人教版初二(下)英语第18讲：unit9语法篇(学生版)

Unit9语法篇____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________学生通过本讲学习，能够掌握本单元的重点语法，并在综合能力上有一定的拓展。现在完成时

(Present

Perfect

Tense)

（1）表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

—It’s

so

dark.

太黑了。

—Someone

has

turned

off

the

light.

有人把灯关上了。

（2）表示从过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。

常与since+过去的时间点，for+一段时间，since+时间段+ego,

so

far等时间状语连用。

Eg.

I

have

lived

here

for

ten

years.我已经住在这里10年了。（从10年前开始，持续到现在还住这儿）

Eg.

I

have

lived

here

since

2003.

自从2003年我就住在这儿。（从2003年开始，持续到现在还住这儿）

（3）

基本结构及句型转换：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)

(当主语是第三人称单数has,其余人称用have。)

①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他

I

have

finished

my

homework.

(肯定句)

②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他

I

have

not

finished

my

homework.

（否定句）③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他

—Have

you

finished

your

homework?

—Yes,

I

have.

/

No,

I

haven’t,

（一般疑问句及肯定、否定回答）

（4）has

gone

(to),

has

been

(to),

has

been

(in)

的区别

Have/Has

gone(to)

:去了(现在不在说话现场)

Eg.

---Where

is

your

father？

---He

has

gone

to

Shanghai.

Have/Has

been

(to)

:去过（已不在去过的地方）

Eg.

My

father

has

been

to

Shanghai.

Have/has

been

in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）

Eg.

My

father

has

been

in

Shanghai

for

two

months.

=My

father

has

been

in

Shanghai

since

two

months

ago.

（5）现在完成时的标志：

①常与just,

already,

yet,

ever,

never,

before,

so

far

等连用，强调动作的完成，不强调动作的持续。

Have

you

ever

been

to

Japan?

I

have

just

finished

my

homework.

②for

+

时间段；since

+

过去的时间点；since

+

段时间

ago；since

+

一般过去时的句子。

They

have

known

each

other

for

five

years.

Since

he

was

a

child,

he

has

lived

in

England.动词过去式和过去分词的变化

规则变化：

1.

一般在动词词尾直接加ed。如：pick

→

picked

→

picked;

wish

→

wished

→

wished;

stay

→

stayed

→

stayed

2.

以不发音的e结尾的动词后面加d。如：like

→

liked

→

liked;

hope

→

hoped

→

hoped;

phone

→

phoned

→

phoned

3.

以―辅音字母

+

y‖结尾的动词，变y为i，再加-ed。如：study

→

studied

→

studied;

hurry

→

hurried

→

hurried;

reply

→

replied

→

replied

4.

词尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节动词，要双写辅音字母，再加-ed。如：stop

→

stopped

→

stopped;

clap

→

clapped

→

clapped

不规则变化：

以不变应万变。如：let

→

let

→

let;

put

→

put

→

put;

read

→

read

→

read

6.

若中间有双写e，则去掉一个e，单词末尾再加t。如：

feel

→

felt

→

felt;

keep

→

kept

→

kept;

sleep

→

slept

→

slept

7.

结尾的字母d变t。如：lend

→

lent

→

lent;

build

→

built

→

built;

send

→

sent

→

sent

8.

变为以-ought或-aught结尾。如：buy

→

bought

→

bought;

bring

→

brought

→

brought;

catch

→

caught

→

caught;

teach

→

taught

→

taught1．——Haveyouever_____toazoo?——Yes,butonlyonce.IvisitedBeijingZoolastyear.A.gone B.been C.visited D.seen2．They_____toTibetmanytimes.A.are B.were C.havebeen D.hadbeen3.NeithermysisternorI

beentoAmericabefore.A.haveeverB.haveneverC.haseverD.hasnever4.---我从来没有去过新图书馆。---我也没有。---Ihave

tothenewlibrary.---

I.5.以前我从来没读过这么好笑的故事。I

never

afunnystorylikethis.基础演练一、单项选择1.Youdon'tneedtodescribeher.I

herseveraltimes.A.meetB.willmeetC.havemetD.met2.---Look!Somebody

thesofa.---Well,itwasn'tme.Ididn'tdoit.A.iscleaningB.wascleaningC.hascleanedD.hadcleaned3.---Hello!ThisisHenrySpeaking.I'dliketospeaktoyourfather.---Sorry,hehas

Shanghai.A.beeninB.beentoC.gonetoD.cometo4.---Haveyoueverbeenanywhereforatrip?---Atrip?I

awayfrommyhometownevenonce.A.wentB.havegoneC.havebeenD.haveneverbeen5.---

youeverreadEnglishnewspapers?---No,I

.A.Do;doB.Do;haveC.Have;haveD.Have;haven't6.---IsthisyourfirsttimetoXinjiang?---No,I

hereseveraltimes.A.havegoneB.haven'tgoneC.havebeenD.haven'tbeen7.---HowwelldoyouknowtheOperaHouse?---Iknowtheplaceverywell.I

Sydneymanytimes.A.havebeeninB.havebeentoC.havegonetoD.havearrivedin8.---Ican'tfindmywatch.

you

itanywhere,Mum?---No,never.Look!What'sthatunderyourbook?A.Have;seenB.Had;seenC.Do;seeD.Did;see9.Tomhasn'tbeentoItaly

,buthehas

beentoAmerica.He

returnedfromNewYorkCity.A.already;yet;justB.yet;already;justC.already;never;justD.yet;already;never10.---WhereisFrank?---He

thepostoffice.A.hasgonetoB.hasbeentoC.hasgoneD.hasbeen二、翻译(根据中文提示完成句子)11.你去过北京香山吗？

you

toMountXianginBeijing?12.我已经把它写在这张纸上了。I've

it

onthispieceofpaperalready.13.我听说你父母到北京出差去了?Ihearyourparents

Beijing

.14.---你去过说英语的国家吗?---没有去过。---

youever

English-speakingcountries?---No,I

.15.他去了上海一个星期了,下周就回来。He

Shanghaiforaweekandhewillbebacknextweek.巩固提高1.我已经参观过很多博物馆。I

manymuseums.2.---你学过德语吗？---是的。---

youever

German?---Yes,Ihave.3.ShehaseverbeentoIndia.(改为一般疑问句)

sheever

toIndia?4.ItisbesttovisitSingaporeinautumn.(改为同义句)Thebestseason

Singaporeisautumn.5.Ihavealreadyhadsomeplans.(改为否定句)I

had

plans

.6.She'snevervisitedthesciencemuseum.(改为反义疑问句)She'snevervisitedthesciencemuseum,

?一、单项选择1.Lucy

toBeijingthreetimes.A.hasgoneB.havebeenC.hasbeenD.went2.---Ihavereadthestory.---When

youreadit?A.willB.didC.haveD.had3.---WhereisMr.Black?---He

toEnglandforameeting.A.hasbeenB.hadbeenC.wentD.hasgone4.---

heever

toBeijing?---Yes,he

therelastyear.A.Has;been;goesB.Did;go;hasgoneC.Has;been;wentD.Will;go;hasbeen5.---

theyever

there?---No,never.A.Have;beenB.Have;wereC.Have;beingD.Has;been二、按要求转换句型6.I'vebeentheretwice.(改为一般疑问句)

you

theretwice?7.Hassheeverbeentothespacemuseum?(作否定回答)

,she

.8.TheyhavebeentoFrance.(改为否定句)They

toFrance.9.---

?(根据答语写出问句)---No,I'veneverbeentoAmerica.10.Hello!MayIspeaktoJim?(用Shanghai作出回答)Sorry,heisn'tin.

.三、完形填空Therearetwogreatestcitiesintheworld.OneisBeijing,11

isParis.HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing,thecapitalofChina?TheGreens12

toBeijingmanytimes.Lastsummervacation,they13

thereagain.Theyenjoyed14

there.They've15

manygreatplaces.Duringthefirsttwodays,theywenttoTian'anmenSquare.Itisverylargeandtherearemanypeople16

photosthere.Next,theywenttoBeihaiPark.Theywent17

thereandhadaboatracewithothervisitors.Theyhadagreattimethere.TheGreatWallisoneofthe18

placesof19

intheworld.TheyclimbedtheGreatWallforthewholeday.ThereweresomanypeopleontheGreatWall.TheGreensweresoexcited20

theytooklotsofpicturesthere.Forthelasttwodays,theywenttotheSummerPalace.HowbeautifulBeijingis!TheywillcomebacktoBeijingagainnextsummer!11.A.otherB.anotherC.theotherD.others12.A.hasgoneB.hasbeenC.havegoneD.havebeen13.A.willgoB.wentC.havegoneD.aregoing14.A.themB.oneselfC.themselvesD.himself15.A.visitsB.visitedC.visitingD.visit16.A.totakeB.takeC.takingD.took17.A.boatB.boatingC.toboatingD.toboat18.A.morefamousB.famousC.mostfamousD.themostfamous19.A.interestB.interestsC.interestingD.interested20.A.thatB.enoughC.thisD.it四、阅读理解WhenyouvisitTaiwan,GreenIslandisawonderfulplacenottobemissed.GreenIsland,withclearbluewateraroundit,isanislandinthePacificOcean,33kilometerseastofTaitung.TheoldnameforGreenIslandwasHuoshandao,meaning"fire-burningisland".Theislandgotitsnamebecausepeopleontheislandusedtosetupfiresatnighttohelppeoplewhowentfishinghome.AnotherstorygoesthatintheQingDynastytherewasafireandmostoftheisland'streesandgrassdied.Thecoastline(海岸)oftheislandisonly20kilometerslong,thetallestmountainisonly281metershighandtheislandisonly15km²,butitisattracting(吸引)agrowingnumberoftourists.GreenIslandhasalotofinterestingthatmakesitaplacewherepeopleliketogo:seaside,aclearwhitebeach,greengrasslands,seawater,hotsprings,beautifulunderseasights,andagreatmanyplantsandanimals.AnotherthingofGreenIslandthatpeopleareinterestedinisitsrocksindifferentshapes."SleepingBeauty"and"PekineseDog"arethetwomoststrangelyshapedones.Therearealsootherinterestswithonecannotmiss.Thegreenhills,bluesea,clearsky,andoceangentlewindsmakea"must"foryou.21.FromthearticleweknowGreenIslandis

.A.verylargeB.281meterslongC.intheIndianOceanD.33kilometersfromTaitung22.Accordingtothetwostories,peopleontheGreenIslandusedto

.A.meetalotofvisitorsB.setfiretogetwarmC.makealivingbyfishingD.cutdowntoomanytreesandgrass23.Thesight"PekineseDog"is

onGreenIsland.A.acutelivingdogB.arocklikeadogC.adog-shapedplantD.adogof"SleepingBeauty"24.Thelastpassageismainlyaboutthe

ofGreenIsland.A.sightsB.historyC.peopleD.culture__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________北京四中初二下期中考试AAnewplanetmorelikeEarthwasdiscoveredandregardedasalikelyfuturehomeforhuman.Theplanetcontainsbothlandandwaterwithaveragetemperaturesaround22℃.Itis600lightyearsfromEarth.Thereare290daysayearontheplanet.AFrenchcompanywantstochangetheEiffelTowerintoaverytallandgrowingChristmastreemadeof600,000plants.TheEiffelTowerisdecorated(装饰)with10,000lightbulbsandattracts(吸引)7millionvisitorsayear.Wow,whatanight!TheeveninggotofftoafunstartwithStevenHall.RonanParketookonKellyClarkson'sBecauseofYou.JaiMcDowallfinallywonbecauseofhiswonderfulperformance.36.Thenewplanet

.A.mighthave365daysayearB.hasnowaterC.mightbeafuturehomeforhumanD.hasbadweather37.

willmaketheEiffelTowerbecomeabigtree.A.1000lightbulbsB.600,000plantsC.600lightyearsD.7millionvisitors38.

wasthewinnerofBritain'sGotTalent2011.A.StevenHallB.RonanParkeC.KellyClarksonD.JaiMcDowallBWhenIwas14,Ileftschoolwithlearningdisabilitiesanddecidedtosurfthebiggestwavesintheworld,firstinCaliforniaandtheninHawaii.Onemorning,Imetanoldman,abum(流浪汉),onthestreetcorner.HeaskedmeifIwasrunningawayfromhome.Itoldhim,"Notexactly,sir."Aftertalkingawhile,hetoldmethathehadsomethingtoshowmeandsharewithme.WewalkedseveralblocksuntilwecameuponthedowntownPublicLibrary.Thebumaskedmetositdownandwaitforamoment.Laterhereturnedwithsomebooks,andthensaid,"Iwanttoteachyoutwothings.Numberoneisnevertojudgeabookbyitscover.foracoverfoolsyou.I'llbetyouthinkI'mabum,don'tyou?"Isaid,"Iguessso,sir.""Well,youngman,I'vegotalittlesurpriseforyou.Iamoneofthewealthiestmenintheworld.Butayearago,mywifepassedaway.IrealizedtherewerecertainthingsIhadnotyetexperiencedinlife,oneofwhichwaswhatitwouldbeliketolivelikeabumonthestreets.ForthepastyearIhavebeengoingfromcitytocitydoingjustthat."Numbertwoistolearnhowtoread,forthereisonlyonethingthatpeoplecan'ttakeawayfromyou,andthatisyourwisdom."Atthatmoment,hegavemethebookshe'dpulledfromtheshelves.Hispartingrequestwasformetoneverforgetwhathetaughtme.Ihaveremembereduntiltoday.39.Theboy

whenhewas14.A.likedrunningB.leftschoolC.didwellinstudyD.traveledaroundtheworld40.Whichofthefollowingistrue?A.TheoldmantooktheboyhomeB.TheoldmanwashomelessandpoorC.TheoldmanwasfriendlytotheboyD.Theoldmanandhiswifewentfromcitytocity41.Theoldmantaughttheboyhowto

.A.lovepeopleB.becomewiseC.choosefriendsD.experiencethebum'slifeCWanttosavemoneywhentravellingbytrain?Herearesomeways:DayReturnsThisticketcansaveyouupto45%onthestandardfare(费用).YouhavetotravelaftertherushhourperiodMonday-Friday,butcantravelatanytimeonSaturdayorSunday.BigCitySaversThesearespeciallow-pricedticketsoncertaintrains.Youhavetobookinadvance(提前)—atthelatestby16:00thedaybeforeyoutravel.It'sfirstcome,firstserved.WeekendReturnsWeekendReturnsareavailable(有售)formosttripsover60miles.GoonFriday,SaturdayorSunday,andreturnthesameweekendonSaturdayorSunday,andsaveupto35%onthestandardfare.MonthlyReturnsTheseareavailableformosttripsover65miles.Goanydayandreturnwithinamonth.Monthlyreturnssaveyouupto25%onthestandardfare.FamilyRailCardFor20poundsthisrailcardallowsyoutotakeasecondadultandupto4childrenforonly3poundseachwhenyoubuysingleorreturntickets.Youcantravelasoftenasyoulikeuntilthecardbecomesoutofdate.42.Howmanywaysdoesthewritertellustosavemoneywhentravellingbytrain?A.Five.B.Four.C.Three.D.Six.43.BigCitySaversarespeciallow-pricedticketson

trains.A.certainB.returnC.weekendD.all44.MonthlyReturnssaveyouupto

onthestandardfare.A.45%B.35%C.25%D.65%DTheMayan(玛雅的)IndianslivedinMexicoforthousandsofyearsbeforetheSpanisharrivedinthe1500s.TheMayanachievementsweremany.Theyhadfarms,beautifulpalaces,andcitieswithmanybuildings.TheMayanpeopleknewalotaboutnatureandtheworldaroundthem.Thisknowledgehelpedthemtoliveabetterlifethanmostpeopleofthattime,becausetheycoulduseittomaketheirlivesmorecomfortableandrewarding(值得的).Knowledgeabouttoolsandfarming,forexample,madetheirworkeasierandmoreproductive.TheMayabelievedinmanygods,includingraingods,sungods,andcorngods.ThepeoplebuiltlargetemplestohonortheMayangods.Skillfulworkersbuiltcitiesaroundthesetemples.Itwasdifficultforthemtobuildthesecities,becausetheyhadnohorsestocarrytheheavystonetheyusedtobuildwith.Workershadtocarryallofthebuildingmaterialsthemselves.Today,manyoftheseancientMayancitiesandtemplesarestillstanding.AlthoughthecitiesthattheMayabuiltwerebeautiful,andthepeopleworkedhardtobuildthem,veryfewofthepeoplelivedinthem.Usually,onlythepriests(牧师)livedinthecities.Theotherpeoplelivedinsmallvillagesintheforests.Theirhousesweremuchsimplerthantheelaboratebuildingsinthecities.Theylivedinsmallhuts(小屋)withnowindows.Thewallsweremadeofpolescoveredwithdriedmud,andtheroofwasmadeofgrassorleaves.MostMayalivedasimplelifeclosetonature.TheMayanpriestsstudiedtheSun,theMoon,stars,andplanets.Theymadeacalendarfromwhattheylearned.Theyearwasdividedinto18monthsof20dayseachwithfivedaysleftover.TheMayancalendarwasfarmoreexactthantheEuropeancalendarsofthetime.Aroundtheyear800,theMayalefttheirvillagesandbeautifulcities,nevertoreturn.Nooneknowswhythishappened.Theymayhavediedfromsomedisease.Theymayhaveleftbecausethesoilcouldnolongergrowcrops.Archaeologists(考古学家)arestilltryingtofindthelostsecretsoftheMaya.45.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"elaborate"mean?A.easilybuiltB.carefullymadeC.slowlyfixedD.quicklydesigned46.Fromthepassagewecaninfer(推理)that

.A.mostMayalivedinbeautifulcitiesB.manyMayancitiesandtemplesarestillstandingC.theMayawereintelligentandculturallyrichpeopleD.theMayancalendarwasthesameasEuropeancalendars47.WhyitissaidthattheMayanpeoplelivedabetterlifethanmostpeopleofthattime?A.Theyhadbetterbuildingskillsandhousingconditions.B.Theybelievedinmanygods,andhonoredtheMayangods.C.Theyhadknowledgeabouttoolsandfarming.D.Theystudiedaboutnatureandtheworldaroundthem.48.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthisarticle?A.MayanGodsB.MayanBuildingsC.ProductiveMayaD.Mysterious(神秘的)Maya四、短文7选5ForgetfulPresidentGeorgeWashingtonwasthefirstpresidentoftheUnitedStates.49.

Butitseemsthatthepresidentwasnotaperfectperson.ANewYorklibraryrecentlyfoundthatWashingtonborrowedtwobooksfromthelibraryin1789.50.

Ifhewerestillalive,hewouldhavetopaythelibrary$300,000infines(罚款),forithasbeenlateforover220years.OnOctober5,1789,GeorgeWashingtonwenttotheNewYorkSocietyLibrary.51.

Hedidn'tsignhisnameintheborrower'sbook.Hejustwrote"President"toshowwhohadtakenthemout.Thetwobooksshouldhavebeenbroughtbackamonthlater,buttheywereneverreturned.Workersatthelibraryrealizedthebooksweremissingwhentheyorganizedthelibrary'soldrecords.TheNewYorkSocietyLibrarydoesn'texpectanyonetopaythefine.52.

A.It'