英语独立主格结构精讲精练

1、英语：独立主格结构精讲精练I.独立主格结构的基本概念,由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。II.独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。1、名词或代词主格+分词Theexperimentdone,thestudentswentontotakenotesintheexperimentreport.实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。Timepermitting,we

2、canhaveawalkaroundtheplaygroundaftersupper.如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。2、名词或代词主格+形容词Computersverysmall,wecanusethemwidely.电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。Theclothesverydirty,youdbetterwashthemquickly.衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!3、名词或代词主格+不定式Thelastguesttoarrive,ourpartywasstarted.最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。4、名词或代词主格+介词短语OurEnglishteachercamei

3、ntotheclassroom,papersinhand.我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。Thereisariverinthevalley,freshflowersonthebanks.山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。5、名词或代词主格+副词Themeetingover,ourheadmastersoonleftthemeeting-room.散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。Thelightsoff,wecouldnotgoonwiththework.灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。III.独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同,1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结

4、构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致(例)。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例)。Iftimepermits,wedbetterhaveaholidayatweekends.转换为:Timepermitting,wedbetterhaveaholidayatweekends.如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。Whenweseefromthehilltop,wecanfindthecitymorebeautiful.转换为:Seeingfromthehilltop,wecanfindthecitymorebeautiful.从山顶上看,我们发现这个城

5、市更美了。2、还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其它成分,语法上称作依着法则(例)。而如果一个分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作悬垂分词(例)。Searchingforthethiefinthecity,ithadtakenthepolicemenalongtime.在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。Whenplantingtheseflowers,caremustbetakennottodamagetheroots.(人们)种这些花时必须小心,不要损坏了花根。IV.独立主格结构与独立成分的异同1、有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻

6、辑上的主语,实际上已经变成了习惯用法。这些短语有:Generallyspeaking总的说来,Franklyspeaking坦率地说,Judgingfrom从判断,Supposing假设,等等。Generallyspeaking,theruleisveryeasytounderstand.总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。Judgingfromwhathesaid,hemustbeanhonestman.由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。2、有些固定短语是带to的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:tobehonest老实说,tobesure确实,totellyout

7、hetruth说实话,tocutalongstoryshort长话短说,tobefrank坦率地说,tomakematters/thingsworse更糟糕的是,等等。Totellyouthetruth,Imadeamistakeinthewordspelling.说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。Tomakethingsworse,manyofthemenhavegoneofftocitiesinsearchofhigherpay,leavingwomenfromnearbyvillagestocarryonwiththework.情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇

8、女来继续承担修复工作。英语高考专题复习讲与练独立主格结构常见类型及其用法独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。一、独立主格结构的构成形式1、逻辑主语+V-ing这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动

9、作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。如：1._nobus,wehadtowalkhome.A.TherebeingB.BeingC.HavingbeenD.Therewas2._nobus,wehadtowalkhome.A.AstherebeingB.AstherewasC.BeingD.Therewas3._Sunday,thelibrarydoesntopen.A.BeingB.TherebeingC.ItbeingD.Havingbeen4._Sunday,thelibrarydoesntopen.A.AsitbeingB.BeingC.ItisD

10、.Asitis2、逻辑主语+V-ed该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。如：1._,thetrainstarted.A.ThesignalgivenB.GivingthesignalB.ThesignalbeinggivenD.Thesignalgiving2._,thetrainstarted.A.AfterhavinggiventhesignalB.AfterthesignalgivenC.GivingthesignalD.Afterthesignalwasgiven3._,thetextbecameeasierforustolearn.A.ExplainingnewwordsB.

11、NewwordsexplainedC.BeingexplainednewwordsD.Havingexplainednewwords4._,thetextbecameeasierforustolearn.A.WhennewwordswereexplainedB.ExplainingnewwordsB.NewwordsexplainingD.Beingexplainednewwords3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词）该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主系表”结构。如：1._,thepatientcanleavethehospital.A.BetterconditionsB.Conditionsbetter

12、C.ConditionsarebetterD.Beingbetterconditions2._,thepatientcanleavethehospital.A.IfbetterconditionsB.IfconditionsbetterC.IfconditionsarebetterD.Beingbetterconditions3._,wedliketogoouting.A.BeingSundayB.SundayOKC.SundayisOKD.IfSundayOK4._,wedliketogoouting.A.IfSundayisOKB.SundaybeingOKC.SundayOKD.A,Ba

13、ndC5._,youcanwaitawhile.A.TheplaybeingstillonB.TheplaystillonCBeingstillontheplayD.AandB6._,soyoucanwaitawhileA.TheplayisstillonB.TheplaybeingstillonC.AstheplayisstillonD.Theplaystillon4、逻辑主语+介词短语该结构相当于不带动词的“主系介词短语”结构。如：1.Theboyfollowedthenoblemanhere,_.A.aswordinhandB.aswordinhishandB.Beingaswordin

14、handD.swordinhand2.Theboyfollowedthenoblemanhere_.A.withaswordinhishandB.withaswordinhandC.withaswordbeinginhandD.aswordbeinginhand3.Helefttheoffice,_.A.tearsbeingineyesB.tearsineyesC.beingtearsineyesD.withtearsbeingineyes4.Helefttheoffice_.A.withtearsbeingineyesB.withtearsinhereyesC.beingtearsineye

15、sD.tearsbeingineyes二、独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分：1、原因状语该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个原因状语从句。如：1._nobus,wehadtowalkhome.A.TherebeingB.AstherewasC.TherewasD.AandB2._Sunday,thelibrarydoesntopen.A.ItbeingB.AsitisC.BeingD.AandB3._,Ihadtoaskfortwodaysleave.A.MotherbeingillB.BotherillC.AsmotherwasillD.A,BandC4._,wehavetoworklatei

16、ntothenight.A.TheexamnearB.TheexambeingnearC.AstheexamisnearD.A,BandC2、时间状语独立主格结构作时间状语时相当于一个由when,assoonas,after等引导的时间状语从句。如：1._,thetrainstarted.A.ThesignalgivenB.AfterthesignalwasgivenC.GiventhesignalD.AandB2._,thetextbecameeasierforustolearn.A.NewwordsexplainedB.WhennewwordswereexplainedC.Whenteac

17、herexplainednewwordsD.allabove3、条件状语独立主格结构作条件状语时可以改为由if引导的条件状语从句。如：1._,wellgotovisittheGreatWall.A.WeatherpermittingB.IfweatherpermitsC.IfpermittingD.AandB2._,thepatientwillrecoverhimselfsoon.A.IfthetreatmentisintimeB.ThetreatmentintimeC.ThetreatmentbeingintimeD.A,BandC4、伴随状语独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词短语或并列

18、谓语。如：1.Wehavelessonseveryday,_.A.SundayincludedB.SundayincludingC.SundayisincludingD.alltheabove2.Theboyfellasleep,_.A.caponheadB.withacaponheadC.acaponwasonheadD.alltheabove3.Fathercamehome,_A.adogfollowinghimB.adogfollowedhimC.beingfollowedbyadogD.alltheabovewith+复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法“with+复合宾语”结构是指“with

19、+宾语（名词或代词）+非谓语动词（分词、不定式）、介词短语、形容词或副词等”所构成的一种介词短语。该结构内部若是动词，则其非谓语形式的选用要注意三点：若内部动词表示将来（无论主动还是被动），则用不定式；若内部动词表示被动且属过去，则用过去分词；若内部动词表示持续主动动作，则用现在分词。该结构在句子中可以作以下几种成分：1、原因状语1.Withtheman_usahead,wehadnotroublefindingthevillage.A.ToguideB.GuidingC.GuidedD.Tohaveguide2.Withalotofwork_,shedoesnthavetimetorest.

20、A.todoB.tobedoneC.doingD.done3.Withthemachine_allthetime,wefinishedharvestingcropsintime.A.toworkB.workedC.workingD.Beingworking2、时间状语1.Thestreetlooksmorebeautifulwithallthelights_.A.areonB.onC.tobeonD.beenon2.Withourproblem_,weallfelthappy.A.tosettleB.tobesettledC.settledD.beingsettled3.Withhiswork

21、_,thesecretarybegantowalkhome.A.todoB.doingC.doneD.tobedone3、伴随状语1.Shelefttheofficeswithtears_.A.inhereyesB.ineyesB.beingineyesD.tobeineyes2.Themanfoundthedoorwithbothhiseyes_.A.tobeclosedB.beingclosedC.closedD.closing3.Wefeltuncomfortablewithtwowaitresses_.A.standingbyB.tobestandingbyC.stoodbyD.bei

22、ngstandingby4.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands_.A.tobetiedbehindB.tiedbehindC.tyingbehindD.beingtiedbehind5.Youcantseewell_.A.withtheglassesonB.beingontheglassesC.withtheglassestobeonD.withtheglasses4、后置定语1.Doyouknowtheman_abookinhishand?A.withB.havingC.beingD.AandB2.Pleaseofferyourseattothewoma

23、n_ababyinherarms.A.carryingB.havingC.withD.alltheabove分词、独立主格和“with+复合宾语”作状语的区别分词结构、独立主格结构、with+复合宾语结构在句中均可作状语，其区别是这样的：一、分词在句中作状语时句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词的动作执行者（用现在分词）或动作承受者（用过去分词或现在分词被动式）。这种情况下的分词短语可以改为相应的状语从句或并列谓语。分词短语在句中常作以下状语：1、原因状语1._late,wehadtowalkhome.A.BeingB.AswewereC.WebeingD.AandB2._busy,t

24、heyhadnotimetoplay.A.AstheywereB.BeingC.BecausetheywereD.alltheabove2、时间状语1._thestudentshomework,theteacherfoundalotofmistakes.A.WhenhewascorrectingC.WhenhecorrectedC.CorrectingD.alltheabove2._byyourteachers,youaresupposedtobemodest.A.WhenyouarepraisedB.PraisedC.WhenpraisedD.alltheabove3、条件状语1._more

25、time,heissuretofinishhistestpaper.A.IfheisgivenB.IfgivenC.GivenD.alltheabove2._anotherchance,Illdomyjobbetter.A.IfIhaveB.IfhavingC.HavingD.alltheabove4、伴随状语1.Fathercameback,_abagofmoneyonhisleftshoulder.A.carryingB.hewascarryingC.andhewascarryingD.alltheabove2.Fathercameback,_byamonkey.A.andhewasfol

26、lowedB.followedC.andwasfollowedD.alltheabove二、独立主格结构和with+复合宾语结构在句子中作状语时，这种结构内部的分词或介词短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语，即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。如：1._,wellgofishinginthecountry.A.PermittingweatherB.WeatherpermittedC.WeatherpermittingD.Permitting2._,hefinishedplayingthegameofchess.A.HiseyesclosingB.WithhiseyesclosedC.Closinghis

27、eyesD.Closedhiseyes3._,IcouldntgetthebookIwanted.A.ClosedB.LibraryclosedC.ClosinglibraryD.Withlibraryclosing三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with+复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与主句之间不应有从属连词（如when,if,assoonas,as,while等）或并列连词（如and,but,or,so等）。例如：1._theteachertoldtheclasstogothroughthetextA.CheckingtheanswersB.CheckingtheanswersandC.WhencheckingtheanswersandD.alltheabove2._arainyday,soall