecausethegreatproliferationoflabor-and-time-savingservicesonlyincreasesthediversity,paceandflowofcommodifiedactivityaroundus.Forexample,e-mailisagreatconvenience.However,wenowfindourselvesspendingmuchofourdayfranticallyrespondingtoeachother’selectronicmessages.Thecellphoneisagreattime-saver.Exceptnowwearealwayspotentiallyinreachofsomeoneelsewhowantsourattention.

Socialconservativestalkaboutthedeclineincivilityandblameitonthelossofamoralcompassandreligiousvalues.Hasanyonebotheredtoaskwhetherthehyperspeedcultureismakingallofuslesspatientandlesswillingtolistenanddefer,considerandreflect?

Maybeweneedtoaskwhatkindsofconnectionsreallycountandwhattypesofaccessreallymatterinthee-economyera.Ifthisnewtechnologyrevolutionisonlyabouthyperefficiency,thenwerisklosingsomethingevenpreciousthantime—oursenseofwhatitmeanstobeacaringhumanbeing.

1.Theauthorsuggeststhatthemostvaluableresourceintoday’ssocietyis____.

2.Welearnfromthispassagethatmanyexecutivesfeelthat____.

3.Thephrase“thecolonizationoftime”(Para.5)refersto____.

4.Intheseventhparagraphtheauthorsuggeststhat____.

5.Thebesttitleforthepassagecouldbe____.

问题1选项

A.Technology

B.Economicassets

C.Accesstoinformation

D.Time

问题2选项

A.technologicaladvancesareessentialtotoday’seconomicsystem

B.technologyhasactuallyledtodeclineintheirqualityoflife

C.longerhoursaremakingtheirworkersmoreimpatientanduncivil

D.technologycanbeblamedformanyoftoday’ssocialproblems

问题3选项

A.thefillingofeverymomentoftimewithcommercialtransactions

B.thequestforefficiencyintheworkplace

C.thegrowinguseofelectronicmailandothertime-savingservices

D.theimpactoftechnologyonoursenseoftime

问题4选项

A.newtechnologiesmaymakepeoplemoreimpatient

B.socialconservativesdonotunderstandtheimportanceoftechnology

C.thespeedofmodernculturemayimpactourmoralandreligiousvalues

D.peopleinthetechnologysectorarelesscivilthanthoseinotherfields

问题5选项

A.ThefutureofthetechnologicalRenaissance

B.EvenCorporateExecutivesGettheBlues

C.TheNewInternetEconomy

D.TheDisadvantagesofToomuchAccess

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.【选项释义】

Theauthorsuggeststhatthemostvaluableresourceintoday’ssocietyis____.作者认为，当今社会最有价值的资源是____。

A.TechnologyA.技术

B.EconomicassetsB.经济资产

C.AccesstoinformationC.获取信息

D.TimeD.时间

【答案】D

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第五段“我们的每一个空闲时间都被某种形式的商业联系所填满，使时间本身成为所有资源中最稀缺的（makingtimeitselfthemostscarceofallresources）。”因此选D。

【干扰项排除】

A、B、C选项属于过度推断。

2.【选项释义】

Welearnfromthispassagethatmanyexecutivesfeelthat____.我们从这篇文章中了解到，许多高管认为____。

A.technologicaladvancesareessentialtotoday’seconomicsystemA.技术进步对当今的经济体系至关重要

B.technologyhasactuallyledtodeclineintheirqualityoflifeB.科技实际上导致了他们生活质量的下降

C.longerhoursaremakingtheirworkersmoreimpatientanduncivilC.更长时间的工作让他们的员工更加不耐烦和无礼

D.technologycanbeblamedformanyoftoday’ssocialproblemsD.今天的许多社会问题都归咎于技术

【答案】B

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第二段“我们在工作、家庭和社区中的生活质量提高是否与所有的这些新型互联网以及企业对企业互联网服务的引入成正比？我曾向欧洲和美国的数百位首席执行官和企业高管提出过这个问题。令人惊讶的是，几乎每个人都说：‘不，恰恰相反。’”也就是说，他们认为，事实上，科技已经导致了生活质量的下降。因此B选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“技术进步对当今的经济体系至关重要”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；

C选项“更长时间的工作让他们的员工更加不耐烦和无礼”，文中提到“那些引领所谓‘技术复兴’的人说，他们工作的时间更长了，压力更大了，更没耐心了”，这些引领技术复兴的人指的是公司领导而不是员工，因此该选项属于张冠李戴；

D选项“今天的许多社会问题都归咎于技术”，社会问题太过广泛，该选项属于过度推断。

3.【选项释义】

Thephrase“thecolonizationoftime”(Para.5)refersto____.“时间的殖民化”（第5段）指的是____。

A.thefillingofeverymomentoftimewithcommercialtransactionsA.每时每刻都充斥着商业交易

B.thequestforefficiencyintheworkplaceB.工作场所对效率的追求

C.thegrowinguseofelectronicmailandothertime-savingservicesC.越来越多地使用电子邮件和其他省时服务

D.theimpactoftechnologyonoursenseoftimeD.科技对我们时间观念的影响

【答案】A

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据出处提示词Paragraph5与题干信息词thecolonizationoftime可定位到第五段thecolonizationoftime之后“我们的每一个空闲时间都被某种形式的商业联系所填满（Everysparemomentofourtimeisbeingfilledwithsomeformofcommercialconnection）”由此可推断“时间的殖民化”指的就是每时每刻充满商业交易。因此选A。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“工作场所对效率的追求”，曲解原文，该选项属于过度推断；

C选项“越来越多地使用电子邮件和其他省时服务”，曲解原文，该选项属于过度推断；

D选项“科技对我们时间观念的影响”，曲解原文，该选项属于过度推断。

4.【选项释义】

Intheseventhparagraphtheauthorsuggeststhat____.在第七段中，作者表示____。

A.newtechnologiesmaymakepeoplemoreimpatientA.新技术可能会让人们更没有耐心

B.socialconservativesdonotunderstandtheimportanceoftechnologyB.社会保守派不理解技术的重要性

C.thespeedofmodernculturemayimpactourmoralandreligiousvaluesC.现代文化的发展速度可能会影响我们的道德和宗教价值观

D.peopleinthetechnologysectorarelesscivilthanthoseinotherfieldsD.技术领域的人比其他领域的人更不文明

【答案】A

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据出处提示词Paragraph7与题干信息可定位到第七段“有没有人问过，高速文化是否让我们所有人变得更没有耐心，更不愿意倾听、推迟、考虑和反思？（lesspatientandlesswillingtolistenanddefer,considerandreflect）”由此可知，作者认为新技术可能会让人们没有耐心。因此选A。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“社会保守派不理解技术的重要性”，文中没有体现，该选项属于无中生有；

C选项“现代文化的发展速度可能会影响我们的道德和宗教价值观”，由第七段可知，这是社会保守派的观点，并不是作者的观点，该选项属于张冠李戴；

D选项“技术领域的人比其他领域的人更不文明”，文中没有体现，该选项属于无中生有。

5.【选项释义】

Thebesttitleforthepassagecouldbe____.这篇文章最好的标题是____。

A.ThefutureofthetechnologicalRenaissanceA.技术复兴的未来

B.EvenCorporateExecutivesGettheBluesB.即使是企业高管也会感到沮丧

C.TheNewInternetEconomyC.新互联网经济

D.TheDisadvantagesofToomuchAccessD.过多访问的缺点

【答案】D

【考查点】主旨大意题。

【解题思路】作者在第一段提出了“新型经济体系”，接下来的段落主要讨论的是新技术带来的负面影响，最后一段提出“也许我们需要问问，在电子经济时代，什么样的连接才是真正重要的，什么样的访问才是真正重要的。如果这场新技术革命仅仅是关于超高效率，那么我们可能会失去一些比时间更宝贵的东西。”综合全文，文章主要讲了过多访问的缺点，因此选D。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“技术复兴的未来”，文中主要讲新技术带来的负面影响，并没有涉及技术复兴的未来，该选项属于反向干扰；

B选项“即使是企业高管也会感到沮丧”，是对文章的片面概括，属于以偏概全；

C选项“新互联网经济”，文中主要讲互联网经济的缺点，该选项范围太广，属于过度推断。

5.单选题

Ahealthyandbetter-educatednewgenerationisa（）forsustainableeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofallcountries.

问题1选项

A.guarantee

B.security

C.demand

D.prospective

【答案】A

【解析】名词词义辨析。Guarantee“保证”；security“安全”；demand“需要”；prospective“预期，展望”。句意：健康、受良好教育的新一代是各国经济社会可持续发展的保障。选项A符合题意。

6.翻译题

即使在麦哲伦号航天器（Magellan）还未看穿金星（Venus）的云层覆盖之前，天文学家（astronomer）便很有把握地相信金星上没有水。金星的表面很热，至少有450摄氏度。它的温度超过了水星（Mercury），你也许认为水星会比金星热，因为它离太阳更近。然而，水星没有保温的大气层。

金星大气层中的二氧化碳（Carbondioxide）把太阳的热量保留了下来。这和温室能够保存太阳的热量好让植物生长类似。太阳的光线能够穿过云层到达金星表面，但其热量却无法逃逸。天文学家们懂得,水在如此炽热的环境下是无法以液体的形式存在的。然而，它附近的两颗行星——地球和火星（Mars）——却存在着水或冰。金星过去是否也曾有过水？

麦哲伦号航天器发回的照片没有提供曾有水存在的迹象。金星的表面有很多像河一样的长长的纹路，有些长达数百公里。但这些纹路似乎是熔岩（meltedrock）造成的，而不是水造成的。

金星上没有古海洋的迹象，也没有山峦被水冲刷的痕迹。一位天文学家说，金星太热，水星太冷，而地球恰好适合水的存在。

【答案】EvenbeforetheMagellanspacecraftsawthroughVenus’scloudcover,astronomerswereconfidentthatVenushadnowater.ThesurfaceofVenusisveryhot,atleast450degreesCelsius.It’shotterthanMercury,whichyoumightexpecttobehotterthanVenusbecauseit’sclosertotheSun.Mercury,however,hasnoinsulatingatmosphere.

TheCarbondioxideinVenus’atmospheretrapsthesun’sheat.Thisissimilartohowagreenhousepreservesthesun’sheattoallowplantstogrow.Thesun’srayscanpassthroughthecloudstoreachthesurfaceofVenus,butitsheatcannotescape.Astronomersknewthatwatercouldnotexistasaliquidinsuchhotconditions.However,twonearbyplanets,EarthandMars,havewaterorice.DidVenusoncehavewater?

PhotosfromtheMagellanspacecraftprovidenoevidencethatwatereverexisted.ThesurfaceofVenusislinedwithlongriverlines,somehundredsofkilometerslong.Buttheselinesseemtobecausedbylava,notwater.

Therearenosignsofanancientocean,ormountainswashedawaybywater.OneastronomersaysVenusistoohot,Mercuryistoocold,andEarthisjustrightforwater.

7.单选题

Whichsporthasthemostexpenses_______trainingequipment,players'personalequipmentanduniforms?

问题1选项

A.inplaceof

B.bywayof

C.intermsof

D.bymeansof

【答案】C

【解析】inplaceof代替;bywayof经由;intermsof依据,按照,在……方面;bymeansof通过,依靠。句意：哪项运动在训练器材、运动员个人装备和队服等方面的开销最大?选项C符合句意。

8.单选题

Distrustingwomen,heremaineda（

）allhislife.

问题1选项

A.marshal

B.bandit

C.bachelor

D.burglar

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。marshal意为“元帅”；bandit意为“土匪，强盗”；bachelor意为“未婚男子，单身汉，学士”；burglar意为“窃贼”。

句意：由于不信任女人，他做了一辈子单身汉。

9.单选题

Shehasdecidedto（）somemoneyeverymonthtohelpthreepeasantgirlsinpoverty-strickenareas.

问题1选项

A.laydown

B.layside

C.setup

D.standupto

【答案】B

【解析】laydown放下，制定，铺设，主张；layside搁置，储蓄，留存；setup建立；standupto经得起，抵抗。句意：她决定每个月存点钱帮助三个贫困地区的农村女孩。选项B符合句意。

10.单选题

Accordingto（）sources,theLeaningTowerofPisaistobeuprightedunderarestorationplanbytheItalianGovernment.

问题1选项

A.conformed

B.confirmed

C.informed

D.transformed

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。conformed"一致的,顺从的";confirmed"确定的,坚定的"";informed"消息灵通的,见多识广的";transformed"转变的"。句意：据可靠消息,在意大利政府的一项恢复计划中,比萨斜塔将得到修复。选项B符合原文。

11.单选题

Inthelastfewyears,intensivedesignanddevelopmenteffort______totheintroductionofelectronicexchanges.

问题1选项

A.havebeenapplied

B.hasbeenapplied

C.isbeingapplied

D.wouldbeapplied

【答案】A

【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：在过去几年中，密集的设计和开发努力已应用于电子交换的引进。根据谓语动词apply的动作从过去开始发生，持续到现在，并且将持续下去确定用现在完成时态；根据主语intensivedesignanddevelopmenteffort是复数确定用复数形式，所以A选项havebeenapplied符合题意。因此A选项正确。

12.单选题

Cultureisthetotalsumofallthetraditions,customs,beliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissense,everygrouphasaculture,howeversavage,undeveloped,oruncivilizeditmayseemtous.

Totheprofessionalanthropologist,thereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother,justastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages.

Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavage,undevelopedformsofspeech,consistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroans,itisafactestablishedbythestudyof“backward”languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsare,byourmostseverestandards,extremelycomplex,delicate,andingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyfullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflectstheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.Eveninthisdepartment,however,twothingsaretobenoted:1.Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2.Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesanddistinctionsin“backward”languages,whiledifferentfromours,areoftensurprisinglynumerousandcomplicated.Anaccidentallanguagedistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness(“this”and“that”);somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeaker,ortothepersonaddressed,orremovedfromboth,oroutofsight,orinthepast,orinthefuture.

Thisstudyoflanguage,inturn,castsanewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturearetobeviewedindependently,andwithoutideasofrankorhierarchy.

1.ThelanguageofuncivilizedgroupsascomparedtoWesternlanguagesarelimitedin（）.

2.Theauthorsaysthatprofessionallinguistsrecognizethat（）.

3.Thearticlestatesthatgrunt-and-groanformsofspeecharefound（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,languages,whethercivilizedornot,have（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedbutnotarticulatedinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.soundpatterns

B.vocabularies

C.grammaticalstructures

D.bothAandB

问题2选项

A.WesternlanguagesaresuperiortoEasternlanguages

B.Alllanguagescamefromgruntsandgroans

C.Thehierarchyoflanguagesisdifficulttounderstand

D.Thereisnohierarchyoflanguages

问题3选项

A.nowheretoday

B.amongtheAustralianaborigines

C.amongEasterncultures

D.amongpeoplespeaking“backward”languages

问题4选项

A.thepotentialforexpandingvocabulary

B.theirownsoundpatterns

C.anabilitytotransferideas

D.grammaticalstructures

问题5选项

A.Thestudyoflanguageshasdiscreditedanthropologicalstudies.

B.Thestudyoflanguagehasreinforcedanthropologistsintheirviewthatthereisnohierarchyamongcultures.

C.Thestudyoflanguageisthesameasthestudyofanthropologists.

D.Thestudyoflanguagescastsanewlightupontheclaimofanthropologists.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第三段的第四句“TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyfullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflectstheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.它们（不文明群体的语言）落后于我们的西方语言，通常不是在完全满足所有语言所需要的声音模式或语法结构上，而只是在反映说话者所知道的对象和活动的词汇上。”由此可知，与西方语言相比，不文明群体的语言在词汇方面受到限制，所以选项B正确。

2.细节事实题。根据原文第二段的内容“对于专业的人类学家来说，文化之间没有本质上的优越，正如对于专业的语言学家来说，语言之间也没有本质上的等级关系。”由此可知，选项D符合原文。

3.判断推理题。根据第三段一、二句的内容“人们曾经认为落后群体的语言是野蛮的、不发达的语言形式，主要由咕哝和呻吟组成。虽然语言可能是从一系列的咕哝和呻吟开始的，但对‘落后’语言的研究证实，现在的口语语言都不符合这一描述。”也就是说，咕哝和呻吟的语言形式现在已经不存在了，所以选项A正确。

4.细节事实题。第三段提及“Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.所有的语言似乎都有扩充词汇的机制，它们可以把已经存在的词汇组合在一起，也可以从其他语言中借用词汇并使其适应自己的系统。”由此可知，作者认为语言无论文明与否，都有扩大词汇量的潜力，选项A符合原文。

5.判断推理题。根据原文最后一段的内容“这种对语言的研究，反过来又为人类学家的主张提供了新的线索，即所有的文化都应该被独立地看待，没有等级或层级的观念。”选项A和选项C在文中没有信息体现；D选项是原文明确提出的观点，不符合题干的意思。B选项“对语言的研究强化了人类学家的观点，即文化之间没有等级之分”与最后一段表达的意思一致，所以正确。

13.单选题

Paleontologists’assumptionsabouttheequablenatureoftheclimateontheprimevalislandofPangaeaare（

）computersimulationsindicatingthattheisland’stemperaturestendedtofluctuateduringthecourseofayear.

问题1选项

A.underminedby

B.bolsteredby

C.bolsteredby

D.challengedby

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词组辨析。underminedby被推翻。bolster支持，支撑。confirm确认，确定。challenge挑战。句意：古生物学家认定泛大陆早期岛屿的气候是恒定的，而计算机模拟表明岛上的温度整年都处于变化中。这结果推翻了之前的认定。根据句意可知A项符合题意。

14.翻译题

Foracenturyorso,theshoppingritualatdealershowroomsfornewandusedvehicleshasn’tchangedmuch,apartfrommorecomfortablechairsandtheadditionoflatte(拿铁咖啡)machines.

ButtheInternetisunravelingtheessenceofnew-carretailing,armingshopperswithmoreinformationthaneveraboutfeaturesandprices,and(as)wellasexpertreviews.Willshopperssoonbeabletotakethenextstepandordernewcarsonline,likebooks,laptopsandshoes?

ThedebateoverInternetvehiclesalesrages,sinceautomakersseeif(it)asawaytoslashdistributioncostsbyhundreds,andperhapsafewthousanddollarspervehicle.Dealersareaghast:Theyhaveshieldedtheirfranchisesineverystatewithlegislation.ManyviewInternetsalesasameansofunderminingthem.Dealersassertthat“carsaren’tbooksorshoes”andarebestsoldinpersonbytheirsalesstaff,aprocessthatallowstheshoppertotestthevehicle,aswellasexplorefinancingandtrade-ins.

TeslaMotors(TSLA.，thegroundbreakingelectric-vehiclemanufacturerfoundedbyElonMusk,takesordersforitsModelSsedan,whichstartsat$70.000,onitswebsite.Thecarsaredeliveredeitheratoneofits30company-ownedstoresorcanbedrop-shippedtoabuyer’shome.Tesla,clearly,isbuckinglawandtradition.“InTexas,wherethelawprecludesdeliveringdirectlytocustomers,wedosothroughthird-parties,”saidSharmaHendriks,aTeslaspokesperson.“We’renotsayingwe’llneverhavedealers;butthatmodeldoesn’tmakesenseforusnow.

Becausethemarketforusedcarsisn’tprotectedbynew-carfranchiselaws,itmayprovideamorepromisingopportunityforonlinevehiclesales.eBayMotors,adivisionofeBay(EBAY),offersthousandsofvehiclesonlineforsalesbetweenprivateparties.Manyused-cardealersalsousethedigitalplatformandpayalistingfee.

Carvana,aventuresponsoredbyDriveTime,oneofthenation’slargestused-caroperations,hasbegunsellinglate-modelusedpremiumandluxurymodelsonitsownwebsite.CarvanaoperatesforthetimebeingonlyinAtlantaanditsenvironsbuthopestoexpandnationwide.

ErnieGarciaJr.,Carvana’schiefexecutiveofficer,saidthatthefirsthundredvehiclessoldbyCarvanareflectwhathecalleda“promising”trendofhighsatisfactionamongbuyers.Fourbuyersofthefirsthundredweren’tsatisfiedwiththeirpurchaseandexercisedtheirrighttotradethevehiclestheyboughtforanother.Onlyoneofthehundreddemandedarefund.

Garciasaidthatsalesofnewandusedvehiclesatdealerships,intheconventionalmanner,reflectabout“$2,000acar”insales,generalandadministrativecost.Heregardsthatamountasmarginthatcanandwilleventuallyshrinkasonlineattractsmorevehicleshoppers.New-vehiclesalesonlinehaven’tarrived,andperhapsmaynever.Yetthatdayfeelsasthoughit’sdrawingcloser,especiallyforconsumerswhowillchooseanythingandeverything-includingaspouse-usingkeypadormouse.

Foracenturyorso,theshoppingritualatdealershowroomsfornewan