英文科技论文写作技巧

2.Contents1).paperwriting:title,author/affiliation（从属关系）,keywords,abstracts,introduction,mainbody,discussion,conclusion,acknowledgments,appendices(附件）,

[əˈpɛndɪˌsiz]references,etc.2).strategiesofpaperpublication3).otherrelatedinformationGeneraldescriptionofacademicpaperwriting(学术论文的总则)1.Typesofacademicpapers1).Academicreport学术报告Definition（定义）:displayingtheresultsofanexperiment,investigationorinquiry(maynotgivepersonalopinions,evaluationsontheissue).structure:IMRAD（论文主体）:导言、材料、结果及讨论introduction,methods,resultsanddiscussion.2).Researchpaper研究论文definition:comparativelynarrowsubject（相对具体的主题，题目切记宽泛）;reportingempiricalortheoreticalwork（实验或理论工作）inanacademicfield;usuallypublishedinacademicjournals;containingoriginalresearchresults;reviewingexistingstudies.structure:title,author/affiliation,abstracts,keywords,introduction,theoreticalanalysisorexperimentaldescription,resultsanddiscussion,conclusion,acknowledgments,references,appendices,etc.3).Coursepaper课程论文definition:writtenbyundergraduateorpostgraduatestudents（本科生或研究生）.writteninlinewiththecourserequirements（符合课程要求）structure:decidedundertheinstructionofthecoursetutor.4).Thesis/Dissertation学位论文definition:submittedinsupportofacandidateforadegree;presentingapropositiontoargueagainstordefend;exercisingjudgment,argument,logicetc.structure:acknowledgements（鸣谢）,abstract,introduction,literaturereview,methodology,datacollectionandanalysis,findingsandconclusions,suggestionsforfuturework,etc.3.Thestyleofacademicwriting语体formallanguage（正式用语）：concise,concrete（具体）,objective（客观）,logical（合理）,coherent（连贯）.1).person:thewriter,we,etc2).Voice（语态）:passive（被动）3).structure:nominalstructure（名词结构）4).specializedvocabulary（专业词汇）4.GeneralstructureofanacademicpapertitleabstractskeywordsIntroductionliteraturereviewresearchmethodologiesandproceduresresultsandfindingsdiscussionconclusionreferences※I.TitleGeneralfunctions1.summarizing2.attractingreaders3.facilitatingretrieval（便于检索）Linguisticfeatures（语言特征）1.phraseinsteadofsentence用短语代替句子2.nounsandgerunds名词和动名词Writingrequirements1.briefandconcisenomorethan20words,8-12onaveragesubtitleisadvisableifit’slong2.specific具体3.avoidquestions不要用疑问句4.unifiedgrammaticallysymmetrical,nounsandgerundsnotmixed名词动名词不要混用5.Standard:abbreviations（缩略语）,symbols（符号）,terms（术语）,capitalization（大写）e.g.1).LEARNINGFOREIGNLANGUAGESANDTEACHINGCULTUREALBACKGROUND.2).LearningForeignLanguagesandTeachingCulturalBackground3).Learningforeignlanguagesandteachingculturalbackground※II.Author/AffiliationGeneralfunctions1.Bearingauthor’sresponsibility2.facilitatingretrievalandcorrespondence便于检索和通信3.heighteningacademiclevelforvaluingtheacademiclevelsofaresearcheroranacademicinstitutionLinguisticfeaturesZhangXingChenXinwuOuyangHaiZHANGXingCHENXinwuOUYANGHaiZHANG,XingChen,XinwuOuyang,HaiWritingrequirements1.format:therequirementsofthejournal2.numberofauthors:ifmorethan5,use“etal.”3.author’stitleomitted4.address:fromsmallerunitstolargeronesWangShuhuaSchoolofNorthwestXi’an,Shaanxi710069P.R.China※III.KeywordsGeneralfunctions1.highlightingthetheme2.retrieval便于检索Linguisticfeatures1.morenouns2.limitednumbers:4-6wordsonaverageWritingrequirements1.usingtherequiredsectiontitle:e.g.Keywords/KeywordsIndex/KeywordsandPhrases/IndexingTerms,etc.2.placingthesectioncorrectly：belowtheabstract3.spacingtheKeywords关键词之间的间隔：Comma（逗号）,semicolon（分号）,largerspace（空格）,nofullstopattheend（结尾不要句号）.4.adoptingstandardabbreviations采用标准的缩略形式※IV.AbstractI.Definition:Anabstractisasuccinct(sək’sɪŋkt)简洁summaryofapieceofwork,usuallyacademicinnature.Aself-contained（独立的）entity;toolinsearchingforinformation.II.Basicelements:backgroundtopicapproachthreecoreelementsconclusionsignificanceIII.Category1.Descriptiveabstract（说明性摘要）:tellsinanallaroundwaywhatthepapercontains,includingbackground,topic,approach,conclusionandsignificance.2.Informationalabstract（信息性摘要）:highlightstheapproachandconclusionbrieflybutquantitatively.3.Informational-descriptiveabstract（信息-说明性摘要）：Acombinedformthatbearsspecificinformationabouttheapproachandconclusion.IV.Structuretopicsentence主题句---“what”isinanabstractsupportingsentence扩展句---furtherspecifyingthesubjectconcludingsentence总结句---summarizingtheresultsUsefulsentencepatterns:TopicsentenceTheprimarygoaloftheresearchis…Thechiefaimofthepresentworkistoinvestigate…SupportingsentenceThemethodusedinourstudyisknownas…Thetechniqueweappliedisreferredtoas…ConcludingsentenceInconclusion,westatethat…Asaresultofourexperiment,weconcludedthat…V.WritingrequirementsLength:nomorethan200wordsforalongpaper50-100wordsforashortoneapproximately3-5percentofthelengthofthepaper.Comprehensiveness详尽:containingessentialelementsConciseness简明:avoidinglongmathematicalexpressions数学公式andomittingtables表格,graphs,pictures,in-textcitations加注,etc.Consistency一致性:consistentwiththeotherpartsofthepaper与文章的其他部分一致.Tense时态:present,past(approach),future(significance)Personalpronounsandvoices人称代词和语气:3rdperson第三人称,passivevoice被动语态,tolimittheuseoffirst-personpronounsandmixedvoices.VI.Writingtechniques1.5steps:1).definingthecontext,topicandpurpose2).outliningtheapproachandprocedures3).listingresults,findings,conclusionandsignificance4).draftingtheabstract起草摘要5).checking2.5Astrategy:A1background(onesentence)A2topic(onetopicsentenceandoneortwosupportingsentencesifnecessary)A3approach(twoormoresentencestogivespecificinformationabouttheapproach)A4conclusion(onesentenceormoreifnecessary)A5significance(onesentence)3.Likelymistakesandcommonerrors:1).Informalwritingstyle非正式的写作风格writtenlanguage书面语;avoidcolloquialstyle避免口语2).Incompetentcontent内容不充分Basicelementsincluded;avoidbeingtoosimple3).Monotonouslanguage语言单调lackofvarietyleadingtomonotonouslanguage4).Imbalanceofinformationbackground,topic,approach,conclusionandsignificanceshouldbebalanced.※V.IntroductionI.Generalfunctions1.introducingthebackground(content)what2.showingtheresearchscopewhere3.statingthegeneralpurposewhy4.explainingthecontentarrangement(process)howII.Structuralfeaturesafunnel-shape漏斗形Startingwiththeresearchbackground(whathasbeendone)Narrowingdowntotheexistingproblem(whathasnotbeendone)Focusingonthepresentresearch(whatamIgoingtodo)BackgroundintheabstractandintroductionAbstract:maynothavebackground;orifthereis,itshouldbeveryshort,justoneortwosentences.Introduction:thebackgroundshouldbemuchlongerandmoreinformative,andtotakeallthesepreviousstudiesasthebackgroundofthepresentwork.III.Expressions:1.IntroducingthebackgroundRecentexperimentsby…havesuggested…Severalresearchershavetheoreticallyinvestigated…Therehavebeenafewstudieshighlighting…Inmoststudiesof…hasbeenemphasizedwithattentionbeinggivento…2.PresentingexistingproblemsGreatprogresshasbeenmadeinthisfield,however…3.FocusingonthepresentresearchLimitingthescopeofworkTheproblemIhavereferredtofallswithinthefieldof…IntroducingthepresentworkInthispaper,…isinvestigated/studied/discussed/presentedPresentingresearchmethodsandproceduresThemethod/approachusedinthepresentstudyis…IndicatingtheorganizationofthepaperThispaperisdividedintofivemajorsectionsasfollows…Tipsforwritinganintroduction:Incontrasttoanabstract,inthispart,oneisnotencouragedtoprovidedetailedinformationontheapproachandconclusionofone’sstudy※VI.MainTextI.ThestructureofthemainbodyItvariesfrompapertopaperandmaydependonwhetheritistheoreticalorexperimental.Generally,itcoversthe8items(especiallyforpapersofexperimentalnature):MaterialsusedEquipments,devices,orinstruments仪器及设备Methods(steps,procedures,operation操作,conditions,etc)Calculations计算Surveysorinvestigations调查(datacollectionandanalysis数据收集及分析)ResultsDiscussionsRecommendations建议ExperimentalVSTheoreticalPapersoftheexperimentalnature:experiments,investigations,analysisoftheresults.Papersofthetheoreticalnature:Description描述,logicaldevelopment逻辑展开,etc.II.Languageuseatthelexicallevel词汇层面1.Wordswithspecificmeanings2.Wordswithspecificmeaningsreplacingverbphrasesbyasinglewordofaspecificmeaning；replacinginformalwordsandphrasesbyformalonesverbphrasesverbsInformalformalspeedupacceleratewithoutintheabsenceofputinadddoasumcalculatebreatheininhaledo/actbehavethinkaboutconsiderabout/moreorlessapproximatelytakeawayremoveupsidedowninvertedincreaseinamountaccumulatesometimesoccasionallyjointogethercombinealittleslightlypushawayrepelbetter(than)superior(to)gettogetherconcentrategiveprovidepushintoinsertintheendeventuallynotnaturalartificialInformalformalmakeless/becomelessdecreasegetbiggerexpandnotasgood(as)inferior(to)beforethispreviouslyallrightfor/enoughforsuitableforwithoutstoppingunceasinglycarrytransportstayalivesurvive句子改写6.NounclustersandnominalizationNounclusterarestructuresinwhichnounsaremodifiedbyothernounsinsteadofattributiveclausesorprepositionalphrases.用名词群代替定语从句或介词短语Highprecisioninstrument（better）---instrumentofhighprecisionNearbyenginenoise---noiseoftheenginethatisnearbyNominalizationreferstotheprocessorresultofforminganounphrasefromaclause.itisfirstofallrequiredthatyouacceptwhatweproposehere---theacceptanceofthisproposalisthefirstrequirement.wenoticedthatthedogwasreallyastonishinglyclever---wenoticedthedog’sreallyastonishingcleverness.练习1choosefromcolumnBphrasessimilarinmeaningtoverbsincolumnA.Somephrasesmaybematchedwithmorethanoneverb.ColumnAColumnB1)transmit传播，发送，传达，传递ba.useup用完，耗尽2)assimilate同化，吸收fb.passon传递3)consume消耗，耗尽ac.getridof摆脱，除去4)diffuse扩散，散开，传播ed.putoff推迟，延期，阻止,扔掉5)transfer转移，转让,传递be.spreadout展开，铺展6)eliminate消除，排除cf.takeinanduse接受和使用Makethefollowingsentencesmoreconciseandacademicwithnominalization.Ifweknowtheforcesonthegear齿轮,wecandetermineitssize.-----1)Knowledgeoftheforcesonthegearmakespossiblethedeterminationofitssize.（better）Therockethasbeendeveloped.Forthisreason,mencanenterspace.----2)Thedevelopmentoftherocketmakesitpossibleformantoenterspace.Ifweaddorremoveheat,thestateofmattermaychange.----3)Theadditionorremovalofheatmaychangethestateofmatter.Wecanimproveitsperformancewhenweusesuper-heatedsteam.---4)Onusingsuper-heatedsteam,itsperformancecanbeimproved.Weanalysedtheexperimentandwhatwefoundmadeusrealizethatthetechniquewasquitecomplex.---5)Theexperimentalanalysisshowedthetechnicalcomplexity.Non-finites:Theresearchthatisnowbeingcarriedoutinthisareaisextensiveandmeaningful.----Theresearchnowbeingcarriedoutinthisareaisextensiveandmeaningful.Attributivewords:Theprecisionoftheexperimentwasaffectedbythenoiseoftheenginenearby.---Theexperimentalprecisionwasaffectedbythenearbyenginenoise.Verbs:Theanalysisofthismethodwillbeundertakeninthefollowingsections.----Themethodwillbeanalysedinthefollowingsections.Prepositionalphrases:Becausetheweightoftheropeandthesandwaslost,theballoonrosesuddenlyintothesky.----Withouttheweightoftheropeandthesand,theballoonrosesuddenlyintothesky.Ellipticalforms:Somemotionsappeartobeverysimple;othersappearverycomplicated.---Somemotionsappeartobeverysimple;othersverycomplicated.Deletingredundantexpressions:Thebesttimeforlearningisthetimeofyouth.---Youthisthebesttimeforlearning.LessConciseExpressionsMoreConciseExpressionsInspiteofthefactthatalthoughProvideanopportunitytoallowAfterthishasbeendonethenInviewofthefactthatseeingthatOwingtothefactthatsinceInordertotoForthepurposeofforInahastymannerhastilyOnaregularbasisregularlyTakeintoaccountconsiderAnumberofseveralInallcasesalwaysInmostcasesusuallyAsmallnumberofafewIntheforeseeablefuturesoonAgreatdealofmuchWiththeexceptionofexceptLessConciseSentencePatternsMoreConciseFormsItmaywellbethatperhapsItisevidentthatevidentlyItisclearthatclearlyThereisnodoubtthatundoubtedlyItwouldbeapparentthatapparentlyItwouldthusseemthatseemingly1)Thedensityofwaterat4℃isthegreatest.---Waterhasitsgreatestdensityat4℃2)Whathehasinvestigatedinthelabisencouraging.---Hisinvestigationinthelabisencouraging.3)Heatenergycanbeconvertedintomechanicalenergy,andinturn,mechanicalenergycanbeconvertedintoelectricalenergy.---Heatenergycanbeconvertedintomechanicalenergy,andinturn,mechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy.4)Thoughhewasasuccessfulindustrialist,AlfredNobelwasanidealist.---Thoughasuccesfulindustrialist,AlfredNobelwasanidealist.III.Eightwaysofgivingdefinitions1.Dictionarydefinitions(词典定义法)2.Authoritativedefinitions(权威定义法)3.Negativedefinitions(反面定义法)4.Etymologicaldefinitions（词源定义法）5.Analogicaldefinitions（类比定义法）6.Exemplardefinitions(举例定义法)7.Contextualdefinitions(语境定义法)8.Operationaldefinitions(操作性定义法)Writemoreconcretely1)Usingconcretewords具体的Thereflectedlightwas(takenin)absorbedbythetransducer传感器2)Usingspecificexpressions.AmongalltheseInternetnodes节点，（onlyafew）fewerthanonepercentofthembelongtoMbonenetwork.★Rewritethefollowingsentencesbymakingthemmoreconcrete1)Thecrosssectionismeasured.2)Itgoeswithoutsayingthatthemostimportantthinginmicroeconomicsisthemarket.3)Thebridgehasbeendeclaredunsafefortruckswithexcessiveloadedweight.4)SalesweredownquiteabitforDecemberbecauseofanumberofdaysofheavysnow.5)Weplantopresentaproposalcoveringallimportantaspectsoftheproblem.6)Theresultseemstobesatisfactory.※VIILanguageTechniquesattheDiscourseLevelIDevelopthetextlogically1ChronologicalSequence时间顺序2Procedure步骤顺序3fromAbstracttoConcrete抽象到具体4fromConcretetoAbstract具体到抽象5ComparingorContrasting比较，对比6CauseandEffect因果IIAchievecoherenceinwriting1)Organizingargumentslogically有逻辑的组织参数2)Transitionalwords/phrasesappropriately适当的过渡词和短语3)Repeatingkeywordsorkeyphrases4)Synonymsforkeywords/keyideas关键词或关键理念的同义词

IIIAchievevarietyinwriting1)Differentsentencestructures2)Differentsentencesopenings※VIIIResults,DiscussionandconclusionISectionofResults结论部分Functions:1)Thesummaryofthesurvey,investigation,calculation,experiments,etc.2)Oneofthemostimportantelements3)thevalueofastudylieshereContents:1)Essentialfacts2)summarizingthesignificantresults3)listthemeaningfuldata.4)correspondinganalysis2WritingRequirementsAnydatashouldbemeaningful;SortingoutdataandselectingdataThepresentationofresultsshouldbeshortandclear.IISectionofDiscussion1GeneralFunctionsandMainComponentsofDiscussionGeneralFunctions:Summarizetheimportantfactsobservedbytheresearcher