逻辑小班第四次课加强-上课版

作业For

similar

cars

and

comparable

drivers,

automobile

insurance

for

collision

damage

has

always

cost

more

inGreatport

thanin

Fairmont. studies,

however,

show

that

cars

owned

by

Greatport

residents

are,

o

age,slightly

less

likely

to

be

involved

in

a

collision

than

cars

in

Fairmont.

Clearly,

therefore,

insurance

companies

aremaking

a

greater

profit

on

collision-damage

insurance

in

Greatport

than

in

Fairmont.In

evaluating

the

argument,

it

would

be

most

useful

tocomparethe

level

of

traffic

congestion

in

Greatport

with

the

level

of

traffic

congestion

in

Fairmontthe

cost

of

repairing

collision

damage

in

Greatport

with

thecost

of

repairing

collision

damage

inFairmontthe

rates

Greatport

residents

pay

for

other

forms

of

insurance

with

the

rates

paid

for

similar

insurance

byresidents

of

Fairmontthe

condition

of

Greatport’s

roads

and

streets

with

the

condition

of

Fairmont’s

roads

and

streetsthe

cost

of

collision-damage

insurance

in

Greatport

and

Fairmont

with

that

inother

cities作业47.

Certain

genetically

modified

strains

of

maize

produce

a

powerful

natural

insecticide.

The

insecticide

occursthroughout

the

plant,

including

its

pollen.

Maize

pollen

is

dispersed

by

the

wind

and

frequently

blows

ontomilkweed

plants

that

grow

near

maize

fields.

Caterpillars

of

monarch

butterflies

feed

exclusively

on

milkweedleaves.

When

these

caterpillars

are

fed

milkweed

leaves

dusted

with

pollen

from

modified

maize

plants,

they

die.Therefore,

by

using

genetically

modified

maize,

farmers

put

monarch

butterflies

at

risk.F：转 玉米产生杀虫剂；花粉里也有；花粉被刮到MW叶子上；毛毛虫只吃MW叶子P：当毛毛虫吃了被花粉污染的叶子，它们会死C：种玉米让蝴蝶处于 （蝴蝶受 ，不就是毛毛虫受

？→种玉米让毛毛虫受

）作业Certain

genetically

modified

strains

of

maize

produce

a

powerful

natural

insecticide.

The

insecticide

occursthroughout

the

plant,

including

its

pollen.

Maize

pollen

is

dispersed

by

the

wind

and

frequently

blows

ontomilkweed

plants

that

grow

near

maize

fields.

Caterpillars

of

monarch

butterflies

feed

exclusively

on

milkweedleaves.

When

these

caterpillars

are

fed

milkweed

leaves

dusted

with

pollen

from

modified

maize

plants,

they

die.Therefore,

by

using

genetically

modified

maize,

farmers

put

monarch

butterflies

at

risk.Which

of

the

following

would

it

be

most

useful

to

determine

in

order

toevaluate

theargument?Whether

the

natural

insecticide

is

as

effective

against

maize-eating

insects

as

commercial

insecticides

typicallyused

on

maize

areWhether

thepollen

of

genetically

modified

maize

contains

asmuch

insecticide

as

other

parts

of

theseplantsWhether

monarch

butterfly

caterpillars

are

actively

feeding

during

the

part

of

the

growingseason

when

maizeis

releasing

pollenWhether

insects

that

feed

on

genetically

modified

maize

plants

are

likely

to

be

killed

by

insecticide

from

theplant’s

pollenWhether

any

maize-eating

insects

compete

with

monarch

caterpillars

for

the

leaves

of

milkweed

plantsgrowing

near

maize

fields作业70.

Community

activist:

If

M anville

wants

to

keep

its

central

shop district

healthy,

it

should

prevent

theopening

of

a

huge

SaveAll

discount

department

store

on

the

outskirts

of

Mtowns

show

thatwhenever

SaveAll

has

openeda

store

outside

thecentral

shopanville.

Records

from

other

smalldistrict

of

asmall

town,withinfive

yearsthe

town

has

experienced

the

bankruptcies

of

more

than

a

quarter

of

the

stores

in

the

shop

district.P： 开了SA→四分之一关门C：如果要商业区健康→不开SA（开了SA→不健康）作业Community

activist:

If

Morganville

wants

to

keep

its

central

shopping

district

healthy,

it

should

prevent

theopening

of

a

huge

SaveAll

discount

department

store

on

the

outskirts

of

Morganville.

Records

from

other

smalltowns

show

that

whenever

SaveAll

has

opened

a

store

outside

the

central

shopping

district

of

a

small

town,

withinfive

yearsthe

town

has

experienced

thebankruptcies

of

more

than

a

quarter

of

the

stores

in

the

shopping

district.The

answer

to

which

of

the

following

would

be

most

usefulfor

evaluating

the

community

activist’s

reasoning?Have

community

activists

in

other

towns

successfully

campaigned

against

the

opening

of

a

SaveAll

store

on

theoutskirts

of

their

towns?Do

a

large

percentage

of

the

residents

of

Morganville

currently

do

almost

all

of

their

shopping

at

stores

inMorganville?In

towns

with

healthy

central

shopping

districts,

what

proportion

of

the

stores

in

thosedistricts

suffer

bankruptcyduring

a

typical

five-year

period?What

proportion

of

the

employees

at

the

SaveAll

store

on

the

outskirts

of

Morganville

will

be

drawn

fromMorganville?Do

newly

opened

SaveAll

stores

ever

lose

money

during

their

first

five

yearsof

operation?作业72.

In

the

past

the

country

of

Malvernia

has

relied

heavily

on

importe

l.

Malvernia

recently

implemented

aprogram

to

convert

heating

systems

from

oil

to

natural

gas.

Malvernia

currently

produces

more

natural

gas

eachyear

than

it

uses,

an

l

production

in

Malvernian

oil

fields

is

increasing

at

a

steady

pace.

If

these

trends

in

fuelproduction

and

usage

continue,

therefore,

Malvernian

reliance

on

foreign

sources

for

fuel

is

likely

to

decline

soon.Which

of

the

following

would

it

be

most

useful

to

establish

in

evaluating

theargument?F：natural生产比用的多，是有生产稳定上升P：heating把oil换成natural

gasC： 进口减少作业In

the

past

the

country

of

Malvernia

has

relied

heavily

on

importe

l.

Malvernia

recently

implemented

aprogram

to

convert

heating

systems

from

oil

to

natural

gas.

Malvernia

currently

produces

more

natural

gas

eachyear

than

it

uses,

an

l

production

in

Malvernian

oil

fields

is

increasing

at

a

steady

pace.

If

these

trends

in

fuelproduction

and

usage

continue,

therefore,

Malvernian

reliance

on

foreign

sources

for

fuel

is

likely

to

decline

soon.Which

of

the

following

would

it

be

most

useful

to

establish

in

evaluating

theargument?When,

if

ever,

will

production

of

oil

in

Malvernia

outstrip

production

of

natural

gas?Is

Malvernia

among

thecountries

thatrely

most

onimporte

l?What

proportion

of

Malvernia’s

total

energy

needs

is

met

by

hydroelectric,

solar,

and

nuclear

power?Is

the

amount

of

oil

used

each

year

in

Malvernia

f enerating

electricity

and

fuel

for

transportationincreasing?Have

any

existing

oil-burning

heating

systems

in

Malvernia

already

been

converted

to

natural-gas-burningheating

systems?作业124.

Vargonia

has

just

introduced

a

legal

requirement

that

student-teacher

ratios

in

ernment-funded

schoolsnot

exceed

a

certain

limit.

All

Vargonian

children

are

entitled

to

education,

free

of

charge,

in

these

schools.

When

arecession

occurs

and

average es

fall,

the

number

of

children

enrolled

in

ernment-funded

schools

tendsto

increase.

Therefore,

though

most

employment

opportunities

contract

in

economic

recessions,

getting

ateaching

job

in

Vargonia’s

ernment-funded

schools

will

not

be

made

more

difficult

by

a

recession.P：当经济 发生，公立学校入学率增加C：找一份教师工作没变的更难作业124.

Vargonia

has

just

introduced

a

legal

requirement

that

student-teacher

ratios

in

ernment-funded

schoolsnot

exceed

a

certain

limit.

All

Vargonian

children

are

entitled

to

education,

free

of

charge,

in

these

schools.

When

arecession

occurs

and

average es

fall,

the

number

of

children

enrolled

in

ernment-funded

schools

tendsto

increase.

Therefore,

though

most

employment

opportunities

contract

in

economic

recessions,

getting

ateaching

job

in

Vargonia’s

ernment-funded

schools

will

not

be

made

more

difficult

by

a

recession.Which

of

the

following

would

be

most

important

to

determine

in

order

to

evaluate

the

argument?Whether

in

Vargonia

there

are

any

schools

not

funded

by

the ernment

that

offer

children

an

education

freeof

chargeWhether

the

number

of

qualified

applicants

for

teaching

positions

in

ernment-funded

schools

increasessignificantly

during

economic

recessionsWhat

the

current

student-teacher

ratio

in

Vargonia’s ernment-funded

schools

isWhat

proportion

of

Vargonia’s

workers

currently

hold

jobs

as

teachers

in ernment-funded

schoolsWhether

in

the

past

a

number

of ernment-funded

schools

in

Vargonia

have

had

student-teacher

ratios

wellin

excess

of

the

new

limit作业(27621-!-item-!-188;#058&003223)Most

of

the

world's

supply

of

uranium

currently

comes

from

mines.

It

is

possible

to

extract

uranium

from

seawater,but

the

cost

of

ng

so

is

greater

than

the

price

that

uranium

fetches

on

the

world

market.

Therefore,

until

thecost

of

extracting

uranium

from

seawater

can

somehow

be

reduced,

this

method

of

obtaining

uranium

isunlikely

to

be

commercially

viable.Which

of

the

following

would

it

be

most

usefulto

determine

in

evaluating

the

argument?Whether

theuranium

in

deposits

on

land

israpidly

being

depletedWhether

most

uranium

is

used

near

where

it

is

minedWhether

there

are

any

technological

advances

that

show

promise

of

reducing

the

cost

of

extracting

uraniumfrom

seawaterWhether

the

total

amount

of

uranium

in

seawater

is

significantly

greater

than

the

total

amount

of

uranium

onlandWhether

uranium

can

be

extracted

from

freshwater ost

similar

to

the

cost

of

extracting

it

from

seawater作业100.

A

certain

cultivated

herb

is

one

of

a

group

of

closely

related

plants

that

thrive

in

soil

with

highconcentrations

of

metals

that

are

toxic

to

most

other

plants.

Agronomists

studying

the

growth

of

this

herb

havediscovered

that

it

produces

large

amounts

of

histidine,

an

amino

acid

that,

in

test-tube

solutions,

renders

these

metalschemically

inert.

Hence,

theherb’shigh

histidine

productionmust

bethekey

feature

that

allowsit

to

grow

inmetal-rich

soils.P：herb是一类植物的一种（可以生存在高金属含量土壤中）herb含有HC：H让herb生存在金属含量高的土壤中CA题！作业A

certain

cultivated

herb

is

one

of

a

group

of

closely

related

plants

that

thrive

in

soil

with

highconcentrations

of

metals

that

are

toxic

to

most

other

plants.

Agronomists

studying

the

growth

of

this

herb

havediscovered

that

it

produces

large

amounts

of

histidine,

an

amino

acid

that,

in

test-tube

solutions,

renders

these

metalschemically

inert.

Hence,

theherb’shigh

histidine

productionmust

bethekey

feature

that

allowsit

to

grow

inmetal-rich

soils.In

evaluating

theargument,

it

would

be

most

important

to

determine

which

of

thefollowing?Whether

the

herb

can

thrive

in

soil

that

does

not

have

high

concentrations

of

the

toxic

metalsWhether

others

of

the

closely

related

group

of

plants

also

produce

histidine

in

large

tiesWhether

the

herb's

high

level

of

histidine

production

is

associated

with

an

unusually

low

level

of

production

ofsome

other

amino

acidWhether

growing

the

herb

in

soil

with

high

concentrations

of

the

metals

will,

over

time,

reduce

theirconcentrations

in

the

soilWhether

the

concentration

of

histidine

in

the

growing

herb

declines

as

the

plant

approaches

maturity加强概念Strengthen加强作者的论证从premise，conclusion以及p推c的过程对结论提供支持1加强的程度不等加强范围是1%-100%，只要能在一定程度对结论提供支持即可2Key

wordsStrengthenSupportsHelpsmost

justified方法Strengthen12，削弱题的思路都可以削弱取反找argument中的可削弱的点，及用削弱题的思路来做加强题，因为加强题是削弱题的用于加强题，只是把利用削弱点来进行

的思维转化为降低argument的可

性。补gap这个方向类似于假设题中的supporter类型的假设，premise和conclusion之间存在比较明显的gap，这个时候加强就可以去补gap。与假设不同的是假设要求把gap完全补全，而加强可以只补充一部分，起到一个缩小

gap加强结论和逻辑链推理的合理性的效果。F：生长在富含 的湖里的鱼会在身体里积累P：鱼互相吃的话所有的 会积累在predator身体里，人吃了含 的鱼会危害健康C：建议大家不要钓富含 的湖里成 大鱼P：adult和infant同时看 ，成人和小于6个月的不是很关注，大于6个月的关注程度高C：大于6个月的婴儿关注是因为处于语言发展阶段方法Strengthen直接加强premise加强题自身的一个特点，可以直接重复premise的内容，注意这里的重复不是指的是内容完全重复，而是指的34是意思重复，也就是说正确选项跟原有的premise 的是同一个内容，但是选项一般会具象化和实例化，即对原有premise的意思进行具体的说明，达到加强premise进而加强conclusion的效果。直接加强conclusion与直接加强premise类似，加强题可以直接去重复结论中的意思，通过举例子或者具象化结论的点来起到一个加强的效果。更focus在公司的长期发展中（直接加强P，给出具体的P：外包可以在很大程度帮企业节约成本

C：企业要想获得更大的利润可以将一些业务外包Answer:企业选择外包一些业务可以让那些业务的高级管理理由来说明为什么外包可以节约成本）P：考古C：北非和东非之间的贸易开始与公元前十世纪表明北非在公元前十世纪之后出现了来自于东非的象牙制品Answer：在挖掘出土一些coin，都是跟东非公元前十世纪之后的coin是相似的（举例加强结论）方法StrengthenJustify类型的加强题这一类的加强题相对比较特殊，是以解释题为 的加强题，即提干中的P和C之间是有 的，而最后要求5来加强conclusion，那这时候

的 加强点就是去解释P和C之间的 ，使得P推C的过程合理。结论当中有however等，题目当中有justify和justification。P：经济 ，人们消费减少C：

公司不担心注意：加强题的加强力度可以是一点点也可以是很多，只要有加强即可，所以加强题的答案方向比较多，极有可能出现的情况是在写完逻辑链之后自己想到的加强方向在选项中没有出现。所以加强的做题不建议写完逻辑链之后去想方向，然后用方向去套选项；而是应该在写完逻辑链之后直接去看选项，判断每一个选项是不是符合加强的方向，即用选项去套方向，这样做题的效果更好。例题Male

bowerbirds

construc

abora

y

decorated

nests,

or

bowers.

Basing

their

judgment

on

the

fact

thatdifferent

local

populations

of

bowerbirds

of

the

same

species

build

bowers

that

exhibit

different

building

anddecorative

styles,

researchers

have

concluded

that

the

bowerbirds'

building

styles

are

a

culturally

acquired,

ratherthan

a

genetically

transmitted,

trait.Which

of

the

following,

if

true,

would

most

strengthen

the

conclusion

drawn

by

the

researchers?There

are

more

common

characteristics

than

there

are

differences

among

the

bowerbuilding

styles

of

the

localbowerbird

population

that

has

been

studied

most

extensively.Young

male

bowerbirds

are

inept

at

bowerbuilding

and

apparently

spend

years

watching

their

elders

beforeing plished

in

the

local

bower

style.The

bowers

of

onespecies

of

bowerbird

lack

thetowers

and

ornamentation

characteristic

of

thebowers

of

mostother

species

of

bowerbird.Bowerbirds

are

found

only

in

New

Guinea

and

Australia,

where

local

populations

of

the

birds

apparently

seldomhave

contactwith

one

another.It

is

well

known

that

the

song

dialects

of

some

songbirds

arelearned

rather

than

transmitted

genetically.例题1.

Male

bowerbirds

construc

abora y

decorated

nests,

or

bowers.

Basing

their

judgment

on

the

fact

thatdifferent

local

populations

of

bowerbirds

of

the

same

species

build

bowers

that

exhibit

different

building

anddecorative

styles,

researchers

have

concluded

that

the

bowerbirds'

building

styles

are

a

culturally

acquired,

ratherthan

a

genetically

transmitted,

trait.逻辑链：F:雄性bowerbird搭建的巢很精致P:同一物种但不同地域的bowerbird的巢在构造和装饰上都相差很大C:bowerbird的筑巢风格是文化养成的，而非 遗传的特性例题Male

bowerbirds

construc

abora y

decorated

nests,

or

bowers.

Basing

their

judgment

on

the

fact

thatdifferent

local

populations

of

bowerbirds

of

the

same

species

build

bowers

that

exhibit

different

building

anddecorative

styles,

researchers

have

concluded

that

the

bowerbirds'

building

styles

are

a

culturally

acquired,

ratherthan

a

genetically

transmitted,

trait.Which

of

the

following,

if

true,

would

most

strengthen

the

conclusion

drawn

by

the

researchers?There

are

more

common

characteristics

than

there

are

differences

among

the

bowerbuilding

styles

of

the

localbowerbird

population

that

has

been

studied

most

extensively.Young

male

bowerbirds

are

inept

at

bowerbuilding

and

apparently

spend

years

watching

their

elders

beforeing plished

in

the

local

bower

style.[直接加强conclusion]The

bowers

of

one

species

of

bowerbird

lack

the

towers

and

ornamentation

characteristic

of

the

bowers

of

mostother

species

ofbowerbird.Bowerbirds

are

found

only

in

New

Guinea

and

Australia,

where

localpopulations

of

the

birds

apparently

seldomhave

contactwith

one

another.It

is

well

known

that

the

song

dialects

of

some

songbirds

are

learned

rather

than

transmitted

genetically.例题Even

though

most

universities

retain

the

royalties

from

faculty

members’

inventions,

the

faculty

members

retainthe

royalties

from

books

and

articles

they

write.

Therefore,

faculty

members

should

retain

the

royalties

from

theeducational

computer

software

they

develop.The

conclusion

above

would

be

more

reasonably

drawn

if

which

of

the

following

were

inserted

into

the

argument

as

anadditional

premise?Royalties

from

inventions

are

higher

than

royalties

from

educational

software

programs.Faculty

members

are

more

likely

to

produce

educational

software

programs

than

inventions.Inventions

bring

more

prestige

to

universities

than

do

books

and

articles.In

the

experience

of

most

universities,

educational

software

programs

are

more

marketable

than

are

books

andarticles.In

terms

of

the

criteria

used

to

award

royalties,

educational

software

programs

are

more

nearly

comparable

tobooks

and

articles

than

to

inventions.例题2.

Even

though

most

universities

retain

the

royalties

from

faculty

members’

inventions,

the

faculty

members

retainthe

royalties

from

books

and

articles

they

write.

Therefore,

faculty

members

should

retain

the

royalties

from

theeducational

computer

software

they

develop.，教员保留他们写的书和文章的逻辑链：P:大多数大学保留教员的发明的

C:教员开发教育性电脑 来获得例题Even

though

most

universities

retain

the

royalties

from

faculty

members’

inventions,

the

faculty

members

retainthe

royalties

from

books

and

articles

they

write.

Therefore,

faculty

members

should

retain

the

royalties

from

theeducational

computer

software

they

develop.The

conclusion

above

would

be

more

reasonably

drawn

if

which

of

the

following

were

inserted

into

the

argument

as

anadditional

premise?Royalties

from

inventions

are

higher

than

royalties

from

educational

software

programs.Faculty

members

are

more

likely

to

produce

educational

software

programs

than

inventions.Inventions

bring

more

prestige

to

universities

than

do

books

and

articles.In

the

experience

of

most

universities,

educational

software

programs

are

more

marketable

than

are

books

andarticles.In

terms

of

the

criteria

used

to

award

royalties,educational

software

programs

are

more

nearly

comparable

tobooks

andarticles

than

to

inventions.[补gap]例题3.

Which

of

the

following

most

logically

completes

the

argument

below?Davison

River

farmers

are

currently

deciding

between

planting

winter

wheat

this

fall

or

spring

wheat

next

spring.Winter

wheat

and

spring

wheat

are

usually

about

equally

profitable.

Because

of

new

ernment

restrictions

on

theuse

of

Davison

River

water

for

irrigation,

per

acre

yields

for

winter

wheat,

though

not

for

spring

wheat,

would

beage.

Therefore,

planting

spring

wheat

will

be

more

profitable

than

planting

winter

wheat,

sincemuch

lower

tha

.(A)

the

smaller-thaage

size

of

a

winter

wheat

harvest

this

year

would

not

be

compensated

for

by

higher

winterwheat

pricesnew

crops

of

spring

wheat

must

be

planted

earlier

than

the

time

at

which

standing

crops

of

winter

wheat

areready

to

be

harvestedthe

spring

wheat

that

farmers

in

the

Davison

River

region

plant

is

well

adapted

to

the

soil

of

the

regionspring

wheat

has

uses

that

aredifferent

fromthose

of

winter

wheatplanting

spring

wheat

is

more

profitable

than

planting

certain

other

crops,

such

as

rye例题3.

Which

of

the

following

most

logically

completes

the

argument

below?Davison

River

farmers

are

currentlydeciding

between

planting

winter

wheat

this

fall

or

spring

wheat

next

spring.Winter

wheat

and

spring

wheat

are

usually

about

equally

profitable.

Because

of

new ernment

restrictions

on

theuse

of

Davison

River

water

for

irrigation,

per

acreyields

for

winter

wheat,

though

not

for

spring

wheat,

would

bemuch

lower

tha age.

Therefore,

planting

spring

wheat

will

be

more

profitable

than

planting

winter

wheat,

since

.逻辑链：F：冬小麦和春小麦往往同样profitableP：限制灌溉用水将降低冬小麦亩产

C：种春小麦更profitable公式题，profit=sales

amount*unitprice.这里冬小麦的production减少自然会影响profit，但那是profit最终会不会下降还要考虑到unit

的上涨足不足以pensate

the

reduction

in

profit

margin.所以这里的解释或者说support就要justify价格的上涨不能弥补产量的下降减少的profit.这是一个削弱取反。例题Which

of

the

following

most

logically

completes

the

argument

below?Davison

River

farmers

are

currentlydeciding

between

planting

winter

wheat

this

fall

or

spring

wheat

next

spring.Winter

wheat

and

spring

wheat

are

usually

about

equally

profitable.

Because

of

new

ernment

restrictions

ontheuse

ofDavison

River

water

forirrigation,

per

acreyields

forwinter

wheat,

though

not

forspring

wheat,

would

bemuch

lower

tha age.

Therefore,

planting

spring

wheat

will

be

more

profitable

than

planting

winter

wheat,

since

.the

smaller-tha age

size

ofa

winter

wheat

harvest

this

yearwould

not

be

compensated

forby

higher

winterwheat

prices[削弱取反]new

crops

of

spring

wheat

must

be

planted

earlier

than

the

time

at

which

standing

crops

of

winter

wheat

areready

to

be

harvestedthe

spring

wheat

that

farmers

in

the

Davison

River

region

plant

is

well

adapted

to

the

soil

of

the

regionspring

wheat

has

uses

that

are

different

fromthose

of

winter

wheatplanting

spring

wheat

is

more

profitable

than

planting

certain

other

crops,

such

as

rye例题In

Washington

County,

attendance

at

the

movies

is

just

large

enough

for

the

cinema

operators

to

make

modestprofits.

The

size

of

the

county’s

population

is

stable

and

is

not

expected

to

increase

much.

Yet

there

are

investorsready

to

double

the

number

of

movie

screens

in

the

county

within

five

years,

and

they

are

predicting

solid

profitsboth

for

themselves

and

for

the

established

cinema

operators.Which

of

the

following,

if

true

about

Washington

County,

most

helps

to

provide

a

justification

for

the

investors’prediction?Over

the

next

ten

years,

people

intheir

teenage

years,

the

prime

movie

going

age,

will

be

a

rapidlygrowingproportion

of

the

county’s

population.As

distinct

from

the

existing

cinemas,

most

of

the

cinemas

being

planned

would

be

located

in

downtown

areas,

inhopes

o