常见的地质勘探技术(遥感地质调查、地质填图、坑探工程、钻探工程、巷探工程、地球物

1、常见的地质勘探技术（遥感地质调查、地质填图、坑探工程、钻探工 程.巷探工程、地球物理勘探技术）（common geological exploration techniques （remote sensing geological survey, geological mapping, pit exploration engineering, drilling engineering, roadway exp8.1.1 remote sensing geological surveyremote sensing geological survey is a method of geologic

2、alsurvey and resource exploration by using remote sensing technology.the theory of remote sensing geological investigation is based on the mechanism of interaction between electromagnetic radiation and geological bodies in physics, and its technical methods are based on the "multi" technol

3、ogyremote sensing geological survey has the following characteristics1. large areas of simultaneous observation, wide view3. timing and positioning observation to improve the timeliness of observation2. rich in information and advanced in technology4., relatively small investment, high comprehensive

4、 benefits8.1.2 geological mappinggeological mapping, also called geological survey, is the basic work in exploration and the most basic technical means it is the theory and methods of applied geology, aimly surface geology comprehensive research in coal bearing area of out crop (no rocks, coal seams

5、 and faults regolith cover etc.) and artificial outcrop (with strata, coal seams and faults artificially exposed etc.) for measurement and description, and the all information obtained in geological mapping topographic map according to certain proportion and unified technical requirements, compiled

6、maps of topographic geological map, geological profile, comprehensive stratigraphic column, as an important basis for future geological workgeological mapping should be carried out in every stage of coal geological exploration, but the requirements of each stage, the degree of research and geologica

7、l conditions are different, and the scale of corresponding geological mapping is also differentremote sensing technology has been applied to coalfield geological mapping8.1.3 pit exploration projectpit exploration, referred to as pit exploration, is a project undertaken to uncover geological phenome

8、na such as rock formations, coal seams and geological structures, or to excavate different kinds of tunnels in the surface or underground.1. probewhen the topsoil is thin (generally less than 3m), the dip of the rock is steeper or smoother a region with a relatively strong cut and a steady, solid, a

9、nd poorly water cut a trench excavated from a vertical rock or tectonic line is called a trenchthe trench can be used to directly measure and describe the geological phenomena revealed, and sections and other maps can be plottedtrough is the most common technique used in pit exploration, which is of

10、ten used in conjunction with geological mappingits specifications are generally: bottom width of 0. 6 0. 8m, two help slope of 75 degrees to 80 degrees2. exploratory we11? when topsoil thickness is more than 3m and less than 20m, not suitable for mining trench, use the method from the ground vertica

11、l mining wells, to reveal the general dip gently area of rock, coal and other geological phenomenathe exploration project is much more difficult than the test trench it should be arranged as little as possible. it is usually arranged along the rock route and used in combination with trench explorati

12、on and geological mapping3. survey tunnel (tunnel)in order to reveal the coal measures, to understand the thickness and structure of the coal seam, to determine the depth of the oxidized zone of the coal seam, and to collect coal samples in the wind oxidized lower throat, and to directly excavate th

13、e well chamber from the ground, called the gateway (tunnel)? exploration lane according to the need can be vertical or parallel to coal seam excavation, for vertical and inclined shaft and drift or shimenthe drilling engineering shall be used when the excavation work fails to achieve the above objec

14、tives drilling is drilling hole diameter is small and deep to the underground through the drilling machinery, and coal core rocks, geological data from the hole, the hole rock column, so as to expose the entire cover area and deep coal strata, strata, lithology, mineral, make structure and hydrology

15、 geological information drilling technology is mainly used in the work of investigation and detailed exploration according to the different geological purposes, the drill holes are divided into coal exploration holes, structural holes, hydrological holes, water sources holes, sampling holes, well bo

16、re inspection holes, verification holes, etc8.1.4 drilling engineeringthe use of specialized mechanical drill rods and drills to drill small, deep circular holes from the ground to the ground is called drilling.generally, the drilling rigs used in coal exploration include 300m, 500m, 650m and 1000m.

17、in the course of drilling, while drilling, we select the horizon to extract the core, to measure and describe the core, to obtain geological information, and then draw the original borehole histogramwhen drilling reaches the target depth and extracts the core, geophysical logging must be performed o

18、n the borehole as required. finally, the drilling hole is closed, so as not to cause water inrush and other hidden dangers in the future coal mine production8. 1. 5 roadway exploration projectthe use of tunnels in the mine to detect geological phenomena, known as "lane exploration. it is a comm

19、on exploration technique in mine geological work usually no drilling conditions, or drilling can not achieve the desired results, but also when the production needs, the use of lane explorationa special lane exploration engineering? roadway layout, as shown below, specially extend several transporta

20、tion lane and layout on short lane, its purpose is to detect f16 fault location, so that along the fault coal line layout cut is also used： using the method of multi lane, as shown below, every ceriain distance arrangement shimen,the excavation of the shimen has acquired both the required geological

21、 data and the necessary roadway for future production.the biggest advantage of roadway engineering is that it can directly observe geological phenomena, take geological data, collect samples, and can be used as one lane". construction of special exploration lane, generally take small section, s

22、imple support way to reduce costs8.1.6 geophysical prospecting? as geophysical exploration geophysical exploration, with different physical properties (such as density, magnetic, electrical, elastic wave velocity and radiation) of geophysical field of rock and deposit caused by abnormal, to find the

23、 coal bed, the delineation of coal bearing strata, geological structure inferred from a technical means and solve other geological the problem8. 1. 6. 1 geophysical prospecting techniques for coal geological exploration1. gravity prospectinggravity exploration is based on the density difference betw

24、een the rock and the coal seam in the crust by observing and analyzing the changing law of the gravity field, a geophysical exploration method of geological structure and finding coal resources is explored.? the use of gravity exploration conditions: first, between the rock and the surrounding rock

25、mass detected obvious density differences, the best value was 0. 2 0. 3g/cm3 above, between the coal bearing strata and overlying strata, basement strata or crystalline basement should have such density difference; secondly, to dip interfaces of density greater than 500, dep th of burial less than 3

26、000m, the overlying unconsolidated sediments is relatively uniform, flat terrain and etcthe main result of gravity exploration is the gravity anomaly isoline map gravity exploration is mainly used to identify the basin, delineate the boundaries of the basin, carry out tectonic zoning and study the u

27、ndulation of the bedrock it can also be used to determine the boundaries of the coalfield, the thickness of the coal deposits and the undulation of the basement2. magnetic prospectingmagnetic prospecting is a geophysical method based on the magnetic difference between the rock and the coal seam in t

28、he crust. by observing and analyzing the change characteristics of the geomagnetic field, the geophysical characteristics and properties of the study object are ascertainedmagnetic prospecting requires that the coal bearing strata have obvious magnetic differences with their overlying and underlying

29、 formations the magnetic property of the same formation is relatively stable, and the greater the dip angle is, the better usually the coal bearing strata and overlying and underlying strata in the magnetic difference is not big, therefore in coal geological exploration, the magnetic method is mainl

30、y used to distinguish between coal bearing strata and ancient basement metamorphic rocks, understand the ups and downs of the crystalline basement, or used to delineate the intrusive igneous rocks containing coal stratum and igneous rock layer with high magnetic properties can also be used to determ

31、ine the coal combustion zone3. electrical prospectingelectrical prospecting is a group of geophysical prospecting methods based on the electrical properties of rocks or ores (such as conductivity, dielectric and polarizability, magnetic conductivity, etc)according to the time characteristics of elec

32、tromagnetic field, electrical prospecting can be divided into 3 categories, namely, direct current electrical prospecting, alternating current electrical prospecting and transient or pulsed electrical prospectingdc electrical prospecting is to achieve the purpose of prospecting by studying the distr

33、ibution characteristics of the direct current field related to geological bodiesthere are 2 kinds of field source for dc electrical prospecting: artificial field source and natural field source direct current electrical prospecting by artificial field sources includes resistivity profile method, res

34、istivity sounding method, charging method, dc induced polarization method, etc the method of direct current electrical prospecting for natural source fields includes natural electric field method dc electrical method is the physical parameter of exploration survey, including apparent resistivity or

35、apparent polarization.4. seismic prospecting? is the use of seismic exploration seismology artificial simulated elastic wave propagation in different strata, such as wave velocity, wave attenuation and wave shape, and the reflection and refraction at the interface, a geophysical method to study the

36、underground geological lithology, buried depth, structure etc thethere are 2 kinds of artificial sources in seismic exploration, one is dynamite source, the other is non explosive source (such as mechanical source, gas explosion source, electric energy source, etc) when seismic exploration is carrie

37、d out on the surface of the land, dynamite sources and mechanical sources are used mainly.three dimensional seismic exploration technology, which is developed from two-dimensional seismic exploration, is the most important method in geophysical prospecting, and also one of the main exploration techn

38、ologies for underground mineral resources such as coa1.? 2d seismic exploration method is arranged a line on the ground, the seismic exploration construction along the line, seismic infonnation acquisition underground reflected back to the surface, and then through the computer that a seismic profil

39、e, in two dimensions (length and depth) displayed on the geological conditions of underground the5. geophysical logginggeophysical logging, referred to as logging, is a general term for geophysical methods used in boreholes? according to the physical properties of rock using different, can be divide

40、d into electric logging, radioactive logging, magnetic logging, acoustic logging, temperature logging and gravity logging; according to the geological and geophysical conditions, reasonable selection of integrated logging method,geological sections can be studied in detail to detect useful minerals?

41、 in coal geological exploration, well logging curve of 1:200 scale and depth of rock qualitative interpretation, logging curve 1:50 scale for thick coal seam structure and explains, in order to identify the lithology, thickness, depth, coal seam, coal quality and aquifer depth and thickness geophysi

42、cal logging data are more important if drilling is lost and thin seams are laidthe main methods and application scope of coal mine logging are shown in tablecoal geological exploration stage - (census (census, for coal), survey, exploration (exploration) division);8.2.1 coal geological exploration s

43、tagecoal geological exploration stage is also called coal geological exploration program the whole process of coal geological prospecting is the process of studying the coalfield from a large area to a small area? 4 stages of coal geological exploration program is divided into pre investigation, sur

44、vey, investigation and exploration. each exploration stage must complete its corresponding exploration task, and must understand, study and master all kinds of geological factors, and to a certain extent, it must submit corresponding geological reports. exploration geological report is the basis of

45、feasibility evaluation of mine construction and preliminary design of mine proportion of resources / reserves in the initial stage of exploration.the whole process: first? coalfield scale exploration 1:5 million; after the census will be divided into several coal mining area; then 1:1 million of the

46、 detailed investigation of the mining area and mining area; the area is divided into several ida; 1:5000 on the ida effectmain taskit should be carried out on the basis of coalfield prediction or regional geological survey, and its task is to find coal resources the result of the preliminary survey should