专题05 阅读理解D篇（2024年新课标I卷） (专家评价+三年真题+满分策略+多维变式) 解析版

《2024年高考英语新课标卷真题深度解析与考后提升》专题05阅读理解D篇（新课标I卷）解析版(专家评价+全文翻译+三年真题+词汇变式+满分策略+话题变式)目录一、原题呈现P2二、答案解析P3三、专家评价P3四、全文翻译P4五、词汇变式P4(一)考纲词汇词形转换P4(二)考纲词汇识词知意P5(三)高频短语积少成多P5(四)阅读理解单句填空变式P6(五)长难句分析P7六、三年真题P7(一)2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P7(二)2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P9(三)2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P12七、满分策略（阅读理解说明文）P12八、阅读理解变式P14变式一：生物多样性研究、发现、进展6篇P14变式二：阅读理解D篇35题变式（科普研究建议类）6篇P25一原题呈现一原题呈现阅读理解D篇关键词:说明文;人与社会;社会科学研究方法研究;生物多样性;科学探究精神;科学素养IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumberandvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.“Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofamobileapplication,”saidBarnabasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences.“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(标本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?”Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.“Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobalcoverage.Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveoreye-catchingfeatures.Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?“Quitealot,”Daruexplained.“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces–andevenspecies–thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.”32.Whatdoweknowabouttherecordsofspeciescollectednow?A.Theyarebecomingoutdated. B.Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.C.Theyarelimitedinnumber. D.Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.33.WhatdoesDaru’sstudyfocuson?A.Threatenedspecies. B.Physicalspecimens.C.Observationaldata. D.Mobileapplications.34.Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingtothestudy?A.Mistakesindataanalysis. B.Poorqualityofuploadedpictures.C.Improperwayofsampling. D.Unreliabledatacollectiondevices.35.WhatisDaru’ssuggestionforbiodiversityapps?A.Reviewdatafromcertainareas. B.Hireexpertstochecktherecords.C.Confirmtheidentityoftheusers. D.Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.二答案解析二答案解析【答案】32.B33.C34.C35.D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。32.B事实细节题根据第一段第二句Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.可知，现在大多数生物多样性的记录都是以照片、视频和其他电子形式存在的。33.C推理判断题根据第二段第二句“Theseobservationsnowoutnumber...Aretheyusable?”和第三段可知，Daru的研究重点是这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性。所以他的研究聚焦的是“样本数据”。34.C推理判断题根据第四段中的...likethegreaterlikelihoodscientist...rightnexttoit和第五段可知，收集生物采样数据的人，对于采样区域、采样时段以及采样物种的选择有一定的主观性，这些不当的采样方式会导致收集到的数据产生偏差。35.D推理判断题根据最后一段可知，Daru认为biodiversityapps可以根据研究结果引导采样人员关注样本采集不足的地区和物种，鼓励他们让专家确认上传样本图片中的物种名称。因此，Daru建议biodiversityapps提供给采样人员一些指导意见。三专家评价三专家评价考查关键能力，促进思维品质发展2024年高考英语全国卷继续加强内容和形式创新，优化试题设问角度和方式，增强试题的开放性和灵活性，引导学生进行独立思考和判断，培养逻辑思维能力、批判思维能力和创新思维能力。新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D篇选取的语篇探究生物样本数据的可用性，指出实证研究发现的问题并提出提高数据质量的措施，试题循着“了解现状—聚焦问题—分析原因—提出建议”的逻辑进行设计，考查学生对每个环节关键内容的准确理解，引导学生培养科学探究精神，提升发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力。2024年新课标I卷完形填空通过细腻的个人经历叙述，不仅促使学生深刻反思个人目标设定的主观性和个体间差异，还微妙地引导他们在遭遇挑战之际，学会灵活调整策略，培养积极向上的思维模式，以更好地适应个人成长与社会变迁的需求。尤为重要的是，文中作者最终达成的“不盲从、不跟风”的认知结论，鲜明地彰显了命题人旨在培养新一代青年学子独立思考、理性判断的教育导向，鼓励他们在多元化信息时代中坚守自我，坚持走自己的路。【中国考试·教育部教育考试院】四全文翻译四全文翻译在地球上物种灭绝前的记录竞赛中，研究人员和公民科学家收集了数十亿份记录。如今，大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。尽管它们有助于检测一个地区物种数量和种类的变化，但斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现，这种类型的记录并不完美。“+随着技术的兴起，人们很容易借助移动应用程序对不同物种进行观察,”该研究的主要作者、斯坦福大学人文与科学学院生物学助理教授Barnabas•Daru说。“这些观测结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，由于我们越来越多地使用观测数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道:它们可用吗?”Daru和他的团队使用19亿份植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试了这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。Daru说:“我们特别感兴趣的是探索采样中容易对数据产生偏差的方面，比如市民科学家拍摄开花植物照片的可能性更大，而不是旁边的草。”。他们的研究表明，大量仅观察记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖率。此外，这些数据是有偏见的，有利于某些地区、时间段和物种。这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得生物多样性观测数据的人往往是记录他们在附近地区与物种相遇的市民科学家。这些数据也偏向于某些具有吸引力或引人注目特征的物种。我们能如何处理不完善的生物多样性数据集?“相当多,”达鲁解释道。“生物多样性应用程序可以利用我们的研究结果告知用户过度采样的区域，并将他们带到采样不好的地方，甚至物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性软件还可以鼓励用户让专家确认上传图像的身份。”五词汇变式五词汇变式一、考纲词汇词形转换1.observe vt观察→observationn观察（observe+-ation）；2.observationn观察→observationaladj观察的（observation+-al）；3.use vt可用→usableadj可用的，适用的（use+-able）；4.sample vt取样→samplingn（选取的有代表性的）样本（sample+-ing）；5.likely adj可能的→likelihoodn可能（性）（likely+-hood）；6.flower vt开花→floweringadj开花的，有花的（flower+-ing）；7.cover vt覆盖→coveragen覆盖范围（cover+-age）；8.perfect adj完美的→imperfectadj不完美的（im-+perfect）；9.sampled adj被采样的→oversampledadj过度采样的（over-+sample+-ed）；10.identify vt辨认，识别→identificationn身份（identify+-ication）；11.upload vt上传→uploadedadj已上传的（upload+-ed）；12.outdate vt使过时→outdatedadj过时的（out-+date+-ed）；13.threatenedvt威胁→threatenedadj受到威胁的，感到危险的（threaten+-ed）；14.proper adj适当的→improperadj不当的，错误的（im-+proper）；15.reliable adj.可靠的→unreliableadj不可靠的（un-+reliable）；16.guide vt.指导→guidancen指导（guide+-ance）二、考纲词汇识词知意第一组：高频单词1.document v[学术词]记录，记载；2.detect v[学术词]发现；3.shift n[学术词]改变；4.variety n多样性；5.application n应用程序（缩写为app）；6.primary adj[学术词]原始的，最初的；7.investigate v[学术词]研究；8.reveal v[学术词]揭示；9.favor v更倾向于；10.device n[学术词]设备；11.encounter n[学术词]相遇；12.feature n[学术词]特征第二组：低频单词13.dataset n数据集（data+set）；14.eye-catching adj抢眼的，引人注目的（eye+catch+-ing）；15.well-sampled adj充分采样的（well+sample+-ed）16.biodiversity n生物多样性（bio-+diversity）；17.humanity n人类，仁慈，善良；18.outnumber v比……多；19.mobile adj.移动的20.bias n.偏见三、高频短语积少成多1.goextinct 灭绝；2.citizenscientist 民间科学家；3.intheformof 以……的形式；4.withtheriseof 随着……的兴起；5.withtheaidof 借助于……；6.leadauthor 第一作者；7.assistantprofessor助理教授；8.respondto 对……作出反应；9.tendtodosth 易于做某事；10.makesense 说得通，有道理；11.informsbofsth告知某人某事；12.belimitedinnumber数量有限13.leadto 导致；通往四、核心考点单句填空1.Intherace___________(document)thespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsof___________(record).2.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenin___________formof___________(photo),videos,andotherdigitalrecords.3.Thoughtheyareusefulfor___________(detect)shiftsinthenumberand___________(vary)ofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.4.“___________theriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeople___________(make)observationsofdifferentspecies___________theaidofamobileapplication,”saidBarnabasDaru,___________isleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences.5.Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydata___________comesfromphysicalspecimens(标本).6.Andsinceweare___________(increasing)using___________(observation)datatoinvestigatehowspeciesareresponding___________globalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?7.___________(use)aglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.8.“Wewere___________(particular)interestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,___________thegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.9.Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobal___________(cover).10.Moreover,thesedataarebiased___________favorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.11.This___________(make)sensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientists___________(record)theirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.12.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswith___________(attract)oreye-catchingfeatures.13.___________canwedowiththe___________(perfect)datasetsofbiodiversity?14.“Quitealot,”Daruexplained.“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresults___________(inform)usersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces–andevenspecies–___________arenotwell-sampled.”15.___________(improve)thequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageusers___________(have)anexpertconfirmthe___________(identify)oftheiruploadedimage.【参考答案】1.todocument,records2.the,photos3.detecting,variety4.With,tomake,with,who5.that/which6.increasingly,observational,to7.Using8.particularly,like9.coverage10.and11.makes,recording12.attractive13.What,imperfect14.toinform,that.which15.Toimprove,tohave,identification五、长难句分析1.Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens,andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?【翻译】现在，这些观察结果的数量超过了来自实物标本的原始数据，而由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些观察数据可靠吗?【分析】本句是一个并列句，前半句中的that作关系代词引导定语从句，修饰先行词theprimarydata；后半句中的since引导原因状语从句，how引导宾语从句作investigate的宾语。2.Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.【翻译】Daru和他的团队使用了一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。【分析】Usingaglobaldataset...为分词短语作状语，how引导宾语从句作test的宾语。3.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.【翻译】这是有道理的，因为民间科学家经常通过移动设备获取生物多样性观察数据，他们记录的是在附近地区接触到的物种。【分析】because引导原因状语从句，who引导定语从句修饰先行词thepeople，recording...nearby为分词短语作后置定语，修饰citizenscientists。六三年真题六三年真题【2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇】OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsmanyquestionsremainthepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.12.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation. B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors. D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.13.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A.thecrowdswererelativelysmall B.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicate D.estimateswerenotfullyindependent14.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups. B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess. D.Theindividualestimates.15.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear. B.Dismissive. C.Doubtful. D.Approving.【答案】12.B13.D14.C15.D【解析】【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。12.主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andcometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,peopleserrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。13.细节理解题。根据第二段的“Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。14.推理判断题。根据第四段的“Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?(在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。15.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。【2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇】Asweage,evenifwe’rehealthy,theheartjustisn’tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmostpeoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon’texercise,thechangescanstartevensooner.“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven’tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobic(无氧)exercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.“Andthereasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercise.”Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn’tchange,hesays.“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven’talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhasflexibility,”Levinesays.“Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,andnothinghappenedtothematall.”Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreatstart.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.32.WhatdoesLevinewanttoexplainbymentioningtherubberband?A.Therightwayofexercising. B.Thecausesofaheartattack.C.Thedifficultyofkeepingfit. D.Theagingprocessoftheheart.33.Inwhichaspectwerethetwogroupsdifferentintermsofresearchdesign?A.Dietplan. B.Professionalbackground.C.Exercisetype. D.Previousphysicalcondition.34.WhatdoesLevine’sresearchfind?A.Middle-agedheartsgetyoungerwithaerobicexercise.B.High-intensityexerciseismoresuitablefortheyoung.C.Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.D.Themoreexercisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.35.WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?A.Makinguseofthefindings. B.Interviewingthestudyparticipants.C.Conductingfurtherresearch. D.Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.【答案】32.D33.C34.A35.C【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。32.D。推理判断题。根据第二段的““Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。33.C。推理判断题。根据第三段的“Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobicexercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。34.A。细节理解题。根据第三段的“Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.(第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的““Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.(莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。35.C。推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。【2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇】Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson’smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重视)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(视角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.32.Whatisacommonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligence?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest. B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson'smind.C.Itincludesasetofemotionalskills. D.Itreferstoaperson’spositivequalities.33.Whydoestheauthormention“doctor”and“cheater”inparagraph2?A.Toexplainarule. B.Toclarifyaconcept.C.Topresentafact. D.Tomakeaprediction.34.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A.Itsappealtothepublic. B.Expectationsforfuturestudies.C.Itspracticalapplication. D.Scientistswithnewperspectives.【答案】322-35DBAB【导读】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了什么是情商以及情商普及的优势，并表达了作者自己的观点，同时提出了对情商研究的未来期望。32.D。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson’smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand‘peopleskills’.”可知，许多人误把情商理解为一个人的性格中无法被智商测试所衡量的几乎可取的一切，也就是指一个人的积极的品质。33.B。推理判断题。第二段首句“Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.”是介绍情商的概念。由此推断出提到的“医生”和“骗子”是对这一概念的解释。34.A。推理判断题。根据题干中的“theauthor’sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence”可定位到第三段。根据第三段的首句“Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.”可知，作者认为情商普及利大于弊。又根据“Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularization...”和“Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelped...”可知，作者对于情商普及是赞成的。35.B。主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.”可知，虽然情商的持续流行吸引力是可取的，但我们希望这种关注能引起人们对情感的科学研究和学术研究的更大的兴趣。又根据下文的“Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(视角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.”可知，我们希望在未来的数十年后，科学的进步提供新的视角来研究人们如何管理他们的生活。由此可知，这些是对未来研究的期望。七满分策略七满分策略阅读理解说明文满分策略一、细读文章重点关注文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。二、明确说明对象通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的逻辑联系，加深对说明对象的理解。三、弄清说明顺序在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行有条不紊的解说。把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。四、把握作者态度说明文的首段一般借用生活中的某个场景事件引入说明的事物。一般穿插人们对被说明事物的看法和观点，要仔细体会观点的倾向性和情感色彩，来对比作者态度和写作情感。五、吃透长难句子学会运用括号法分析长难句，把影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。六、学会适当放弃无关大局的生僻词汇阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。较长的人名、地名有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。说明文阅读试题的特点有哪些？1.话题较陌生。这些文章从专业的角度解释说明一个现象或一项研究结果，和考生的实际生活有一定的距离。2.专业术语多。高考说明文含有一定量的专业术语。2019年北京高考卷D篇就包含多个专业术语：marinemicroorganism，concentration，giveoffoxygen，nutrients，makeconditionsriper，foodchain，phytoplankton，carbondioxide，regulate，climatemodel，foodweb，statistically。这些和生物、环境等相关的词汇，如海底微生物、浓度、释放氧气、营养物质、食物链等，都是日常生活交流中不常涉及的。3.长难句子多。因为文章直接取材于期刊文章或者研究报告，所以说明文的另外一个特点是长难句子多。如2017年北京高考卷C篇的句子：Thisiscalled“herdimmunity”,whichprotectsthepeoplewhogethurteasily,includingthosewhocan’tbevaccinatedformedicalreasons,babiestooyoungtogetvaccinatedandpeopleonwhomthevaccinedoesn’twork.这句话主干是一个简短的主系表结构，但后边附加了which引导的非限定性定语从句，而这个从句中又包含一个who引导的限定性定语从句，后面的介词短语中也包含了who引导的限定性定语从句。在有限的考试时间内，复杂的句子结构给考生准确理解句意带来了困难。4.词汇有新义。每一篇说明文中都会包含一些考生熟悉的词汇，但在新的语境中它们变换了含义。2019年北京高考卷有句话中包含一个简单的词语project：StephanieDutkiewicz,ascientistinMIT’sCenterforGlobalChangeScience,builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.project被大家熟知的意思是“项目”，但在这句话中变成了动词，表示“