高三英语阅读理解专题三-议论文带答案

PAGEPAGE1高三英语阅读理解专题三议论文1文体特点：写法一：正方（甲方），反方（乙方），我认为……写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题写法三：论点，理由（证据），重申论点。这是高考中常考的体裁，内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。解题方法：1.把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。2.互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点；或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。3.推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。主旨大意题解题方法：一、题型解读及思维导向：主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章或段落大意以及选择标题等形式出现。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题，能够拉开考生的分数差距，所以此类题目在高考试题中具有很好的选拔作用，属于能力型题目。主旨大意题一般分为三类，即标题归纳类、文章大意类和段落大意类。二、命题区间及读文关注点1．文首、段首、段尾句：一般来说，阅读文章中第一段首句往往是强开弱收型文章中心思想的表达处；第二段首句或第一段尾句往往是转开弱收型文章的主题句所在；而有时每段的段首句、段尾句是该段的段落主题句。因此，解答主旨大意题时要对这些地方多加关注。2．转折信息点处：尤其是段首的语义转折处，常是考点。因为转折后面的内容往往是作者真实的基本观点或写作目的，而这又是文章中心思想的所在。3．因果结论信息点处：因果结论句也可以表现出作者的写作目的、观点或文章的主题，因此要特别关注。表示因果关系的常用词汇有：reason,because,since,for,as,therefore,consequently,resultin,dueto,basedon等，有时作者也通过先提出问题(why...)而后给予回答的方式阐释文章主题。4．文尾结论句：弱开强收型文章有明确的全文结论句，作者在文尾给出文章鲜明的观点和主题，因此这类文章的文尾是我们把握文章主题的必读之处。主旨大意题正确选项的特征：(1)涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。(2)确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。(3)精确性强，能恰当地表达原文的主题和中心思想。主旨大意题干扰选项的特征(1)覆盖面太大、太笼统，大大超出了短文论述的范围。(2)覆盖面偏窄，在内容上只涉及短文的某一部分或若干要点；仅为短文的某一要点甚至某一细节，即以偏概全。(3)与短文有部分交集，但偏离文章或段落主题，有重叠但不重合。[示例](2015·江苏高考阅读C)Supposeyoubecomealeaderinanorganization.It’sverylikelythatyou’llwanttohavevolunteerstohelpwiththeorganization’sactivities.Todoso,itshouldhelptounderstandwhypeopleundertakevolunteerworkandwhatkeepstheirinterestinthework.64．Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A．HowtoGetPeopletoVolunteerB．HowtoStudyVolunteerBehaviorsC．HowtoKeepVolunteers’InterestD．HowtoOrganizeVolunteerActivities分析：首先，根据题干可以确定此题为主旨大意题。文章首段就表明了大意。首段末句说到两个方面：为什么人们从事志愿工作，是什么让他们将从事这项工作的兴趣保持下去。A项内容包含了这两方面内容，故选A项。C项只是文章后半部分的大意，无法涵盖本文的主题。B、D两项只是文章的细节。体验高考：A（2015全国卷1）ConflictisonthemenutonightatthecaféLaChope.Thisevening,asoneveryThursdaynight,psychologistMaudLehanneisleadingtwoofFrance’sfavoritepastimes,coffeedrinkingandthe“talkingcure”.Heretheyarelearningtogetintouchwiththeirtruefeelings.Itisn’talwayseasy.Thecustomers-somethirtyParisianswhopayjustunder$2(plusdrinks)persessionarequicktointellectualize(高谈阔论)，slowtoopenupandconnect.“Youareforbiddentosay‘onefeels,’or‘peoplethink’,”Lehanetoldthem.“Say‘Ithink,’‘Thinkme’.”Acafésocietywherenointellectualizingisallowed?Itcouldn’tseemmoreun-French.ButLehanne’spsychologycaféisaboutmorethanknowingoneself:It’stryingtohelpthecity’stroubledneighborhoodcafes.Overtheyears,ParisiancafeshavefallenvictimtochangesintheFrenchlifestyle-longerworkinghours,afastfoodboomandayoungergeneration’sdesiretospendmoretimeathome.Dozensofnewthemecafesappeartochangethesituation.Cafesfocusedaroundpsychology,history,andengineeringarecatchingon,fillingtableswellintotheevening.Thecity’spsychologycafes,whichoffergreatcomfort,areamongthemostpopularplaces.Middle-agedhomemakers,retirees,andtheunemployedcometosuchcafestotalkaboutlover,anger,anddreamswithapsychologist.AndtheycometoLehance’sgroupjusttolearntosaywhattheyfeel.There’sastrongneedinParisforcommunication,saysMauriceFrisch,acafeLaChoperegularwhoworksasreligiousinstructorinanearbychurch.“Peoplehavefewrealfriends.Andtheyneedtoopenup”Lehannesaysshe’dliketoseepsychologycafesalloverFrance.“Ifpeoplehadnormallives,thesecafeswould’texist”,shesays,”Iflifeweren’tabattle,peoplewouln’tneedaspecialplacejusttospeak.”Butthen,itwouldn’tbeFrance.1.WhatarepeopleencouragedtodoatthecafeLaChope?A.LearnanewsubjectB.Keepintouchwithfriends.C.Showofftheirknowledge.D.Expresstheirtruefeelings.2.HowarecafesaffectedbyFrenchlifestylechanges?A.Theyarelessfrequentlyvisited.B.Theystayopenforlongerhours.C.Theyhavebiggernightcrowds.D.Theystarttoservefastfood.3.Whatarethemecafesexpectedtodo?A.Createmorejobs.B.Supplybetterdrinks.C.Savethecafebusiness.D.Servetheneighborhood.4.WhyarepsychologycafesbecomingpopularinParis?A.Theybringpeopletruefriendship.B.Theygivepeoplespiritualsupport.C.Theyhelppeoplerealizetheirdreams.D.Theyofferaplatformforbusinesslinks.实战演练：BThequestionofwhetherourgovernmentshouldpromotescienceandtechnologyortheliberalarts(文科)inhighereducationisn’taneither/orproposition(命题)，althoughthecurrentemphasisonpreparingyoungAmericansforSTEM（science,technology,engineering,maths）-relatedfieldscanmakeitseemthatway.Thelatestcongressionalreportacknowledgesthecriticalimportanceoftechnicaltraining,butalsostatesfirmlythatthestudyofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesmustremaincentralcomponentsofAmerica’seducationalsystematalllevels.Botharecriticaltoproducingcitizenswhocanparticipateeffectivelyinourdemocraticsociety,becomecreativeleaders,andbenefitfromthespiritualenrichmentthatthereflectiononthegreatideasofmankindovertimeprovides.Parentsandstudentswhohaveinvestedheavilyinhighereducationworryaboutgraduates’jobprospectsastechnologicaladvancesandchangesindomesticandglobalmarketstransformprofessionsinwaysthatreducewagesandcutjobs.Underthesecircumstances,it’snaturaltolookforwhatmayappeartobethemost“practical”wayoutoftheproblem．“Majorinasubjectdesignedtogetyouajob”seemstheobviousanswertosome,thoughthisignoresthefactthatmanydisciplinesinthehumanitiescharacterizedas“soft”often,infact,leadtoemploymentandsuccessinthelongrun.Indeed,accordingtosurveys,employershaveexpressedapreferenceforstudentswhohavereceivedabroadly-basededucationthathastaughtthemtowritewell,thinkcritically,researchcreatively,andcommunicateeasily.Moreover,studentsshouldbepreparednotjustfortheirfirstjob,butfortheir4thand5thjobs,asthere’slittlereasontodoubtthatpeopleenteringtheworkforcetodaywillbecalledupontoplaymanydifferentrolesoverthecourseoftheircareers.Theoneswhowilldothebestinthisnewenvironmentwillbethosewhoseeducationshavepreparedthemtobeflexible.Theabilitytodrawuponeveryavailabletoolandinsight—pickedupfromscience,arts,andtechnology—tosolvetheproblemsofthefuture,andtakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatpresentthemselves,willbehelpfultothemandtheUnitedStates.5.Whatdoesthelatestcongressionalreportsuggest?A.STEM-relatedsubjectshelpstudentsfindjobsintheinformationsociety.B.Highereducationshouldbeadjustedtothepracticalneedsofsociety.C.Theliberalartsinhighereducationhelpenrichstudents’spirituallife.D.ThehumanitiesandSTEMsubjectsshouldbegivenequalimportance.6.Whatkindofjobapplicantsdoemployerslookfor?A.Thosewhohaveastrongsenseofresponsibility.B.Thosewhoaregoodatsolvingpracticalproblems.C.Thosewhoarelikelytobecomeinnovativeleaders.D.Thosewhohavereceivedanall-roundeducation.7.Whatadvicedoestheauthorgivetocollegestudents?A.Seizeopportunitiestoexploretheirpotential.B.Trytotakeavarietyofpracticalcourses.C.Adoptaflexibleapproachtosolvingproblems.D.catchasmanychancesaspossibletochangetheirjobs.CNotalltownsaredesperatetoattractyoungpeopleNationally,anageingpopulationisaproblem.Butlocallyitcanbeaboon.Theover-50scontrol80%ofBritain'swealth,andliketospenditonhousesandhigh-streetshopping.Theyoung“generationrent”,bycontrast,ispoor,distractibleandliabletoshoponline.Peopleagedbetween50and74spendtwiceasmuchastheunder-30soncinematickets.Between2000and2010restaurantspendingbythoseaged65-74increasedby33%,whiletheunder-30sspent18%less.ThepensionpotsliberatedbyGeorgeOsborne'sbudgetearlierthisyearwilllikelypourintoproperty.Andwhiletheyoungstillstruggletofindwork,olderpeopleareretiringlater.Duringthefinancialcrisisfull-timeemploymentfellforeveryagegroupbuttheover-65s,andtherehasbeenarashofolderentrepreneurs.Pensionersalsosupporttheworkingpopulationbyvolunteering:some100retireeshelpoutasbusinessmentors(顾问).Eveniftheywantedto,mostsmalltownsandcitiescouldnotcapturethecoolkids.Mobileyoungprofessionalscluster(聚集),andgreatlyprefertoclusterinLondon.Evensupposedmeccas(圣地)likeManchesterareageing:clubsinthatcityarebecomingmembers-only,andthereareanincreasingnumberofplaces,asoneresidentputsit,that“a19-year-oldwouldn'tbeseendeadin”.Townsthataimtooyoung,likeBracknellandChippenham,canfindtheirhighstreetsfullofclosedshops.OutsideBritain'scapital,highconcentrationsofyoutharecommonlytiedtohighunemploymentrates.Companiesoftenlagbehindlocalauthoritiesinworkingthisout.TheyareLondon-obsessed,andhavebeenslowtoappreciatethegrowingeconomicheftoftheold—whoareassumed,oftenwrongly,tostickwithproductstheylearnedtoloveintheiryouth.ButCaroylnFreemanofRevelationMarketingthinksBritaincouldbeonthevergeofamarketingsurge(激增)directedatthegreypound,“similartowhatwesawwiththepink”.Thewindowwillnotremainopenforever:soonthebabyboomers(peoplebornduringaperiodwhenalotofbabieswereborn,especiallyinthe1950s)areageing,andnooneelsealivetodayislikelytohavesucharichretirement.Meanwhile,withtheover-50sholdingthepursestrings,thetownsthatdrawthemarelikelytogrowmoreandmorepleasant.ThelordmayorofManchester,SueCooley,notesthatdecentrestaurantsandniceshopsspringupinthefavouredplacesoftheold.LatimerHouse,afurniturestorefullofretro(复古)clothingwouldnotlookoutofplaceinHackney.8.By'Butlocallyitcanbeaboon",theauthormeans______.A.theageingpopulationiscontributingtotheweakBritisheconomyB.theageingpopulationishavingastrongeffectontheyoungC.sometownsarebenefitingalotfromtheageingpopulationD.oldpeoplecontrolmostofBritain'swealth9.WhatcanbelearntfromParagraph2?A.Job-huntingfortheyoungisdifficultbecauseoftheliberatedpensionpotsB.Boththeoldandtheyoungenjoywatchingfilmsatacinema.C.Thefinancialcrisishadlittleeffectonover-65semployees.D.Pensionersaretryinghardtohelpyoungpeoplefindjobs.10.WhyisManchesterreferredtoasa'supposedMeccas"?A.Becauseithasahighunemploymentrate.B.Becauseitisassumedtoattractmanyyoungpeople.C.Becauseyoungemployeesusedtogatheraroundthere.D.Becauseitsmembers-onlyclubsattractfewyoungpeople.11.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.A.oldwealthyretireespreferlivingintownstolivingincitiesBalivelymarketaimingatbabyboomersiswaitingtobedevelopedC.oldpeopletendtostickwithwhattheylovedwhiletheywereyoungD.companiesinbigcitiesaretryingtheirbesttoattractoldpeople'sattentionDDoyouever“backdoorbrag”aboutbeingaperfectionist?_______A________Unlikeotherobsessions(痴迷)andaddictions,perfectionismissomethingalotofpeoplecelebrate,believingit’swealth.Buttrueperfectionismcanactuallygetinthewayofproductivityandhappiness._______B________Takentotheextreme,perfectionismbecomesadisorder.Burnssharesthewildexampleofanattorneywhobecameobsessedwithgettinghishair“justright.”Hespenthoursinfrontofthemirrorwithhisscissorsandcombmakingadjustmentsuntilhishairwasjustaneighthofaninchlong.Thenhebecameobsessedwithgettinghishairlineexactlyrightandheshaveditalittlemoreeverydayuntilhishairrecededbacksofarhewasbald.Hewouldthenwaitforhishairtogrowbackandthepatterncontinuedagain.Eventuallyhisdesiretohavetheperfecthairledhimtocutbackonhislegalpracticeinordertocontinuehisobsession.Thisisanextremeexampletobesure,buttherearelessseverewaysinwhichourownperfectionismleadsustomajorinminoractivities?Haveyoueverobsessedoverareportwhenyourbosssaiditwasalreadyplentygoodenough?Haveyoueverlostanobjectoflittleimportancebutjusthadtokeeplookingforit?Docolleaguesoftentellyou,“Justletitgo”?Aimingfor“perfect”insteadof“goodenough”canseriouslybackfire.ThishappenedtomerecentlywhenIwasaskedtoteachaworkshoptotheleadersofaprominenttechnologycompany.Itookthetimetounderstandtheirneedsandpersonalizethematerialstotheirspecifications.AndIalreadyhadmaterialsIhadtaughtscoresoftimeswithgreatresultstopullfrom.Butmyobsessionformakingitperfectledmetoscrapallofthatthenightbefore,andasaresultIwasunpreparedandexhausted.Ifeltjumbledandmyslidesdistractedfromthemainmessage.IfIhadshotforaverageinsteadofperfect,Iwouldhavebeenabletofocusmoreontheclientinthemomentandthingswouldhaveturnedoutverydifferently._________C_______Overachievershavesuchhighexpectationsofthemselvesthattheir“average”mightbeanotherperson’s“reallygood.”Soinsteadofpushingyourselftogive100%(or110%,whateverthatmeans)youcangoforgiving75%or50%ofwhatyouusuallymightoffer.Thisideaiscapturedclearlybythemantra,“Doneisbetterthanperfect”—whichFacebookhasplastered(涂抹)alloverthewallsoftheirMenloParkheadquarters.That’snottoexcuseshoddywork.Rather,theideaistogiveengineerspermissiontocompletecyclesofworkandlearnquicklyinsteadofbeingheldhostage（人质）byanunattainablesenseofperfection.Theword“perfect”hasaLatinroot;literally,itmeans“madewell”or“donethoroughly.”Anothertranslationwouldbe“complete.”Andyettoday,weuseittomeanflawless.Ifyoumustpursueperfection,atleastusetheformerdefinitionratherthanthelatter(unattainable).Ifyouareaperfectionist,overachieverorworkaholicyouareprobablyusedtotakingonbigchallenges.Thenatureoftheobsessionmakesiteasytodowhatishard.Paradoxically（反常地）,itmaybeharderatfirsttotrytobeaverage.Tounderstandwhy,weneedtounderstandtheroleoffearinperfectionism:“IfIdon’tperfectly…….somethingterriblewillhappen.”Oftenperfectionistsaresousedtothisanxietythattheynolongerevenconsciouslyrecognizeit;it’sjustthefuelthatkeepsthemworkingandperfectingtheirskills.Whilethelogicmaybetotallyfalse,theemotionisabsolutelyreal.Asaresult,ittakesgreatercourageforaperfectionisttotrytobeaveragethantotacklealmostanyotherchallenge.Beingaveragescaresthem,sotheyhaven’texperiencedthebenefitsofbeingaverage.Here’showBurnsputit:“Therearetwodoorstoenlightenment.Oneismarked,‘Perfection’andtheotherismarked,‘Average.’The‘Perfection’doorisfancyandattractive.Soyoutrytogothroughthe‘Perfection’doorandalwaysdiscoverabrickwallontheotherside.Ontheothersideofthe‘Average’door,incontrast,there’samagicgarden.Butitmayhaveneveroccurredtoyoutoopenthedoortotakealook.”Ashewroteinarecententryonhisblog,“Muchofoursufferingderivesfromourperfectionism,andourbeliefthatweshouldbe‘special.’Butwhenyoudon’thavetobespecial,lifebecomesspecial.ThismaybewhattheBuddhawasreferringtowhenhetalkedabout‘theGreatDeath’.”_______D________Ifyouthinkyouarethetypeofpersonwhotakesonhardassignmentswithease,youmighttrytodosomethingreallyhard:trybeingaverageforoneday.Whatyoufindmightsurpriseyou.12.Accordingtothepassage.somepeoplemakegreateffortstobeover-achievers_________.A.becauseoftheirinnerfearB.becauseofthepressurefromtheirparentsC.becausetheyhavebeenlookeddownuponbeforeD.becausetheyfocusontherealizationofself-worth13.Howdoestheauthorsupporthisorherargument?a.Byofferingatypicalexample.b.Bymakingcomparisons.c.Byprovidingclassificationsd.Bycomparingopinions.A.acB.abC.bcDbd14.What'sthepassagemainlyabout?A.Perfectionismhasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.B.Manypeoplecan'tstandtheslightestflawintheirwork.C.Wecanreducestressbyavoidingperfectionismandself-criticism.D.Perfectionismcanbeadisadvantagewhenyouaretryingtosucceed.15.Wherecanthefollowingsentencebeput?Thisleftmewondering:whatiftryingtobeaveragecouldactuallyaccelerateyoursuccess?16.Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedword“capture”?A.controlB.expressC.catchD.arrestEWehavearealcrisisinthiscountryinthebasicunderstandingofscience.Itaffectsourglobalcompetitivenessasacountry,ournationalsecurity,andtheeffectivenessofoursocialsystem.Themisunderstandingaboutscienceisblindingoureyes.Weknowthatanawfullotofteacherswhoareteachingsciencetodayhavenotbeenproperlyempoweredtodoso.Schoolfrequentlyisn’ttestingwhetheryouunderstandsomethingbutwhetheryou’refamiliarwithit.What’sNewton’ssecondlaw?YousayF=ma,andyougetanA.ThatdoesnotreflectadeepunderstandingofNewtonianmechanics.Scienceeducationisnotjustabodyoffacts;it’saprocess.Topresentitwithappealandexcitementyouneedtopictureitasadetectivestory—askingquestions,makingobservations,andcollectingevidence.Youtestandyoufailbut,youknow,failurecanleadtodiscovery.Anotherchallengewefaceisthatscienceisoftenviewedastoohard,forexpertsonly.ButIdon’tactuallythinkit’sthatdifficult.Peopleseescienceeveryday.Theylookoutsideandseeweatherandnature.Theypushabuttonintheirhouseandthelightsgoon.Everybody’sdealingwithscienceeveryday.Theyjustdon’tcallitthat.Andit’simportanttheydo.Infact,scienceisdeterminingthequalityandoutcomesoftheirlife.Scienceneedscreativity.Andoneofthebestwaystobecreativeistothink“outofthebox”.However,weneedmorecouragewhenwecometopractice.Takemeforexample.VeryearlyinmyteensIdecidedtoeducatemyself.IrealizedIwouldneverbeaverygoodstudentbecauseIdidn’tliketeachersjudgingmebywhatIthoughtwerearbitrary(主观臆断的)standards.IdecidedI’dlettheworldjudgemebywhetherIcoulddosomethingofvalue—solveaproblemorbuildsomething.That’swhyIquitschoolearlyandriskedeverythingtostartacompany.IriskedeverythingIhadbecauseIhadnothingtolose.I’dratherfailattryingtodosomethingreallybigthansucceedatbeingmedium.“When’stherightagetothinkcreatively?”youmayask.I’dsayinthewomb(母腹)!Kidsdon’thaveanxietiesabouttryingtoavoidfailure.Theyarefullofimaginationandmuchmorewillingtofail.Justwatcha3-year-old.Theytoucheverything,andifithurtstheydon’ttouchitagain.Theylearneverythingatabreathtakingrate.Starttothinkoutoftheboxasearlyasyoucan,becauseit’smorelikelytotakeyoutoplacesthatyoucan’tpredict,scheduleandbudgetfor.Doallthatwhenyoucanbeartheinsecurity.17.Theauthorbelievesthattheyactuallyhaveaproblemin________.A.theunderstandingofscience B.thesecurityofhisnationC.theglobalcompetitiveness D.thepresentsocialsystem18.Accordingtothepassage,scienceteachersshould________.A.trainstudents’memoryforrightfacts B.focusmoreonthelearningprocessC.presentinterestingdetectivestories D.abandonfrequentscienceexaminations19.Paragraph3indicatesthat_______.A.scienceisintendedforexpertsonly B.it’simportanttoseeweatherandnatureC.peoplecandeterminethequalityoflife D.weshouldrealizescienceisaroundus20.Theauthortakeshisownexampletosay________.A.schooleducationmaydolittlegoodtostudentsB.teacherssometimesjudgetheirstudentsunfairlyC.peopleneedtotakeanunusualpathtobecreativeD.failureatabigthingisbetterthanasmallsuccess21.What’sthetoneofthepassage?A.Questioning. B.Encouraging. C.Praising. D.Complaining.解题感悟：____________________________________________________________________________阅读积累：underlinethewordsandphrasesinthepassagesandtrytogetthemeaningofthem.Ａ：fallvictimtochangescatchonＤ：becomeobsessedwith突破长难句：１．Acafésocietywherenointellectualizingisallowed?Itcouldn’tseemmoreun-French.（Ａ）２．“Ifpeoplehadnormallives,thesecafeswould’texist”,shesays,”Iflifeweren’tabattle,peoplewouln’tneedaspecialplacejusttospeak.”Butthen,itwouldn’tbeFrance.（Ａ）３．Thequestionofwhetherourgovernmentshouldpromotescienceandtechnologyortheliberalarts(文科)inhighereducationisn’taneither/orproposition(命题)，althoughthecurrentemphasisonpreparingyoungAmericansforSTEM（science,technology,engineering,maths）-relatedfieldscanmakeitseemthatway.（Ｂ）４．Thelatestcongressionalreportacknowledgesthecriticalimportanceoftechnicaltraining,butalsostatesfirmlythatthestudyofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesmustremaincentralcomponentsofAmerica’seducationalsystematalllevels.（Ｂ）５．“Majorinasubjectdesignedtogetyouajob”seemstheobviousanswertosome,thoughthisignoresthefactthatmanydisciplinesinthehumanitiescharacterizedas“soft”often,infact,leadtoemploymentandsuccessinthelongrun.（Ｂ）６．Theabilitytodrawuponeveryavailabletoolandinsight—pickedupfromscience,arts,andtechnology—tosolvetheproblemsofthefuture,andtakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatpresentthemselves,willbehelpfultothemandtheUnitedStates.（Ｂ）７．TheyareLondon-obsessed,andhavebeenslowtoappreciatethegrowingeconomicheftoftheold—whoareassumed,oftenwrongly,tostickwithproductstheylearnedtoloveintheiryouth.（Ｃ）８．IfIhadshotforaverageinsteadofperfect,Iwouldhavebeenabletofocusmoreontheclientinthemomentandthingswouldhaveturnedoutverydifferently.（Ｄ）９．Here’showBurnsputit:“Therearetwodoorstoenlightenment.Oneismarked,‘Perfection’andtheotherismarked,‘Average.’The‘Perfection’doorisfancyandattractive.Soyoutrytogothroughthe‘Perfection’doorandalwaysdiscoverabrickwallontheotherside.Ontheothersideofthe‘Average’door,incontrast,there’samagicgarden.Butitmayhaveneveroccurredtoyoutoopenthedoortotakealook.”（Ｄ）高三英语阅读理解专题三议论文2如何破解长难句一句话：“去掉定状补，只留主加谓”。在一个句子中，主语和谓语是最重要的(系表结构中的表语也很重要)，其他的定、状、补等成分是相对次要的，只要抓住了句子的主干部分(主语和谓语)，这个句子的大意也就清楚了。如果想抓住句子主干，就要敢于大刀阔斧地“砍掉”句子的次要成分，简化句子。下面就是简化句子时需要注意的几个主要方面：一、“专有名词”不纠缠专有名词包括人名、地名、机构组织的名称等，通常大写，比较容易发现。它可能在句中充当主语(需保留)、宾语(需保留)、介词的宾语(可去掉)；从句中的主语或宾语等成分，在简化句子时，可视其充当的成分决定。对于需要保留的，在理解句意时，可只注意其核心词或干脆跳过。二、“介词短语”亦可简介词是英语中常见的词类，常接名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语，在句中作表语、定语、状语和补足语。以常见的介词in构成的介词短语为例：①Ourschoolisin_great_need_of_English_teachers.(作表语，简化时不可去掉)②Heisthebestteacherin_our_school.(作定语，简化时可去掉)③Thegirlin_redisAmy,whoturnsouttobeoneofmyoldclassmates.(作定语，简化时可去掉)④WeiMinzhikeptherstudentsin_the_classroomforanhour.(作补语，简化时可去掉)⑤HewasborninShanghaiin_1968.(作状语，简化时可去掉)从上面的例子可以看出，介词短语在句子中作表语，和系动词构成系表结构时一般不可去掉；作其他成分时，一般可以去掉。因而，当遇到包含介词短语的复杂句子时，只要介词短语不作句子的表语，就可以优先去掉，以便抓住句子的主干。三、“连词and”前后断不要小瞧这个词。一个and常会把本来很简单的句子变得很长，使句子看上去很复杂。要简化and连接的并列句，关键是要找出and前后到底是哪两部分有并列关系。阅读中，and连接的最常见的结构有以下几种：and＋that从句，andtodo,anddoing,anddo。阅读时，只要找出and后面的结构，很快就可以根据平行并列结构，找到前面对应的部分，然后从and这个地方将句子断开，这样我们就可以很清晰地把握and前后两层的意思了。需要提醒大家的是，有时and连接的是两个以上的平行结构，但and只在最后一个部分前出现，简化成分时要注意，不要有所遗漏。四、“句子重心”准审辨一篇英语文章是有重心的，同样，一个句子也有它的重心。中学阶段，我们接触到的长难句多为主从复合句。在主从复合句中，主句往往可以独立存在，而从句在主句中充当某个句子成分。如何快速判断出从句在主句中所充当的成分，从而简化句子呢？主从复合句可分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。在简化句子时，一般可以简化掉的是同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。同位语从句修饰主句中的某个抽象名词，定语从句用来修饰主句中的一个名词、代词或整个主句，它们都比较容易判断。而状语从句种类较多，可分为表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步和条件状语从句，而且一般都有一定的关联词引导，因此找到关联词，就比较容易找到它们。[示例](2015·四川高考阅读D)Theircheerysongbrightensmanyawinter’sday.Butrobinsareindangerofwearingthemselvesoutbysingingtoomuch.Robinsaresingingallnight—aswellasduringtheday,British­basedresearcherssay.DavidDominoni,ofGlasgowUniversity,saidthatlightfromstreetlamps,takeawaysignsandhomesisaffectingthebirds’biologicalclocks,leadingtothembeingwideawakewhentheyshouldbeasleep.分析：第二段是一个长句，由32个单词组成，命题人针对这句话出了下面这道题：42．AccordingtoDrDominoni’sstudy,whatcausesrobinstosingsomuch?A．Thebreedingseason.B．Thelightinmodernlife.C．Thedangerousenvironment.D．Thenoisefromheavymachinery.本题为细节理解题。首先，我们一起来简化一下这个长句。去掉介词短语“ofGlasgowUniversity”和“fromstreetlamps,takeawaysignsandhomes”以及结果状语“leadingtothem...beasleep”后，我们得到这样一个句子：DavidDominonisaidthatlightisaffectingthebirds’biologicalclocks.这句话的意思就非常明确了，是灯光影响了鸟的生物钟，故正确答案为B项。体验高考：A（2015江苏高考）Supposeyoubecomealeaderinanorganization.It’sverylikelythatyou’llwanttohavevolunteerstohelpwiththeorganization’sactivities.Todoso,itshouldhelptounderstandwhypeopleundertakevolunteerworkandwhatkeepstheirinterestinthework. Let’sbeginwiththequestionofwhypeoplevolunteer.Researchershaveidentifiedseveralfactorsthatmotivatepeopletogetinvolved.Forexample,peoplevolunteertoexpresspersonalvaluesrelatedtounselfishness,toexpandtheirrangeofexperiences,andtostrengthensocialrelationships.Ifvolunteerpositionsdonotmeettheseneeds,peoplemaynotwishtoparticipate.Toselectvolunteers,youmayneedtounderstandthemotivationsofthepeopleyouwishtoattract. Peoplealsovolunteerbecausetheyarerequiredtodoso.Toincreaselevelsofcommunityservice,someschoolshavelaunchedcompulsoryvolunteerprograms.Unfortunately,theseprogramscanshiftpeople’swishofparticipationfromaninternalfactor(e.g.,"Ivolunteerbecauseit’simportanttome”)toanexternalfactor(e.g.,"IvolunteerbecauseI’mrequiredtodoso”).Whenthathappens,peoplebecomelesslikelytovolunteerinthefuture.Peoplemustbesensitivetothispossibilitywhentheymakevolunteeractivitiesamust. Oncepeoplebegintovolunteer,whatleadsthemtoremainintheirpositionsovertime?Toanswerthisquestion,research