考研考博-英语-包头钢铁职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-包头钢铁职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Theword“conservation”hasathriftymeaning.Toconserveistosaveandprotect,toleavewhatweourselvesenjoyinsuchgoodconditionthatothersmayalsosharetheenjoyment.Ourforefathershadnoideathathumanpopulationwouldincreasefasterthanthesuppliesofrawmaterials;mostofthem,evenuntilveryrecently,hadthefoolishideathatthetreasureswere“limitless”and“inexhaustible”.Mostofthecitizensofearliergenerationsknewlittleornothingaboutthecomplicatedanddelicatesystemthatrunsallthroughnature,andwhichmeansthat,asinalivingbody,anunhealthyconditionofonepartwillsoonerorlaterbeharmfultoalltheothers.

Fiftyyearsagonaturestudywasnotpartoftheschoolwork;scientificforestrywasanewidea;timberwasstillcheapbecauseitcouldbebroughtinanyquantityfromdistantwoodlands;soildestructionandriverfloodswerenotnationalproblems;nobodyhadyetstudiedlong-termsclimaticcyclesinrelationtoproperlanduse;eventheword“conservation”hadnothingofthemeaningthatithasforustoday.

Forthesakeofourselvesandthosewhowillcomeafterus,wemustnowsetaboutrepairingthemistakesofourforefathers.Conservationshould,therefore,bemadeapartofeveryone’sdailylife.Toknowaboutthewatertableinthegroundisjustasimportanttousasaknowledgeofthebasicarithmeticformulas.Weneedtoknowwhyallwatershedsneedtheprotectionofplantlifeandwhytherunningcurrentofstreamsandriversmustbemadetoyieldtheirfullbenefittothesoilbeforetheyfinallyescapetothesea.Weneedtobetaughtthedutyofplantingtreesaswellasofcuttingthem.Weneedtoknowtheimportanceofbig,maturetrees,becauselivingspaceformostofman’sfellowcreaturesonthisplanetisfigurednotonlyinsquaremeasureofsurfacebutalsoincubicvolumeabovetheearth.Inbrief,itshouldbeourgoaltorestoreasmuchoftheoriginalbeautyofnatureaswecan.

1.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthecurrentsituationintheexploitationofnaturalresourcesis____.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatestmistakeofourforefatherswasthat____.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthatearliergenerationsdidn’trealize____.

4.Toavoidrepeatingthemistakeofourforefathers,theauthorsuggeststhat____.

5.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“livingspace...isfigured...alsoincubicvolumeabovetheearth”(Para.3)?

问题1选项

A.positive

B.neutral

C.suspicious

D.critical

问题2选项

A.theyhadnoideaaboutscientificforestry

B.theyhadlittleornosenseofenvironmentalprotection

C.theywerenotawareofthesignificanceofnaturestudy

D.theyhadnoideaofhowtomakegooduseofrawmaterials

问题3选项

A.theinterdependenceofwater,soil,andlivingthings

B.theimportanceoftheproperuseofland

C.theharmfulnessofsoildestructionandriverfloods

D.thevalueofthebeautyofnature

问题4选项

A.weplantmoretrees

B.naturalsciencebetaughttoeverybody

C.environmentaleducationbedirectedtowardeveryone

D.wereturntonature

问题5选项

A.Ourlivingspaceontheearthisgettingsmallerandsmaller.

B.Ourlivingspaceshouldbemeasuredincubicvolume.

C.Weneedtotakesomemeasuretoprotectspace.

D.Wemustpreservegoodlivingconditionsforbothbirdsandanimals.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.观点态度题。题干“作者对自然资源开发现状的态度是____。”根据原文第3段第1句Forthesakeofourselvesandthosewhowillcomeafterus,wemustnowsetaboutrepairingthemistakesofourforefathers.（为了我们自己和后人的利益，我们现在必须着手弥补前人的错误。）可知，作者认为前人对自然资源开采的行为是错误的，并且后文一直在写我们应该怎样节约资源、保护环境，所以D选项“批评的”最符合，排除A选项“肯定的”、B选项“中立的”、C选项“怀疑的”。因此，本题最佳选项为D。

2.判断推理题。根据题干关键词“thegreatestmistakeofourforefathers”（我们前人最大的错误）定位到原文第3段第1、2句Forthesakeof…repairingthemistakesofourforefathers.Conservationshould,therefore,bemadeapartofeveryone’sdailylife.（为了我们自己和后人的利益，我们现在必须着手弥补前人的错误。因此，保护环境应该成为每个人日常生活的一部分。）为了弥补前人的错误，我们要保护环境，说明前人的行为破坏了环境，没有意识到保护环境的重要性。B选项“他们几乎没有环境保护意识”表述与原文相符。A、C选项可定位到原文第2段第1句Fiftyyearsagonaturestudywasnotpartoftheschoolwork;scientificforestrywasanewidea…（五十年前，自然研究不是学校工作的一部分；科学林业是一个新概念……）科学林业在50年前虽然是一个新概念，但前人对他并不是一无所知，选项表述错误，且这并不能说明“对科学林业一无所知”并不是“最大的错误”，排除A选项“他们对科学林业一无所知”；同理，原文只是提到了“自然研究不是学校工作的一部分”，这不能说明“没有意识到自然研究的重要性”是“最大的错误”，排除C选项“他们没有意识到自然研究的重要性”；D选项“他们不知道如何充分利用原材料”可定位到原文第1段第3句Ourforefathershadnoideathat…thetreasureswere“limitless”and“inexhaustible”.（我们的祖先不知道人口的增长会比原材料的供应更快；甚至直到最近，他们中的大多数人还愚蠢地认为资源是“无穷尽的”，“用之不竭的”。）由此可知，先人们并非不知道如何充分利用原材料（即自然资源），而是不知道自然资源也是有限的，排除D选项；也可以佐证B选项的正确性，因为他们没有环境保护意识认为自然资源“用之不竭”，而过分开采，破坏了环境。因此，本题最佳选项为B。

3.判断推理题。根据题干“从第3段可以推断出，之前的几代人没有意识到____”定位到第3段。第3段开头讲“为了弥补前人的错误，每个人都要保护环境”；接着用3个“weneedto”开头的句子讲“我们应该怎么做”，①第3段第4句Weneedtoknowwhy…beforetheyfinallyescapetothesea.（我们需要知道，为什么所有的河流流域都需要植物的保护，为什么小溪和河流必须在它们最终流入海洋之前充分惠及土壤。）；②第3段第5句Weneedtobetaughtthedutyofplantingtreesaswellasofcuttingthem.（我们需要被教导种树和砍伐树木的责任。）；③第3段第6句Weneedtoknowtheimportanceofbig,maturetrees,becauselivingspace…abovetheearth（我们需要知道高大成熟植被的重要性，因为大多数跟人类一样生活在这个星球上的生物，它们的生存空间不仅用平方的面积来计算，还用地表上方立方的体积来计算）；最后1句总结Inbrief,itshouldbeourgoaltorestoreasmuchoftheoriginalbeautyofnatureaswecan.（简而言之，我们的目标应该是尽可能地恢复自然的原始美。）由此推断，前人对自然资源的过度开采，破坏了环境，破坏了自然的原始美，D选项（没有意识到）“自然之美的价值”最符合原文。A选项“水、土壤和生物的相互依赖”、B选项“合理使用土地的重要性”、C选项“土壤破坏和河水泛滥的危害”都是根据具体的措施推断出来的，比较片面，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为D。

4.断推理题。根据题干“为了避免重复我们祖先的错误，作者建议____”定位到原文第3段。根据第3段给出的3个建议：①第3段第4句Weneedtoknowwhy…beforetheyfinallyescapetothesea.（我们需要知道，为什么所有的河流流域都需要植物的保护，为什么小溪和河流必须在它们最终流入海洋之前充分惠及土壤。）；②第3段第5句Weneedtobetaughtthedutyofplantingtreesaswellasofcuttingthem.（我们需要被教导种树和砍伐树木的责任。）；③第3段第6句Weneedtoknowtheimportanceofbig,maturetrees,because…（我们需要知道高大成熟的树木的重要性，因为……。）由这3个建议可以概括出，作者的建议都是“我们要知道什么”“我们要学习什么”，即要普及环境保护的知识，提高人们的环境保护意识，C选项“应面向所有人进行环境教育”最符合原文。A选项“我们要种更多的树”、B选项“向每个人教授自然科学知识”（原文建议中教授的是环境保护相关的知识，自然科学的表述不准确；而且环境保护才是全文的主题。）、D选项“我们要回归自然”原文均未提及。因此，本题最佳选项为C。

5.判断推理题。根据题干定位到原文第3段倒数第二句Weneedtoknowtheimportanceofbig,maturetrees,becauselivingspace…abovetheearth（我们需要知道高大成熟植被的重要性，因为大多数跟人类一样生活在这个星球上的生物，它们的生存空间不仅用平方的面积来计算，还用地表上方立方的体积来计算）。这句话介绍了其他生物的生存空间的两种计算方式：第一，用平方算面积；即横切面土地面积的大小；第二，立方算体积，即三维空间里生存的空间包括森林植被等。由此可知，该句只是在介绍计算其他生物生存空间的不同角度，并不涉及生存空间的变化。A选项“我们（人类）在地球上的生活空间越来越小”属过度推断，排除；B选项“我们的生活空间应该以立方体积来衡量”，原文介绍的是其他生物生存空间的两种计算方式，即使要类比，人类生存空间的计算方式也应该是两种都要，B选项表述不完整，排除；C选项“我们需要采取一些措施来保护太空”对原文理解有误，全文都是围绕环境保护展开的，原文中的abovetheearth应该指的是“地表以上”；而不是地球以上即太空，排除；D选项“我们必须为鸟类和动物保持良好的生活条件。”原句告诉我们，地表上方的立体空间也是其他生物的生存空间，并且原文这句话是要说明高大成熟植被的重要性，即我们要保护植被，这一点与全文主题保护环境也相符合，D选项符合原文。因此，本题最佳选项为D。

2.单选题

Manyinthebusinessworldacceptthatthesuccessofacommercialventureheavilydependentonthepeopleworkingwithinit.Peopleare（1）makeabusinesssuccessful,whetheritisthelowestpaidemployeeswithintheorganizationor（2）management.Engagedemployeesareusuallyhappyemployeeswhoaremore（3）astheyhaveanaturalandgenuineinterestinthe（4）oftheorganization.

Staffbecomesengagedbecauseofanumberofissuesanditisessentialthatbusinessownersandmanagers（5）theseemotions.However,thefirstpartofensuringthatpeopleareconnectedwithacommongoalistogetrecruitment

（6）.Recruitingshouldincludeanumberofquestions（7）atgettinganunderstandingofaperson'smotivationsanddesires.Oncerecruited,communicationiskeytoensuringthatlevelsofengagementdonotwane.Forinstance,changeisoften（8）withworkers.Howevertheyarefarmorelikelyto（9）intochangewhenthereasonsforitandthepotentialbenefitsareclearlylaidout.

Instillingasenseofprideandpassioninabrand,productorethosisvitalin（10）engagedemployees.Ifpeopleenjoywhattheydoandfeelempoweredtoshapethedirectionofacompany,theyarefarmorelikelytoproducebetterresultsandworktothebestoftheirability.

问题1选项

A.who

B.how

C.that

D.what

问题2选项

A.senior

B.chief

C.high

D.tall

问题3选项

A.productive

B.effective

C.valid

D.available

问题4选项

A.estates

B.assets

C.fortunes

D.possessions

问题5选项

A.apply

B.utilize

C.execute

D.hire

问题6选项

A.well

B.over

C.right

D.up

问题7选项

A.aimed

B.focused

C.intended

D.engaged

问题8选项

A.addictive

B.unpopular

C.satisfying

D.rewarding

问题9选项

A.shift

B.fall

C.buy

D.revolve

问题10选项

A.bearing

B.raising

C.feeding

D.delivering

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

第6题:C

第7题:A

第8题:B

第9题:A

第10题:B

【解析】第1题:考查连词。分析句子结构，可知“（）makeabusinesssuccessful”为表语从句，从句中缺少主语，排除how与that，再根据句意“人是使企业成功的关键”，因此用what引导表示从句并在句中做主语。

第2题:考查上下文语义。or表示并列关系，由前面的thelowestpaidemployeeswithintheorganization（组织内薪酬最低的员工）可知此处对应的是“高级管理层”，因此选A。

第3题:考查形容词辨析。productive意为“多产的”；effective意为“有效的”；valid意为“有根据的，有效的”；available意为“可获得的”。此处表示有参与感的员工通常是多产的。

第4题:考查名词辨析。estate意为“财产，遗产”；asset意为“资产，财产”；fortune意为“命运”；possession意为“拥有”。此处表示关注组织的命运。

第5题:考查动词辨析。apply意为“应用，运用”；utilize意为“利用，使用”；execute意为“执行”；hire意为“聘用”。此处表示企业主和管理者必须利用这些情绪。

第6题:考查副词辨析。well意为“相当，大大地”；over意为“穿过，落下”；right意为“合理地，正确地”；up意为“向上，在上面”；getrecruitment意为“招聘”，后面的内容提到如何招聘，可推测此处指正确地招聘，因此选C。

第7题:考查固定搭配。aimat意为“旨在，目标在于”。此句表示招聘应包括一些问题旨在了解一个人的动机和愿望。

第8题:考查上下文语义。beunpopularwith意为“不受欢迎”，此处表示改变往往不受员工欢迎。

第9题:考查动词辨析。shift意为“改变”；fall意为“落下”；buy意为“购买”；revolve意为“旋转，环绕”。此处表示当明确说明其原因和潜在利益时，他们更有可能发生改变。

第10题:考查上下文语义。bear意为“忍受”；raise意为“增加，提高”；feed意为“喂养”；deliver意为“发表，递送”。由后面的producebetterresultsandworktothebestoftheirability（获得更好的结果，并能最大限度地发挥他们的能力）可推测前面指提高员工的参与度，因此选B。

3.单选题

Onceyouhavefinishedreadingthesedocumentsfromourconsultant,wewouldliketohaveyouropinionregardingthevalueoftheadvicesreceivedsofar.

问题1选项

A.Onceyouhave

B.regarding

C.valueoftheadvices

D.sofar

E.没有问题

【答案】E

4.单选题

Thisschoolpromisedtomakeclassessmallerandoffermoreindividualized（）.

问题1选项

A.presentation

B.instruction

C.conviction

D.obligation

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项presentation“展示，描述”，B项instruction“指令，命令，教导”，C项conviction“定罪，确信”，D项obligation“义务，职责”；根据句子语境“这所学校承诺缩小班级规模，提供更个性化的……”可知，只有B项符合。句意：这所学校承诺要缩小班级规模，提供更加个性化的教学。因此，该题选择B项正确。

5.单选题

Thesesampleshavetobe（）incertainkindofchemicalwaterinordertoprotectthem.

问题1选项

A.immersed

B.crisped

C.armored

D.arrayed

【答案】A

【解析】动词词义辨析。Immerse浸没,陷入；crisp变脆,卷曲；armor为……穿盔甲；为……提供防御；array部署，排列。句意:这些样品必须在某种化学水中。选项A符合句意。

6.单选题

Thethievesfledwiththelocalpolicecloseontheir______.

问题1选项

A.backs

B.necks

C.toes

D.heels

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.backs（人体或动物的）背部，背B.necks颈，脖子

C.toes脚趾D.heels足跟，脚后跟

【考查点】名词辨析。

【解题思路】根据句意“小偷逃跑了，当地警察______”可知，警察对小偷是紧跟不舍，根据close可以推知空格处表示“紧跟”的意思，而onone’sheels也是常用搭配，表示“紧跟”，所以该题选择D项。

【干扰项排除】

A、B项不符合句意；

C选项“toes”构成固定搭配onone’stoes“警觉的；作好行动准备的”不符合句子逻辑关系，排除。

【句意】小偷逃跑了，当地警察紧追不舍。

7.单选题

Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid—thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformation,butmeaningsarederivedfromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectivenessasapartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwordsalone.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygivenmessage.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthoseassociationsifwelistenformorethanwords.

Wedon'talwayssaywhatwemeanormeanwhatwesay.Sometimesourwordsdon'tmeananythingexcept“I'mlettingoffsomesteam.Idon'treallywantyoutopaycloseattentiontowhatI'msaying.JustpayattentiontowhatI'mfeeling."Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI'llbuy."Theownersays,"It'sbeenlikethatforyears."Actually,thestephasn'tbeenlikethatforyears,buttheunspokenmessageis:"Idon'twanttofixit.Weputupwithit.Whycan'tyou?"Thesearchforamoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessageintermsofwhosaidit,whenitoccurred,therelatedconditionsorsituation,andhowitwassaid.

Whenamessageoccurscanalsorevealassociatedmeaning.Letusassumetwocouplesdoexactlythesameamountofkissingandarguing.Butonecouplealwayskissesafteranargumentandtheoiliercouplealwaysarguesafterakiss.Theorderingofthebehaviorsmaymeanagreatdealmorethanthefrequencyofthebehavior.Afriend'sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodbynotingthatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredanabnormalamountofassertiveness.Someresponsesmaybedirectlylinkedtoadevelopingpatternofresponsesanddefylogic.Forexample,apersonwhosays"No”toaserialsofchargeslike“You'redumb.”“You'relazy,”and“You'redishonest,”mayalsosay“No”andtrytojustifyhisorherresponseifthenextstatementis“Andyou'regoodlooking.”

Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessagesarepresented.Thewords,“Ifsurehasbeen

nicetohaveyouover,”canbesaidwithemphasisandexcitementorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceorrepeatedseveraltimes.Andthemeaningsweassociatewiththephrasewillchangeaccordingly.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthelessimportanceitassumes.

1.“I'mlettingoffsomesteam”inparagraph2means（

）.

2.Effectivecommunicationisrenderedpossiblebetweentwoconversingpartners,if

（

）.

3.Thehouse-owner'sexampleshowsthatheactuallymeans

（

）.

4.Theword"ritualistically"inthelastparagraphequalssomethingdone（

）.

问题1选项

A.I'mjustcallingyourattention.

B.I'mjustkidding.

C.I'mjustsayingtheopposite.

D.I'mjustgivingoffsomesound.

问题2选项

A.theyuseproperwordstocarrytheirideas

B.theybothspeaktrulyoftheirownfeelings

C.theytrytounderstandeachother'sideasbeyondwords

D.theyarecapableofassociatingmeaningwiththeirwords

问题3选项

A.thestephasbeenlikethatforyears.

B.hedoesn'tthinkitnecessarytofixthestep.

C.theconditionofthestepisonlyaminorfault.

D.thecostinvolvedinthefixingshouldbeshared.

问题4选项

A.withouttrueintention

B.light-heartedly

C.inawayofceremony

D.withlessemphasis

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由“Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemeanormeanwhatwesay.Sometimesourwordsdon’tmeananythingexceptI’mlettingoffsomesteam.Idon’treallywantyoutopaycloseattentiontowhatI’msaying.JustpayattentiontowhatI’mfeeling.我们并不总是言出必行。有时候我们说的话没有任何意义，只是在发泄。我真的不希望你仔细听我说的话。但是请注意我的感受。”可知B项“我在开玩笑”正确。答案B。

第2题:细节事实题。由第一段中的“Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformation,butmeaningsarederivedfromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectivenessasapartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwordsalone.词汇确实给我们提供了一些信息，但它的意义来自于如此多的其他来源，以至于过多依赖言语会阻碍我们与他人交流的有效性。”可知D项正确，不能太依赖字面意思，而是要根据具体语境去联想，这样才能增加交流的有效性。答案D

第3题:细节事实题。由“Actually,thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyears,buttheunspokenmessageis:‘Idon’twanttofixit…’事实上，这个台阶已经很多年来不是这样的，但其中隐含的信息是：‘我不想把它修好……’”对应可知B项正确。

第4题:词义题。此题可以根据排除法来做。由“withemphasisandexcitementorritualistically.”可知这句话“如果你能来那真是太好了”可以用强调、兴奋或仪式性的语气说出来。可先排除B、D项，A项“没有真正的意图”也不符合。所以ritualistically意为仪式地。答案Ctically只可能与C项意思接近，答案C

8.单选题

EnglishisthedominantlanguageinHawaii,butitisinfusedwithHawaiianwords,phrasesandpidginslang.

问题1选项

A.included

B.affected

C.filled

D.spoiled

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.included包括，包含B.affected影响

C.filled（使）充满，装满D.spoiled破坏，搞坏，毁掉

【答案】C

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】infused的意思为“使具有，注入（某特性）”，这里指夏威夷主要讲英语，但在英语中有非常多的夏威夷词汇、短语和洋泾浜俚语，filled与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。

【句意】英语是夏威夷的主导语言，但它满是夏威夷词汇、短语和洋泾浜俚语。

9.单选题

LookattheterriblesituationIamin！IfonlyI（

）youradvice.

问题1选项

A.follow

B.hadfollowed

C.wouldfollow

D.havefollowed

【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。与过去事实相反，从句的动词形式是had+过去分词。选项B符合题意。

10.单选题

Allanimals,especiallythesmallkind,appeartofeelanxiety.Humanshavefeltitsincethedaystheysharedtheplanetwithsaber-toothedtigers.Butweliveinaparticularlyanxiousage.TheinitialshockofSept.11haswornoff,andthefearhaslifted,butmillionsofAmericanscontinuetoshareakindofgeneralizedmassanxiety.ArecentTIME/CNNpollfoundthateightmonthsaftertheevent,nearlytwo-thirdsofAmericansthinkabouttheterrorattacksatleastseveraltimesaweek.Anditdoesn’ttakemuchforalltheoldfearstocomerushingback.Whatwassurprisingabouttherecentdrumbeatofterrorwarningswashowquicklyittriggeredtheanxietysomanyofusthoughtwehadputbehindus.

Thisisoneofthemysteriesofanxiety.Whileitisanormalresponsetophysicaldanger—andcanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhenthere’sadeadlinelooming―anxietybecomesaproblemwhenitpersiststoolongbeyondtheimmediatethreat.Sometimesthere’sanobviouscause,aswiththeshell-shockedsoldiersofWorldWarIortheterror-scarredciviliansoftheWorldTradeCentercollapse.Othertimes,wedon’tknowwhywecan’tstopworrying.

Anxietydisorder—whichiswhathealthexpertscallanyanxietythatpersiststothepointthatitinterfereswithone’slife—isthemostcommonmentalillnessintheU.S.Initsvariousforms,rangingfromveryspecificphobiastogeneralizedanxietydisorder,itafflicts19millionAmericans(see“AreYouTooAnxious?”).

Inrecentyears,however,researchershavemadesignificantprogressinnailingdowntheunderlyingscienceofanxiety.Injustthepastdecade,theyhavecometoappreciatethatwhateverthefactorsthattriggeranxiety,itgrowsoutofaresponsethatishardwiredinourbrains.Theyhavelearned,amongotherthings:

—Thereisageneticcomponenttoanxiety;somepeopleseemtobebornworriers.

—Brainscanscanrevealdifferencesinthewaypatientswhosufferfromanxietydisordersrespondtodangersignals.

—Duetoashortcutinourbrain’sinformation-processingsystem,wecanrespondtothreatsbeforewebecomeawareofthem.

—Therootofananxietydisordermaynotbethethreatthattriggersitbutabreakdowninthemechanismthatkeepstheanxietyresponsefromcareeringoutofcontrol.

Beforewedelveintothelatestresearch,let’sdefineafewterms.Thoughweallhaveourownintuitivesenseofwhatthewordsstressandfearmean,scientistsusethesewordsinveryspecificways.Forthem,stressisanexternalstimulusthatsignalsdanger,oftenbycausingpain.Fearistheshort-termresponsesuchstressesproduceinmen,womenorlabrats.Anxietyhasalotofthesamesymptomsasfear,butit’safeelingthatlingerslongafterthestresshasliftedandthethreathaspassed.

Ingeneral,sciencehasahardtimepinningdownemotionsbecausetheyarebynaturesoslipperyandsubjective.Evenmostpeopleareascluelessaboutwhytheyhavecertainfeelingsastheyareabouthowtheirlungswork.Butfearistheonceaspectofanxietythat’seasytorecognize.Ratsfreezeinplace.Humansbreakoutinacoldsweat.Heartbeatsrace,andbloodpressurerises.Thatgivesscientistssomethingtheycancontrolandmeasure.

Indeed,alotofwhatresearchershavelearnedaboutthebiologyofanxietycomesfromscaringratsandthencuttingthemopen.Theresearchersdestroysmallportionsoftherats’brainstoseewhateffectthathasontheirreactions(anexperimentthatwouldbeimpossibletoconductinhumans).Bypainstakinglymatchingthedamagedareaswithchangesinbehavior,scientistshave,bitbybit,createdaroadmapoffearasittravelsthroughtherat’sbrain.

Thejourneybeginswhenarat(we’llgettohumanslater)feelsthestress,inthiscaseanelectricshock.Therat’ssensesimmediatelysendamessagetothecentralportionofitsbrain,wherethestimulusactivatestwoneuralpathways.Oneofthesepathwaysisarelativelylong,circuitousroute(迂回路径)throughthecortex(脑皮层)wherethebraindoesitsmostelaborateandaccurateprocessingofinformation.Theotherrouteisakindofemergencyshortcutthatquicklyreachesanalmond-shapedclusterofcellscalledtheamygdala(扁桃体).

What’sspecialabouttheamygdalaisthatitcanquicklyactivatejustabouteverysysteminthebodytofightlikethedevilorrunlikecrazy.It’snotdesignedtobeaccurate,justfast.Ifyouhaveevergonehikingandbeenstartledbyasnakethatturnedouttobeastick,youcanthankyouramygdala.

Butwhiletheamygdalaisbusytellingthebodywhattodo,italsofiresupanearbycurvedclusterofneuronscalledthehippocampus(大脑侧面室脑壁上的隆起物).(A16thcenturyanatomistnameditaftertheGreekwordforseahorse.)Thejobofthehippocampusistohelpthebrainlearnandformnewmemories.Andnotjustanymemories.Thehippocampusallowsarattorememberwhereitwaswhenitgotshockedandwhatwasgoingonarounditatthetime.Suchcontextuallearninghelpsthepoorrodentavoiddangerousplacesinthefuture.Itprobablyalsohelpsitrecognizewhatsituationsarelikelytoberelativelysafe.Thismakessense,intermsofsurvival.Afterall,it’sbettertopanicunnecessarilythantobetoorelaxedinthefaceoflife-threateningdanger.

Discoveringthisbasicneuralcircuitryturnedouttobeakeybreakthroughinunderstandinganxiety.Itshowedthattheanxietyresponseisn’tnecessarilycausedbyanexternalthreat;rather,itmaybetracedtoabreakdowninthemechanismthatsignalsthebraintostopresponding.Justasacarcangooutofcontrolduetoeitherastuckacceleratororfailedbrakes,it’snotalwaysclearwhichpartofthebrainisatfault.Itmayturnoutthatsomeanxietydisordersarecausedbyanoveractiveamygdala(theaccelerator)whileothersarecausedbyanunderactiveprefrontalcortex(callitthebrake).

Ofcourse,whatyouwouldreallyliketoknowiswhetheranyoftheworkdoneinratsappliestohumans.Clearlyresearcherscan’tgoaroundperformingbrainsurgeryontheamygdalasoflivingpatientstoseeifitaffectstheiranxietylevels.Butthefascinatingcaseofawomanknownonlybyherresearchnumber,SM046,suggeststhatwhenitcomestofear,rodentsandhominidsreallyaren’tsodifferent.

Owingtoanunusualbraindisorder,SM046hasadefectiveamygdala.Asaresult,herbehaviorisabnormalinaveryparticularway.WhenscientistsattheUniversityofIowashowSM046picturesofaseriesoffaces,shehasnotroublepickingoutthosethatarehappy,sadorangry.Butifthefaceisdisplayingfear,shecannotrecognizethefeeling.Sheidentifiesitasafaceexpressing,someintenseemotion,butthatisall.HerunusualconditionstronglysuggeststhateveninHomosapiens,feartakesholdintheamygdala.

Eventually,researcherswouldliketolearnwhatroleourgenes,asopposedtoourenvironment,playinthedevelopmentofanxiety.“Ithasbeenknownforsometimethatthesedisordersruninfamilies.”saysKennethKendler,apsychiatricgeneticistatVirginiaCommonwealthUniversityinRichmond,Va.“Sothenextlogicalquestionisthenature-nurtureissue.”Inotherwords,areanxiouspeoplebornthatway,ordotheybecomeanxiousasaresultoftheirlifeexperiences?

Kendlerandhiscolleaguesapproachedthequestionbystudyinggroupsofidenticaltwins,whosharevirtuallyalltheirgenes,andfraternaltwins,who,likeanyothersiblings,shareonlysomeofthem.WhatKendler’sgroupfoundwasthatbothidenticaltwinsweresomewhatmorelikelythanbothfraternaltwinstosufferfromgeneralizedanxietydisorder,phobiasorpanicattacks.(Theresearchershavenotyetstudiedtwinswithpost-traumaticstressdisorderorobsessive-compulsivedisorder.)

Thecorrelationisn’t100%,however.“Mostoftheheritabilityisintherangeof30%to40%,”Kendlersays.That’safairlymoderategeneticimpact,henotes,“Yourgenessetyourgeneralvulnerability,”heconcludes.“Youcanbealow-vulnerable,intermediate-vulnerableorahigh-vulnerableperson.”Butyourupbringingandyourexperiencesstillhaveamajorroletoplay.Someonewithalowgeneticvulnerability,forexample,couldeasilydevelopafearofflyingaftersurvivingahorrificplanecrash.

Therearenoguidebookstotellyouwhenit’ssafetoventureoutagain.Inmanyways,thewholecountrywasmadepartofanunwittingexperimentinmassanxiety.Ourbrainsareevennowintheprocessofrewiringthemselves.Howsuccessfullywenavigatethisdelicatetransitionwilldependalotonourgenes,ourenvironmentandanyfutureattacks.

1.Anxietycanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhen（

）.

2.NowintheUnitedStates,about19millionpeoplearesufferingfrom

（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementaboutfearisNOTtrue?

4.Generally,scientistsfindithardtostudyemotionsbecause

（

）.

5.Asfeartravelsthroughtherat'sbrain,scientistshave,bitbybit,createdaroadmapoffearby（

）.

问题1选项

A.thereisanobviouscauseofanxiety.

B.weknowwhywecanstopworrying

C.itpersiststoolongbeyondtheimmediate

D.thereisadeadlinelooming.

问题2选项

A.terrorwarning

B.mentalillness

C.anxietydisorder

D.physicaldanger

问题3选项

A.Fearistheexternalstimulusthatsignalsdanger.

B.Fearistheshort-termresponsestressesproduceinmen.

C.Fearhasalotofthesamesymptomsasanxiety.

D.Fearistheaspectofanxietythatiseasytorecognize.

问题4选项

A.theyarethenatureofhumanbeings

B.onlyfeariseasytorecognize

C.mostpeopleareasclueless

D.theyareslipperyandsubjective

问题5选项

A.studyingitsreactionafterbeingcutoffsomeportionsofbrain

B.sendingamessagetothecentralportionofitsbrain

C.measuringitsbloodpressure

D.matchingthedamagedareaswithchangesinbehavior

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Thisisoneofthemysteriesofanxiety.Whileitisanormalresponsetophysicaldanger—andcanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhenthere'sadeadlinelooming（这是焦虑的奥秘之一。虽然这是对身体危险的正常反应，但在最后期限即将来临的时候，它可以成为集中注意力的有用工具）可知选D。

2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的itafflicts19millionAmericans（它折磨着1,900万美国人）可知句中的“it”指代前面提及的“Anxietydisorder”，因此选C。

3.细节事实题。由文章第五段中的stressisanexternalstimulusthatsignalsdanger,oftenbycausingpain.Fearistheshort-termresponsesuchstressesproduceinmen,womenorlabrats.Anxietyhasalotofthesamesymptomsasfear（压力是一种外部刺激，通常通过引起疼痛来发出危险信号。恐惧是短期反应，这种压力会在男性、女性或实验室老鼠身上产生。焦虑和恐惧有很多相同的症状。）和第六段中的Butfearistheonceaspectofanxietythat'seasytorecognize（但恐惧是焦虑的一方面，很容易识别）可知A表示不正确，根据题干中的“NOTtrue”，因此选A。

4.细节事实题。由文章第六段中的Ingeneral,sciencehasahardtimepinningdownemotionsbecausetheyarebynaturesoslipperyandsubjective.（一般来说，科学很难压制情绪，因为它们天生就很滑和主观）可知选D。

5.细节事实题。由文章第七段中的Bypainstakinglymatchingthedamagedareaswit