北京航空航天大学2004英语专业综合英语吴陈亮11月20日已完成

朽木易折，金石可镂。千里之行，始于足下。第页/共页北京航空航天大学2004年硕士试题综合英语Ⅰ.Definethefollowingterms(10,1×10)1.Morpheme2.Phoneme3.Polysemy4.Ambiguity5.Meronymy6.Taboo7.Linguafranca8.Prototype9.Soundsymbolism10.AnthropologicallinguisticsⅡ.Describethedifferencesbetweeneachpairofterms(20,4×5)1.Synchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics2.Phoneticsandphonology3.Accentanddialect4.Referentandreference5.SemanticsandpragmaticsⅢ.Essayquestions(20,10×2)1.Discussandexemplifythestatementthat“languageisbotharbitraryandnon-arbitrary”.2.Discussthefunctionsofsuprasegmentalfeatures.Ⅳ.Fillthefollowingblanks(15,1×15)1.TheEnglishare_____,buttheScots,WelshandIrishare______.DuringthefifthcenturywhentheRomanEmpirefell,theGermanic_____and_____invadedandconqueredBritain.TheGermanicgaveEnglanditsname‘______’land.Duringthe9thcenturyBritainwasinvadedbythe______orVikingsandin1066bythe________.2.ThelargestoftheracialandethnicminoritiesintheU.S.is________.3.TherewereseriousweaknessintheAmericaneconomyinthe1920s.ThefirstblowtothestockmarketcameonOctober24,1929,called______.In1932,inthedepthofthedepression,theAmericanpeoplechose______astheirnextpresidentwhopromiseda“________”togetAmericanoutofthedepression.Theaimofhismeasures,asheputit,wasto“_________”.4.________isthelargestprovinceinCanada._____isthelanguageofthemajorityintheprovince.Conflictsoverthelanguageissuekept_______asanationalissue.Ⅴ.Definethefollowingterms(15,5×3)1.The“GloriousRevolution”2.Thatcherism3.TheDeclarationofIndependenceⅥ.EssayQuestions(20,10×2)1.Howis“democracy”reflectedrespectivelyinthepoliticalsystemsoftheU.K.andtheU.S.?Makeyourcomments.2.CommentupontheU.S.’relationshipwithChina.Ⅶ.Selectfromthefourchoicestheonethatbestanswersthequestionorcompletesthestatement.(15,1×15)1.WhichofthefollowingwasregardedasthenationalepicofEngland?A.Hamlet.B.TomJones.C.Beowulf.D.ATaleofTwoCities2.Thedeclineofthechivalricromancefounditsswan-songin______.A.LeMorted’ArthurB.ArcadiaC.TheFaierieQueenD.SirGawainandGreenKnight3.MostoftheEnglishwritersinthe18thcenturywereenlighteners.Theyfellintotwogroups,oneis________,andtheotheris________.A.themoderategroup;theradicalgroupB.thepassiveRomanticPoets;theactiveRomanticpoetsC.theMetaphysicalpoets;CavalierpoetsD.thelakers;thesentimentalists4.TheimpetusoftheRomanticMovementinEnglandincludestheFrenchRevolutionand______.A.theIndustrialRevolution.B.theAmericanCivilWar.C.theSpanishWar.D.theAmericanIndependentWar.5.Inthe19thcenturyEnglishliterature,anewliterarytrend_______appeared.Anditflourishedinthefortiesandintheearlyfifties.A.romanticismB.naturalismC.realismD.criticalrealism6.InHamlet,theturningpointtookplacewhen______.A.HamletkilledClaudiusB.HamletkilledpoloniusC.HamletwaskilledbyLeartiesD.Hamletgaveaplaywithinaplay7.PearlBuckwasthefirst_____writertoawardtheNobelPrizeinAmericanLiterature.A.Female.B.Black.C.American.D.Chinese8.________isnottrueaboutMobyDick.A.Itisatragedyofmanfightingagainsttheuniverse.B.ItisanaffirmationofEmerson’sself-reliantindividual.C.Itisaboutquestofknowledgeandvalues.D.Itisastoryaboutwhaling.9.Thehighestachievementin________literaturebelongtoMrs.Stowe.A.romantic.B.realist.C.localcolorist.D.abolitionist.10.OneofMarkTwain’scontributionstotheAmericanLiteratureisthathemade______anacceptedstandardliterarymedium.A.talltales.B.colloquialspeech.C.humor.D.localcolorism11.Emerson,ThoreauandWhitmanareconsideredthreegreat_____figures.A.democratic.B.romantic.C.transcendental.D.revolutionary.12.Steinbeck’sprosestyleisnotedfor_______.A.hisgrimsubjectB.thedislogueswithregionalaccentC.apoeticqualityD.humor13.WhichofhefollowingnovelsbestrepresentstheemptinessofAmericanDream?A.AFarewelltoArms.B.TheGreatGatsby.C.TheGrapesofWrath.D.MyAntonia14.ThetowwriterswhohadinfluencedSherwoodAndersonwere________.A.StephenCraneandDreiserB.HenryJamesandLondonC.EzraPondandEliotD.MarkTwainandGertrudeStein15.Post-warAmericandramahasbeensaidtobeginwiththestagingof______in1945.A.TheHairyApeB.TheGlassMenagerieC.DeathofaSalesmanD.AStreetcarNamedDesireⅧ.DefinetheFollowingTerms:(15,3×5)1.LakePoets:2.Blackhumor3.Naturalism:4.theBeatGeneration:5.HarlemRenaissance:Ⅸ.Readthepassagesandanswerthefollowingquestions(20,2.5×8)PassageoneThroughthebloodySeptembertwilight,aftermathofsixty-tworainlessdays,ithadgonelikeafireindrygrass—therumor,thestory,whateveritwas.SomethingaboutMissMinnieCooperandaNegro,attacked,insulted,frightened,noneofthem,gatheredinthebarbershopinthatSaturdayeveningwheretheceilingfanstirred,withoutfresheningit,thevitiatedair,sendingbackuponthem,inrecurrentsurgesofstalepomadeandlotion,theirownstalebreathandodors,knewexactlywhathadhappened.Questions1—4arebasedonpassageone.(10,2.5×4)1.Analyzethelastsentenceofthepassage.2.Fromwhichstoryisthepassagetaken?Isitatthebeginning,inthemiddleorattheendofthestory?3.Howdoesthisparagraphfunctioninthestory?4.HowimportantistheauthorofthestoryinAmericanLiterature?PassageTwoTheRoadnotTakenTworoadsdivergedinayellowwood,AndsorryIcouldnottravelboth.And,tobeonetraveler,longIstoodAndlookeddownoneasfarasIcouldTowhereitbentintheundergrowth;Thentooktheother,asjustasfair,Andhavingperhapsthebetterclaim,Becauseitwasgrassyandwanedwear;Thoughasforthat,thepassingthereHaswornthemreallyaboutthesame.AndboththatmorningequallylayInleavesnostephadtroddenblack.Oh,Ikeptthefirstforanotherday!Yetknowinghowwayleadsontoway,IdoubtedifIshouldevercomeback.IshallbetellingthiswithasignSomewhereagesandageshence:Tworoadsdivergedinawood,andIItooktheonelesstraveledby,Andthathasmadeallthedifference.Questions5—8arebasedonpassagetwo.(10,2.5×4)5.Whatisthetimeandplaceassettinginthepoem?6.Whydidthepoetstandling?Whoisthepoet?7.Whichroaddidthepoetchoose?Why?8.Doyouthinkthe‘road’hereisafigureofspeech?Ifso,whatdoesitstandfor?参考答案北京航空航天大学2004年硕士试题综合英语ⅠDefinethefollowingterms1Morpheme:minimalmeaningfullanguageunit;itcannotbedividedintosmallermeaningfulunits2Phoneme:Thesmallestphoneticunitinalanguagethatiscapableofconveyingadistinctioninmeaning3Polysemy:theambiguityofanindividualwordorphrasethatcanbeused(indifferentcontexts)toexpresstwoormoredifferentmeanings4Ambiguity:anexpressionwhosemeaningcannotbedeterminedfromitscontextorunclearnessbyvirtueofhavingmorethanonemeaning5Meronymy:thesemanticrelationthatholdsbetweenapartandthewhole6Taboo:aninhibitionorbanresultingfromsocialcustomoremotionalaversion7Linguafranca:Amediumofcommunicationbetweenpeoplesofdifferentlanguages.8Prototype:astandardortypicalexample9Soundsymbolism:itisanobscurebranchoflinguisticsandreferstotheideathatvocalsoundshavemeaning.10Anthropologicallinguistics:Itisthestudyoflanguagethroughhumangeneticsandhumandevelopment.ⅡDescribethedifferencesbetweeneachpairofterms1Synchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics:synchroniclinguisticsisanexplanationofaperson'smasteryoftheirnativelanguage.Anddiachroniclinguisticsisprimarilythestudyofthewaysinwhichlanguageschangeovertime,bymeansofexamininglanguageswhicharerecognizablyrelatedthroughsimilaritiessuchasvocabulary,wordformation,andsyntax,aswellasthesurvivingrecordsofancientlanguages.2Phoneticsandphonology:phoneticsisthestudyofsounds(voice).Itisconcernedwiththeactualpropertiesofspeechsoundsaswellasthosenon-speechsounds,andtheirproduction,auditionandperception,asopposedtophonologywhichoperatesatthelevelofsoundsystemsandabstractsoundunits.3Accentanddialect:Inlinguistics,accentreferstoamethodofpronouncingwordscommontoacertainregion.Itcanalsorefertothestressonacertainsyllable.Butdialectisacompletesystemofverbalcommunication(oralorsignedbutnotnecessarilywritten)withitsownvocabularyand/orgrammar.4Referentandreference:Insemantics,referenceisgenerallyconstruedastherelationbetweennounsorpronounsandobjectsthatarenamedbythem.Whilereferentisapersonorthingtowhichalinguisticexpressionrefers.Referenceisnotingeneralthesameasmeaning,aswordscanoftenbemeaningfulwithouthavingareferent5Semanticsandpragmatics:Semanticsisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatistraditionallydefinedasthestudyofmeaningof(partsof)words,phrases,sentencesandtexts.Pragmaticsisgenerallythestudyofnaturallanguageunderstanding,andspecificallythestudyofhowcontextinfluencestheinterpretationofmeanings.ⅢEssayquestions1Arbitrarinessisoneoflanguage’sfeatures.Andthereseemstobedifferentlevelsofarbitrariness.(1)arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning.(2)arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel(3)arbitrarinessinthelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaning.Sofromthisaspect,wecansaylanguageisarbitrary.Butontheotherhand,languageisalsonon-arbitrary.Forexample,noteverysoundwemakehasmeaning.InChinese,thecharacter“妈”referstomuminEnglish.Andthemeaningofthissignisnon-arbitrary.It’sestablishedthatthissignhasasolidmeaningwhichisunique.So,languageisbotharbitraryandnon-arbitrary.2Superasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,toneandintonation.Syllablesareoftenconsideredthephonological“buildingblocks”ofwords.Theycaninfluencetherhythmofalanguage,itsprosody,itspoeticmeter,itsstresspatterns,etc.Stressinlinguisticsistheemphasisgiventosomesyllables.InEnglishpoetry,authordependsonstresstoestablishthemeterofthepoem.Toneistheuseofpitchinlanguagetodistinguishwords.Alllanguagesuseintonationtoexpressemphasis,emotion,orothersuchnuances,butnoteverylanguageusestonetodistinguishmeaning.Whenthisoccurs,tonesareequallyimportantandessentialasphonemes.Intonationisthevariationoftoneusedwhenspeaking.Itisoneofthetwomainelementsoflinguisticprosody.ⅤFillthefollowingblanks1Anglo-Saxons;Celts;Angles;Saxons;Angle;Danes;NormanFrench2theblacks3theblackThursday;FranklinD.Roosevelt;“newdeal”;“saveAmericandemocracy”4Quebec;French;separatismⅤDefinethefollowingterms1The“GloriousRevolution”:ThetermGloriousRevolutionreferstothegenerallypopularoverthrowofJamesⅡofEnglandin1688.Theeventissometimesreferredtoasthe"BloodlessRevolution".2Thatcherism:ThatcherismisthesystemofpoliticalthoughtattributedtothegovernmentsofMargaretThatcher,BritishPrimeMinisterfrom1979to1990.Thatcherismischaracterisedbyafreemarketeconomyperhapsmorecloselyassociatedwithprivatisationofstate-ownedindustries,lowtaxation,etc.3TheDeclarationofIndependence:HistoricUSdocumentstatingthetheoryofgovernmentonwhichtheUSAwasfounded,basedontheright‘tolife,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness’.ThestatementwasissuedbytheContinentalCongresson4July1776,renouncingallallegiancetotheBritishcrownandendingthepoliticalconnectionwithBritain.ⅥEssayquestions1Britainisaconstitutionalmonarchy.Thekingorqueenisthesymbolofthewholenationbuttherealpowerisinthehandofparliament,primeministerandhisgovernment.InBritain,parliamentaryelectoralsystemandthepoliticalpartysystemareapplied.Andtocertaindegreepeoplecouldenjoytheirrightofvotingandthisreflectsoneaspectofthedemocracy.Besides,thepartysystemavoidstheappearanceofdictatorship.InAmerica,theConstitutionsetupafederalsystemofgovernmentwhichhastwolayersofrule.Thereisfederalgovernmentforthenationwhichalonehasthepowertoanswerquestionsthataffectthenationasawhole.There’realsostategovernments.Eachlayerofgovernmenthasseparateanddistinctpowerslaiddownintheconstitution.Besides,thegovernmentisdividedintothreebranches,thelegislative,theexecutiveandthejudicial,eachhaspartofthepowersbutnotallthepower.Thusthethreebranchesareinbalance.Andthiscanbeseemedasoneofthemostextraordinaryfeaturesofpoliticaldemocracy.ThepresidentoftheUnitedStateshashugepowerbutalsoissupervisedandcouldevenbepreached.Generallyspeaking,BritainandAmericaapplydifferentpoliticalsystems,butthereisdemocracywithinthem.2TheSino-Americanrelationshiphasgonethroughsweetandsour.Astwobigpowersoftheworld,eventheslightchangeintheirrelationshipwouldexerthugeinfluenceoneachother.Generallyspeaking,ChinaandAmericaisinapositionofcooperationandcompetition.Ononehand,thecooperationbetweenthetwoisbeneficialtobothsides,sowehavetocooperatewitheachother.Butontheotherhand,AmericaalwaysholdsthepolicyofcontainingChina’sgrowth.AndAmericangovernmentalwayssticksitsnoseintoChina’sdomesticaffairs.Asaconsequence,theSino-Americanrelationshipisalwaysstumbling.ⅦSelectfromthefourchoicestheonethatbestanswersthequestionorcompletesthestatement.1-5CAAAC6-10BADCB11-15BABDBⅧDefinethefollowingterms1Lakepoets:TheLakePoetsalllivedintheLakeDistrictofEnglandattheturnofthenineteenthcentury.Asagroup,theyfollowednosingle"school"ofthoughtorliterarypractice.ThepoetsoftheLakeSchoolwereWilliamWordsworth,RobertSouthey,andSamuelTaylorColeridge.2Blackhumor:Itisasubgenreofcomedyandsatirewheretopicsandeventsnormallytreatedserously-death,massmurder,sickness,madness,terror,drugabuse,etc-aretreatedinahumorousorsatiricalmanner.3Naturalism:Thetermnaturalismdescribesatypeofliteraturethatattemptstoapplyscientificprinciplesofobjectivityanddetachmenttoitsstudyofhumanbeings.4TheBeatGeneration:Inthe1950stherewasawidespreaddiscontentmentamongthepostwargeneration,whosevoicewasoneofprotestagainstallthemainstreamculturethatAmericahadcometopresent.Thishascometobeknownas