2015考研英语一真题

2015年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题.

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank

andmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Wehavemoregenesincommonwithpeoplewepicktobeourfriendsthanwith

strangers.

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas"related"asfourthcousins,

sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatisj_astudypublishedfromtheUniversityof

CaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyof

Sciences,has2.

Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted_3_1932uniquesubjects

which4pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereused

inboth_5.

While1%mayseem6,itisnotsotoageneticist.Asco-authorofthestudy

JamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiegosays,"Mostpeopledo

notevenJ7theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeople

who8ourkin."

Theteam9developeda"friendshipscore"whichcanpredictwhowillbeyour

friendbasedontheirgenes.

Thestudyalsofoundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriends

butnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityinolfactorygenesisdifficultto

explain,fornow.10,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsus11similarenvironmentsbut

thereismoretoit.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingintandemthat12usin

choosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13Afunctionalkinship"ofbeingfriendswith14!

Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobe

evolving15thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp16whyhumanevolution

pickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor17factor.

Thefindingsdonotsimplycorroboratepeople'sJ_8tobefriendthoseofsimilaret

19backgrounds,saytheresearchers.Thoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfroma

populationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento20thatallsubjects,friendsand

strangersweretakenfromthesamepopulation.Theteamalsocontrolledthedatato

checkancestryofsubjects

l.[A]what[B]why[C]how[D]when

2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised

3.[A]for[B]with[C]by[D]on

4.[A]separated[B]sought[C]compared[D]connected

5.[A]tests[B]objects[C]samplesfD]examples

6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unreliable[D]incredible

7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]know[D]seek

8」A]surpass[B]influence[C]favor[D]resemble

9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus

1O.[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps

1l.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like

12.[A]limit[B]observe[C]confuse[D]drive

13.[A]accordingto[B]ratherthan[C]regardlessof[D]alongwith

14.[A]chances[B]responses[C]benefits[D]missions

15.[A]faster[B]slower[C]later[D]earlier

16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]express[D]understand

17.[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllablefD]disruptive

18.[A]tendency[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]endeavor

19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic

20.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tell

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing

A,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Textl

KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsited^^kingsdon'tabdicate,theydieintheir

sleep."Butembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftinthe

recenetEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.Sodoesthe

Spanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?Doesthatmeanthe

writingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniforms

andmajesticlifestyles?

TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.When

publicopinionisparticularlypolarized,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFranco

regime,monarchscanriseabove"mere^politicsand“embody“aspiritofnational

unity.

Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchscontinuing

popularityasheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthe

mostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVatican

CityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,most

royalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchfor

anon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.

Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnational

unityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory-andsometimesthewaytheybehave

today-embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.Atatimewhen

ThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarmingofrisinginequalityandthe

increasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamilies

shouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodemdemocraticstates.

Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocratic

ways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(or

helicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,

andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.

WhileEurope'smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsome

timetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.

ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy'sreputationwithherrather

ordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles.Whohas

bothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehas

failedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovidea

service-asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.Charlesoughttoknow

thatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy's

worstenemies.

21.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain

[A]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport

[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals

[C]easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals

[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment

22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly

[A]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus

[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality

[C]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto

[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment

23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?

[A]Aristocrats9excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth

[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmodemdemocracies

[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies

[D]Thenobility'sadherencetotheirprivileges

24.TheBritishroyals"havemostoffear"becauseCharles

[A]takesatoughlineonpoliticalissues

[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised

[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies

[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole

25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

[C]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs

[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats.

Text2

JUSTHOWmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupreme

Courtisonlyjustcomingtogripswiththatquestion.OnTuesday,itwillconsider

whetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthe

phoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.

Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularly

onethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughtheeffectsof

suspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Evenifthejusticesaretempted,thestateargues,it

ishardforjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.

ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia^advice.Enough

oftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,thatthejusticescanandshould

provideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.

TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargumentthatexploringthe

contentsofasmartphone—avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation—issimilarto,

say,riflingthroughasuspect9spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon'tviolatethe

FourthAmendmentwhentheysiftthroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarrestee

withoutawarrant.Butexploringone'ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorher

home.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee9sreadinghistory,financialhistory,

medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.The

developmentof"cloudcomputing/9meanwhile,meansthatpoliceofficerscould

conceivablyaccessevenmoreinformationwithafewswipesonatouchscreen.

Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeeping

sensitiveinformationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.

Citizensstillhavearighttoexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotected

bytheConstitution'sprohibitiononunreasonablesearches.

Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn'teasethechallengeof

line-drawing.Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousforauthoritiestoobtaina

warranttosearchthroughphonecontents.TheycouldstilltrumpFourthAmendment

protectionswhenfacingsevere,exigentcircumstances,suchasthethreatof

immediateharm,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedata

arenoterasedoralteredwhileawarrantispending.Thecourt,though,maywantto

allowroomforpolicetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomoreleeway.

ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia'sargumentwhole.New,

disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution's

protections.OrinKerr,alawprofessorwhoblogsonThePost'sVolokh

Conspiracy,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21st

centurywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe

20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthe

passengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigital

informationnow.

26.TheSupremecourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itis

legitimateto

[A]searchforsuspects9mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.

[B]checksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.

[C]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.

[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.

27.Theauthor*attitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneof

[A]tolerance.

[B]indifference.

[C]disapproval.

[D]cautiousness.

28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentiscomparableto

[A]gettingintoone'sresidence.

[B]handingone'shistoricalrecords.

[C]scanningone'scorrespondences.

[D]goingthroughone'swallet.

29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat

[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.

[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.

[C]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.

[D]citizens9privacyisnoteffectiveprotected.

30.OrinKerr'scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat

(A)theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.

(B)NewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.

©California'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.

(D)PrinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.

Text3

ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoits

peer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicy

followssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasic

mistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublished

researchfindings.

"Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,

writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,the

journalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).

Manuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournal'sinternaleditors,

orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.The

SBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.

Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:

“Thecreationofthe'statisticsboard'wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththe

applicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofScience's

overalldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.^^

GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,a

memberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyan

advisoryrole.^^Heagreedtojoinbecausehe“foundtheforesightbehindthe

establishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.

ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefully

throughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproach

afterScience.”

31.AccordingtoNancyKoehn,officelanguagehasbecome

[A]moreemotional

[B]moreobject

[C]lessenergetic

[D]lessstrategic

32・“Team”orientedcorporatevocabularyiscloselyrelatedto

[A]historicalincidents

[B]genderdifference

[C]sportculture

[D]athleticexecutives

33.Khuranabelievesthattheimportationofterminologyto

[A]revivehistoricalterms

[B]promotecompanyimage

[C]fostercorporatecooperation

[D]strengthenemployeeloyalty

34.ltcanboinferredthatLeanIn,

[A]voicesforworkingwomen

[B]appealstopassionateworkholics

[C]triggersdebatesamongmommies

[D]parisesmotivatedemployees

35.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutofficespeak?

[A]Managersadmireitavoidit

[B]Linguistsbelieveittobenonsense

[C]Companiesfindittobefundamental

[D]Regularpeoplemockitbutacceptit

Text4

Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe"unsettling

dearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions,\Integrityhadcollapsed,she

argued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly"sortingmechanism^^in

societyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But"it'sus,humanbeings,wethepeople

whocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit”.

Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:"It'sincreasinglyapparentthatthe

absenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscould

becomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom.^^Thissame

absenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,she

thought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespread

illegaltelephonehacking.

Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsofthe

World,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,

RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge-thewiderissueofdearthofintegrity

stillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.

Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,the

manhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.

Othersawaittrial.Thissagastillunfolds.

Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefoctofsuch

widespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.Oneofthe

astonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninher

newsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthe

storiesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.

Intoday'sworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbe

accountableforwhathappensintheorganisationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshould

notbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesorting

mechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,

flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,

innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,

tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.

ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereader

understanding,tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.It

wastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynot

havehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskedno

questions,gavenoinstructions—norreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.

36.Accordigntothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby

(A)theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism.

(B)companies9financiallossduetoimmoralpractices

(C)governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.

(D)thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.

37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that

(A)GlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime.

(B)morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.

(C)AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.

(D)phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.

38.TheauthorbelievesthatRebekahBrooks^defence

(A)revealedacunningpersonality.

(B)centeredontrivialissues.

(C)washardlyconvincing.

(D)waspartofaconspiracy.

39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows

(A)generallydistortedvalues.

(B)unfairwealthdistribution.

(C)amarginalizedlifestyle.

(D)arigidmoralcode.

40Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?

(A)Thequalityofwritingsisofprimaryimportance.

(B)Commonhumanityiscentraltonewsreporting.

(C)Moralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.

(D)Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.

PartB

Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseof

identifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetween

them,drawingonyourimplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.

(41)Youbegintoinferacontextforthe

text,forinstancebymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved:

whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere.

Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehension.

Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactive

engagementininferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthe

writerhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues;

(42)________________________________

Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackfor

eachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor'true'

meaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationof

thetexttotheworld.(43)_________________________________________

Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.

(44)Thisdoesn't,however,makeinterpretation

merelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistorical

periods.Placeandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlappingreadingsof

thesamewordsonthepage一includingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhuman

concerns一debatesabouttextscanplayanimportantinthesocialdiscussionofbeliefs

andvalues.

Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterest

inreadingit.(45)Suchdimensions

ofreadingsuggest一asotherintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo一thatwe

bringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesn'tthen

necessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedandmore

worthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,andact

asusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,they

makeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyour

surroundingtextualenvironment.

A.Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilsthe

requirementofagivecourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitfor

information?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderably

fromreadinginaseminarroom.

B.Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender,

ethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutat

thesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.

C.Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,using

cluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheashemptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,

youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.

D.Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningoreffectsthatanygiven

sentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonesauthor

intended.

E.Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybe

significanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidity—inferencesthatfromthebasisofpersonal

responseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.

F.Inplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreated

theauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor'sownthoughts.

G.Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhat

wemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationor

patteringweperceiveinatext9sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguage

structures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethat

webringtothetext.

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10

pionts)

Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenth

centuries,atideifemigration-oneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory-sweptfrom

EuropetoAmerica.(46)Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,

builtanationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestiny

ofanunchartedcontinent.

(47)Th/UnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforcei-theimmigrationof

Europeanpeoplewiththeirvariedideas,customs,andnatio