建筑环境与能源应用工程专业英语16

1、ReviewSalvation Lies within“得救之道，就在其中得救之道，就在其中”练习：英译汉练习：英译汉Applying the measured global and diffuse solar radiation data from 78 meteorological stations in China, a countrywide general correlation model for calculating the daily diffuse radiation was derived on the basis of Liu and Jordan method. Tw

2、o widely used statistics: root mean square error and mean bias error were used to assess the performance of the correlation. And the correlation shows good behavior when applied to most of the stations. Subsequently, with the measured data from the 78 stations, an analysis of geographical distributi

3、on of solar energy resource in China was also presented in the form of clearness index (the ratio of global solar radiation to extraterrestrial radiation) percentage frequency, and results show that the solar energy resource in western and northern China is relatively abundant.练习：英译汉练习：英译汉Applying t

4、he daily global solar radiation data measured at least 10 years, the typical solar radiation year for 30 meteorological stations in China is generated using the FinkelsteinSchafer statistical method. Based on the typical solar radiation data obtained, the geographical difference of solar energy reso

5、urce of these 30 stations was also analyzed. The results in this paper will fill this gap that complete and detailed typical solar radiation data are not available for China, and will be useful to the designers of solar energy conversion and utilization devices.练习：英译汉练习：英译汉1）HVAC systems and the ass

6、ociated distribution systems often occupy a significant amount of space. Major components may also require special support from the structure. The size and appearance of terminal devices (i.e., diffusers, fan-coil units, radiant panels, etc.) have an affect on the architectural design because they a

7、re visible in the occupied space.2）The design engineer is responsible for considering various systems and recommending one or two that will satisfy the goal and perform as desired. It is imperative that the design engineer and the owner collaborate on identifying and rating the criteria associated w

8、ith the design goal.Unit One:HVACR and Internet heating 采暖采暖 供热供热 ventilation 通风通风air conditioning 空气调节空气调节 refrigeration 制冷制冷HVACR 暖通空调制冷暖通空调制冷 technical sophistication 技术精通技术精通entrepreneur 企业家企业家 proprietary technology 专利技术专利技术highly educated 受过良好教育的受过良好教育的 Internet-savvy 熟悉网络的熟悉网络的Plumbing & Drai

9、nage 给水、排水给水、排水 distance education 远程教育远程教育searching literature 文献查询文献查询 web-enabled 具有网络功能的具有网络功能的civil building 民用建筑民用建筑 industrial building 工业建工业建筑筑residential building 居住建筑居住建筑 public building 公共建筑公共建筑commercial building 商业建筑商业建筑 sizing HVAC components 确定空调系统部件容量大小确定空调系统部件容量大小Unit Two:Sustainabl

10、e Built Environmentbuilt environment 建筑环境建筑环境 sustainability 可持续性可持续性sustainable development 可持续发展可持续发展 sustainable approach 可持续性方法可持续性方法integrated approach 集成化方法集成化方法 theory practice 理论与实践理论与实践life cycle analyses 寿命周期分析寿命周期分析 thermal comfort 热舒适热舒适visual comfort 视觉舒适视觉舒适 acoustic comfort 声觉舒适声觉舒适in

11、door air quality 室内空气品质室内空气品质 professional areas 专业领域专业领域decision-making 决策决策 resource consumption 资源消耗资源消耗global energy consumption 全球能耗全球能耗 environmental impact 环境影响环境影响green house gas emissions 温室气体排放温室气体排放sick building symptoms 病态建筑综合症病态建筑综合症 financial gains 经济效益经济效益cost benefit analyses 成本收益分析成

12、本收益分析 interdisciplinary 跨学科的跨学科的promotional material 促销材料促销材料 academic research 学术研究学术研究dynamic characteristic 动态特性动态特性 apartment 公寓公寓dweller 居住者居住者 Building structure 建筑结构建筑结构Unit Three:Indoor Air QualityIndoor Air Quality (IAQ) 室内空气品质室内空气品质interdisciplinary 跨学科的跨学科的 concentration 浓度浓度Environmental

13、 Sustainable Development 环境可持续发展环境可持续发展pollutants 污染物污染物 occupant 居住者、室内人员居住者、室内人员receptor 受体受体 indoor air pollutants 室内空气污染物室内空气污染物PM (Particulate Matter) 颗粒物颗粒物VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) 挥发性有机化合物挥发性有机化合物ETS (environmental tobacco smoke) 吸烟引起的烟物吸烟引起的烟物pollutant distributions 污染物分布污染物分布 contro

14、l strategies 控制策略控制策略local exhaust 局部通风局部通风 residential life 日常生活日常生活mass balance equations 质量平衡方程质量平衡方程 empirical model 经验模型经验模型reductionism approach 简化法简化法 expansionism approach 拓展法拓展法sampling 抽样、取样抽样、取样 environmental ecosystem 环境生态系统环境生态系统inhalation 吸入吸入Unit Four:Energy Utilization and Conservati

15、on in Buildingssolar energy 太阳能太阳能 hydropower 水力发出的电力水力发出的电力geothermal energy 地热能地热能 electrical power 电能电能steam turbine 蒸汽轮机蒸汽轮机 mechanical power 机械能机械能energy efficient system 高能效系统高能效系统 cost effectiveness 成本效率成本效率chilled water 冷冻水冷冻水 condenser water 冷却水冷却水ground source heat pumps 地源热泵地源热泵 geotherma

16、l energy 地热能地热能building energy consumption 建筑能耗建筑能耗 biomass energy 生物质能生物质能First (Second) Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第一（二）定律热力学第一（二）定律hydrodynamics 流体力学流体力学 thermodynamics 热力学热力学 thermocouple 热电偶热电偶 platinum resistance 铂电阻铂电阻power plant 电厂电厂CCHP（Combined Cooling Heating Power） System 热电冷三联供系统热电冷三联供系统h

17、eat gains 得热量得热量 heat losses 热量损失热量损失energy efficient system 节能系统节能系统 existing building 既有建既有建筑筑Unit Four:Energy Utilization and Conservation in BuildingsEnergy Utilization and Conservation 能源利用与节约能源利用与节约nonrenewable energy 不可再生能源不可再生能源 renewable energy 可再生能源可再生能源secondary equipment 二次设备二次设备 primary

18、 equipment 初级设备初级设备conditioned spaces 空调区空调区 central plant 中央机组中央机组solar effects 太阳辐射的影响太阳辐射的影响 internal gains 室内得热室内得热heat storage 蓄热蓄热 interior 内部结构内部结构building envelope 建筑物围护结构建筑物围护结构 infiltration （风）渗透（风）渗透piping losses or gains 管路管路热损失或得热热损失或得热 hour-by-hour simulation 逐时模拟逐时模拟 part-load charact

19、eristics 部分负荷性能部分负荷性能 energy audit 能源审计能源审计chiller 冷水机组冷水机组 capacity 容量容量variable-speed drivers 变速驱动器变速驱动器 chilled water 冷冻水冷冻水condenser water 冷却水冷却水 cooling tower 冷却塔冷却塔water treatment 水处理水处理 hard water 硬水硬水feedwater systems 补水系统补水系统SEER: Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio 季节能效比季节能效比HSPF: Heating Sea

20、sonal Performance Factor 制热季节性能系数制热季节性能系数Unit Five:Heat Transfer heat transfer equipment 传热设备传热设备 heat exchanger 热交换器热交换器boiler 锅炉锅炉 condenser 冷凝器冷凝器 radiator 散热器散热器 refrigerator 冰箱冰箱solar collector 太阳能集热器太阳能集热器 heat transfer rate 传热传热(速速)率率temperature difference 温差温差 factor of safety 安全系数安全系数experi

21、mental error 实验误差实验误差 operating condition 运行条件运行条件heat transfer coefficient 传热系数传热系数 conduction 传导传导convection 对流对流 radiation 辐射辐射sensible Heat 显热显热 latent heat 潜热潜热zero energy building 零能耗建筑零能耗建筑 low energy building 低能耗建筑低能耗建筑sizing problem 容量选择的问题容量选择的问题 differential equation 微分方程微分方程 variable 变量变

22、量 derivative 导数导数decline in performance 性能的降低性能的降低 plate heat exchanger 板式换热器板式换热器shell and tube heat exchanger 壳管式换热器壳管式换热器finned tube heat exchanger 翅片管式换热器翅片管式换热器Unit Six:Turbulence and Complex Flowfluid dynamics, fluid mechanics, hydrodynamics 流体力学流体力学turbulent flow, turbulence 紊流湍流紊流湍流 laminar

23、flow 层流层流Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) 直接模拟法直接模拟法Large Eddy Simulation (lES) 大涡模拟大涡模拟Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) 雷诺时均方程法雷诺时均方程法Reynolds number 雷诺数雷诺数 dissipation 耗散耗散 viscous stress 粘性力粘性力 shear stress 剪切力剪切力thermal anemometry 热线风速仪热线风速仪 coherent structure 拟序结构拟序结构laser Doppler Veloci

24、metry 激光多普勒测速仪激光多普勒测速仪two-phase flow 两相流两相流 multiphase flow 多相流多相流 continuum model 连续型模型连续型模型 dispersed phases 离散相、分散相离散相、分散相particle image velocimetry (PIV) 粒子图像测速（技术）粒子图像测速（技术）flow visualization 流动可视化流动可视化 momentum 动量动量sub-grid scale 次网格尺度（范围）次网格尺度（范围） phrase change 相变相变boundary conditions 边界条件边界条

25、件 flow field 流动区域流动区域coordinate frame 坐标系坐标系 Galilean transformation 伽利略变换伽利略变换Unit Six:Turbulence and Complex Flowvector field 向量场向量场 frame-independent 不依靠坐标系的不依靠坐标系的Vorticity 涡量涡量 fine-scale effects 微尺度效应微尺度效应roughness 粗糙粗糙（度）（度） deformation 变形变形shearing stress 切应力切应力 pressure surge 压力突然升高压力突然升高wa

26、ter hammer 水锤现象水锤现象Unit Seven:Refrigeration and Refrigerantsvector field 向量场向量场 frame-independent 不依靠坐标系的不依靠坐标系的refrigeration 制冷制冷 refrigeration system 制冷系统制冷系统refrigerant 制冷剂制冷剂 cooling medium 冷却介质冷却介质vapor compression system 蒸气压缩式系统蒸气压缩式系统absorption system 吸收式系统吸收式系统 absorbent 吸收剂吸收剂 gas expansion

27、 system 气体膨胀式系统气体膨胀式系统 brine 盐水盐水ozone depletion potential (ODP) 臭氧消耗潜能臭氧消耗潜能global warming potential (GWP) 全球变暖潜能全球变暖潜能hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物碳氢化合物 halocarbon 卤代烃卤代烃phaseout 逐步停用或淘汰逐步停用或淘汰 alternative 替代物替代物Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 氢氟烃氢氟烃Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) 氢氯氟烃氢氯氟烃Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)

28、 氯氟烃氯氟烃Bromofluorocarbons(BFCs) Halons 溴氟烃溴氟烃HC（ Hydrocarbon） 碳氢碳氢 FC（Fluorocarbon） 氟烃氟烃azeotropic 共沸的共沸的 nonazeotropic 非共沸的非共沸的Unit Seven:Refrigeration and Refrigerantsvector field 向量场向量场 frame-independent 不依靠坐标系的不依靠坐标系的Four-way Reversing Valve 四通换向阀四通换向阀 lithium bromide 溴化锂溴化锂Ammonia 氨氨 cooling ef

29、fect 冷却作用冷却作用heat source 热源热源 heat sink 热汇热汇cooling medium 冷却介质冷却介质 throttle 节流节流 节流阀节流阀expansion valve 膨胀阀膨胀阀 capillary 毛细管毛细管absorbent 吸收剂吸收剂 solution 溶液溶液 direct-fired gas furnace 直燃式燃气炉直燃式燃气炉 waste heat 废热废热concentration 浓度浓度 volumetric composition 体积构成体积构成saturation temperature 饱和温度饱和温度 leak 泄漏

30、泄漏charge 充注充注 dew point 露点（温度）露点（温度）bubble point 泡点（温度）泡点（温度） glide 滑移（温度）滑移（温度） Phaseout 逐步逐步淘汰淘汰 centrifugal chillers 离心式冷水机离心式冷水机Reciprocation Compressor 往复式压缩机往复式压缩机 Rotary Compressor 转子压缩机转子压缩机Screw Compressor 螺杆式压缩机螺杆式压缩机 Scroll Compressor 涡旋式压缩机涡旋式压缩机Centrifugal Compressor 离心压缩机离心压缩机 mineral

31、oil 矿物油矿物油Unit Eight:Boilerfeedwater 补水补水 bituminous coal 烟煤烟煤natural gas 天然气天然气 lignite 褐煤褐煤byproduct 副产品副产品 blast-furnace gas 高炉煤气高炉煤气carbon monoxide 一氧化碳一氧化碳 operating cost 运行费用运行费用fixed charge 固定支出固定支出 draft loss 通风热损失通风热损失Sootblower 吹灰器吹灰器 economizer 省煤器省煤器air preheater 空气预热器空气预热器 chimney stack

32、 烟囱烟囱water tube boiler 水管锅炉水管锅炉 fire tube boiler 火管锅炉火管锅炉steam engine 蒸汽机蒸汽机 steam turbine 蒸汽轮机蒸汽轮机 蒸汽透平蒸汽透平pressure-reducing station 减压站减压站 auxiliary 辅助设备辅助设备 辅助的辅助的operating personnel 操作人员操作人员 cost of labor 人工费用人工费用first cost charge 初投资初投资 initial cost 初投资初投资long-term saving 长期收益长期收益 waste fuel 废弃

33、燃料废弃燃料saturated steam 饱和蒸汽饱和蒸汽 superheated steam: ? unsaturated steam: ?Unit Nine:Heat Pumpsheat pump 热泵热泵 reversing valve 四通换向阀四通换向阀heating cycle 制热循环制热循环 cooling cycle 制冷循环制冷循环indoor coil 室内盘管室内盘管 outdoor coil 室外盘管室外盘管frost 霜霜 结霜结霜 defrost 除霜除霜energy efficiency ratio (EER) 能效比能效比coefficient of per

34、formance (COP) 性能系数性能系数heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) 制热季节性能系数制热季节性能系数seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) (制冷制冷)季节能效比季节能效比ambient temperatures 室外气温室外气温air-source heat pump 空气源热泵空气源热泵water-source heat pump 水源热泵水源热泵ground-water heat pump 地下水源热泵地下水源热泵geothermal closed-loop heat pump 闭环地

35、源闭环地源(或土壤源或土壤源)热泵热泵Unit Ten:Comfort Heatingfire tube boilers 火管锅炉火管锅炉 hydronic heating 循环供暖循环供暖secondary heat exchanger 二次换热器二次换热器 insulating effect 绝热效应绝热效应 firebox 燃烧室燃烧室 alternate energy sources 替代能源替代能源cloud cover 云量云量 shorter wavelength 短波短波 longer wavelength 长波长波 absorber plate 吸收板吸收板antifreez

36、e 防冻剂防冻剂 pressure storage tank 储压罐储压罐relief valve 排气阀排气阀 fiberglass 玻璃纤维玻璃纤维centrifugal pump 离心泵离心泵 check valve 逆止阀逆止阀thermostat 温控器温控器 auxiliary heater 辅助加热器辅助加热器control panel 控制台控制台(面板面板) greenhouse 温室温室ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) 美国机械工程师协会美国机械工程师协会Unit Eleven: Ventilationventi

37、lation system 通风系统通风系统 emission sources 排放源排放源 污染源污染源general exhaust ventilation 全面通风全面通风 dilution ventilation 稀释通风稀释通风 local exhaust ventilation 局部通风局部通风 number of air changes 换气次数换气次数 mixing efficiency 混合效率混合效率 hood 排风罩排风罩 contaminant 污染物污染物 make-up air 补充空气补充空气 air cleaner 空气处理器空气处理器 stacks 烟囱烟囱

38、static pressure 静压静压 velocity pressure 动压动压 axial flow fan 轴流风机轴流风机 centrifugal fan 离心风机离心风机 entry losses 入口损失入口损失 friction losses 摩擦损失摩擦损失 precipitator 除尘器除尘器 cyclone 旋风除尘器旋风除尘器negative pressure 负压负压 positive pressure 正压正压 air-handling system (AHU) 空气处理系统空气处理系统ventilation criteria 通风标准、通风准则通风标准、通风准

39、则Unit Twelve: Air Conditioning Systemsair conditioning system 空气调节系统空气调节系统humidify 加湿加湿 dehumidify 除湿除湿filter 过滤过滤 过滤器过滤器 central-station system 集中式系统集中式系统unitary system 单元式系统单元式系统 mechanical room 机房机房radiant-heat systems 辐射采暖系统辐射采暖系统 blower 送风机送风机face velocity 迎面风速迎面风速 face area 迎风面积迎风面积mixing plen

40、um 混合箱混合箱 damper 闸板闸板direct expansion(DX) 直接膨胀直接膨胀 vibration damper 减震器减震器acoustic lining 隔音层隔音层 acoustic board 隔音板隔音板grilles 格栅格栅 register 送风口送风口the fan-coil unit system 风机盘管系统风机盘管系统 hydraulic system 水力系统水力系统four-pipe type 四管制四管制 two-pipe type 两管制两管制diffuser 散流器散流器 terminal device 末端设备末端设备all-air s

41、ystem 全空气系统全空气系统Unit Thirteen:Measurement Errors and Accuracyuncertainty 不确定性不确定性 measurement error 测量误差测量误差true value 真值真值 measured value 测量值测量值recording errors 记录误差记录误差 systematic or fixed errors 系统误差系统误差accidental or random errors 随机误差随机误差 measurement system 测量系统测量系统mean value 平均值平均值 frequency distribution 频率分布频率分布probability density function 概率密度函数概率密度函数distribution function 分布函数分布函数discrete probability distribution 离散型概率分布离散型概率分布continuous probability densities 连续型概率密度连续型概率密度conditional probability 条件概率条件概率 Law of Large Numbers 大数定律大数定律Central Limit Theorem 中心极限定律中心极限定律Unit Fou