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2021-2022年甘肃省兰州市公共英语五级(笔试)重点汇总(含答案)学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________
一、1.ListeningComprehension(15题)1.The"feltimage"ismuchmoreimportantbecauseithelpsyoutobemoreconfident.
A.RightB.Wrong
2.PartC
Directions:Youwillhearatalk.Asyoulisten,answerthequestionsorcompletethenotesinyourtestbookletforQuestions21-30bywritingNOTMORETHANTHREEwordsinthespaceprovidedontheright.YouwillhearthetalkTWICE.
Younowhave1minutetoreadQuestions21-30.
听力原文:Imagineyouareahighschoolprincipal.Ateacherburstsbreathlesslyintoyouroffice.“There'safistfightinthedining-room.”shegasps.Theresponsibilityisyourstostopthefight.Howdoyoumeetit?
(1)Perhapsyou,asayoungster,tookpartinfightsandyourpresent-daytieswithstudentsarewarmandstrong.Youcanstopthefightbecauseyourprestigeishighamongthem.
(2)Youhaveaplanprepared.Otherschoolshavebeendisruptedsoyouhavealreadyplannedawaytostopanyfight.
(3)Youaretotallyconfidentofyourabilityinacrisis.Youarereadytostrideintothelunchroomandtakechargewithoutasinglequalm.Stoppingthefightwillbeeasy.
(4)Youferventlywishthatyoucoulddelegatethejobsinceyouknowthatyou'renotatalentedpeacemaker.Youwishyoucouldreturntothejobofplanningfortheschool'sneedtenyearshence.
Oneofthesefourreactionswouldbethefirstyou'dfeel.butonlyone—nottwoorthreeofthem,saythreepsychologists.Thesepsychologists—Dr.HarrietMann,Dr.HumphreyOsmondandMiriamSiegler—havecomeupwithaschemeforsortingpeopleregardlessoftheireducation,ageorsituation.
Theconceptisbasedonthepremisethatallpeoplehaveabasicwayofseeingtime.Eachofusispredisposedtoseealleventsfromtimevantagepoint.Eitheritremindsyouofthepast(past-oriented),howtheeventfitsintotoday,yesterday,andtomorrow(timeline),whatitistoday(present),orhowitwilldevelop(future).
Thethreebeganworkingin1968whenDr.MannandMrs.SieglerwereassistantstoDr.Osmond,director,attheBureauofResearch,NewJerseyNeuro-PsychiatricInstituteinPrinceton.Dr.OsmondiscurrentlydevisingwaystomakeempiricalstudiesofthetheoryandDr.MannisinCambridge,Massachusetts,writingabookontheWorldsofTime.Theirtake-offpointwasaninterestinobservationsmadebySwisspsychologistCarlGustavJung,whodescribedinthe1920sthetemperamentaldifferencesoffourpsychologicaltypes.Jungisknownasthefounderofanalyticpsychology.SinceJung'sworkin1921,however,noonehadconceivedofatheoreticalframeworkthatwouldaccountforthefourtypes.Withoutsuchaframework,therewasnopossibilityofsubstantiatingthatpeopleofdifferenttypesexperiencetheworldverydifferently.
Timeandspacearethetouchstonesinthesystem.Eachperson,afterall,useshistimesomehowandexistswithinandactsuponthespacearoundhim.Dr.Mann,andcompanyproposethatcertaintraitsaresharedbypersonsfallingineachofthefourcategories.
Thefirsttype,thepasttype,seestimeasbeingcircular.Forhim,thepastcropsupinthepresentandthenreturnstothepastasamemory.Heenjoyscollectingsouvenirsandkeepingdiaries.HetellsstoriesaboutGreatAuntHattieandalwaysremembersyourbirthday.
Pasttypesarepeggedbythissystemasemotionalpeoplewhoseetheworldinahighlysubjectiveway.Forinstance,SchoolPrincipalI(pasttype)couldidentifywiththefightandknowhowtohandleitbecauseofsomepastexperience-whetheritbesimilarfightsasachildhimselforonespreviouslydealtwithastheschoolprincipal.Inaddition,pasttypesusuallyfollowstrictmoralcodesandoftenarevaluedmoreforwhattheyarethanforwhattheydo.Thisqualityitself-becauseitlendsauthoritarianstrengthtoonewhopossessesit-mightcausethestudentstoquitfighting.Pasttypesoftenhavebeenfoundtobeskillfulatassessingtheexactemotionaltenorofaneventandareadeptatinfluencingothers'emotions,accordingtotheMann
3.Dr.MannisnowinCambridge,writingabookonthe______.
4.听力原文:TheUniedStatesofAmericaisafoundingmemberoftheInternationalFootballAssociation.In1913theAmericanFootballAssociationwasfoundedwithover7,000registeredclubsand1.4millionplayers.
InhistorytheU.S.teamenteredthefinalsoftheWorldCupfourtimesandgaineddiethirdplaceinthefirstWorldCup.Butsincethe4thWorldCupUSAhaspaidmoreattentiontotheOlympicGamesandAmericanfootball.
TheheadcoachoftheU.S.teamnowisfromYugoslavia,the57-year-oldcoachmovedtoMexicotwenty-oneyearsagoandlaterhebecametheheadcoachofMexico'sNationalTeam.Afterthatheleftforanevensmallercountry,CostaRica.Beforelong,hebecamewell-knownallovertheworld.
OnMarch7th,1991,hefacedthebiggestchallengeinallhislifetoleadtheU.S.team.TheAmericanFootballAssociationspentayearbuildingafootballfieldinCaliforniaforhim.Andintwoyears'timehisteamdefeatedtheteamsofIreland,EnglandandPortugal.
ThustheU.S.teamenteredwitheaseintothefinalsoftheWorldCup.Andasthehost,itenteredautomaticallyintothefirstcirclein1994.
WhenwastheAmericanFootballAssociationfounded?
A.In1913.B.In1930.C.In1914.D.In1917.
5.PartB
Directions:Youwillhear3conversationsortalksandyoumustanswerthequestionsbychoosingA,B,CorD.YouwillheartherecordingONLYONCE.
听力原文:M:Ireallydon'tknowwhattodothissummer.Ican'taffordtojustsitaround,andtheredon'tseemtobeanyjobsavailable.
W:Whydon'tyoutryhouse-sitting?LastsummermyfriendSallyhouse-satfortheGammonswhentheywentawayonvacation.Mrs.GammonhiredSallytostayintheirhousebecauseshedidn'twantitleftempty.
M:YoumeantheGammonspaidSallyjusttoliveintheirhouse?
W:Itwasn'teasy.Shehadtomowthelawnandwaterthehouseplants.AndwhenJodihouse-satforMr.Johnson,hehadtotakecareofhispets.
M:House-sittingsoundslikeagoodjob.Iguessit'salittlelikebaby-sitting—exceptyou'retakingcareofahouseinsteadofchildren.
W:Thestudentemploymentofficestillhasafewjobsposted.
M:DoIjusthavetofilloutanapplication?
W:SallyandJodihadtointerviewwiththehomeownersandprovidedthreereferenceseach.
M:Thatseemslikealotoftroubleforasummerjob.
W:Well,thehomeownerswantsomeguaranteesothattheycantrustthehouse-sitter.Youknow,theywanttomakesureyou'renotthetypewho'llthrowwildpartiesintheirhouse,ormoveagroupoffriendsinwithyou.
M:House-sitterswhodothatsortofthingprobablyaren'tpaidthen.
W:Usuallythey'repaidanywayjustbecausethehomeownersdon'twanttomakeafuss.Butifthehomeownerreportedit,thenthehouse-sitterwouldn'tbeabletogetanotherjob.Soifthehomeownerreportedit,thenthehouse-sitterwouldn'tbeabletogetanotherjob.Sowhydon'tyouapply?
M:Yeah.IthinkIwill.
Whichjobdoesthewomansuggesttotheman?
A.Baby-sitting.
B.House-cleaning.
C.House-sitting.
D.Mowingthelawn.
6.PartA
Directions:Youwillhearatalk.Asyoulisten,answerQuestions1-10bycirclingTRUEorFALSE.YouwillhearthetalkONLYONCE.Younowhave1minutetoreadQuestions1-10.
听力原文:Thereareseveralplacesintheworldthatarefamousforpeoplewholiveforaverylongtime.Thesesplacesareusuallymountainousareas,farawayfrommoderncities.Doctors,scientistsandpublichealthexpertsoftentraveltotheseregionstosolveamysteriouslonghealthylife;theexpertshopetobringtothemodernworldthesecretsoflongevity.
HunzaishighintheHymalayanMountainsofAsia.There,manypeopleoveronehundredyearsofagearestillinphysicalhealth.Menofninetyarenewfathers,andwomenoffiftystillhavebabies.Whatarethereasonsforthisgoodhealth?ScientistsbelievethatthepeopleofHunzahavethesethreebenefits:first,physicalwork,usuallyinthefieldsorwithanimals;second,ahealthenvironmentwithcleanairandwater;andwhat'smore,asimplediethighinvitaminsandnutritionbutlowinfat,cholesterol,sugarandchemicals.
PeopleintheCaucasusMountaininRussiaarealsofamousfortheirlongevity.Inthisarea,thereareamazingexamplesofverylong-livedpeople.Birthrecordsarenotusuallyavailable,butawomancalledTsurbaprobablyliveduntilage160;amancalledShiraliprobablyliveduntil168.Hiswidowwas120yearsold.Ingeneral,peoplenotonlylivealongtime,buttheyalsolivewell.Theyarealmostneversick,andwhentheydie,theyhavenotonlytheirownteethbutalsoafullheadofhairandgoodeyesight.
Vilcabamba,Ecuador,isanotherareafamousforthelongevityofitshabit-ants.Thisregion—likeHunzaandtheCaucasus—isalsoinhighmountains,farawayfromcities.InVilcabamba,too,thereisverylittledisease.Onereasonforthegoodhealthofthepeoplemightbetheclean,beautifulenvironment:thetemperatureisabout70Fahrenheitallyearlong;thewindalwayscomesfromthesamedirection;andtheregionisrichinflowers,fruits,vegetablesandwildlife.
Insomeways,thedietsofthehabitantsinthethreeregionsarequitedifferent.Hunzukutseatmainlyrawvegetables,fruit(especiallyapricots),andchapattis—akindofpancake;theyeatmeatonlyafewtimesayear.TheCaucasiandietconsistsmainlyofmilk,cheese,vegetables,fruitandmeat;mostpeopletheredrinkthelocalredwinedaily.InVilcabamba,peopleeatasmallamountofmeateachweek,butthedietconsistslargelyofgrain,coins,beans,potatoesandfruit.
ExpertsfindonesurprisingfactinthemountainsofEcuador.Mostpeoplethere,eventheveryold,consumealotofcoffee,drinkalargeamountofalcohol,andsmokefortytosixtycigarettesdaily.
However,thedietsaresimilarintwogeneralways:first,thefruitsandvegetablesthattheinhabitantsofthethreeareaseatareallnatural;thatis,theycontainnochemicalsandsecond,thepeopleconsumefewercaloriesthanpeopledointheotherpartsoftheworld.AtypicalNorthAmericantakesinanaverageof3,300calorieseveryday;atypicalinhabitantofthesemountainousareasbetween1,700and2,000calories.
Inhabitantsinthethreeregionshavemoreincommoncalories,naturalfood,theirmountainsandtheirdistancefrommoderncities,becausethesepeopleliveincountrysideandaremostlyfarmers,theirlivesarephysicallyhard.Thus,theydonotneedtogotohealthclubsbecausetheygetalotofexerciseintheirdailywork.Inaddition,although,theirlivesarehard,thepeopledonotseemtohavetheworriesofcitypeople.Theirlivesarequiet.Consequently,someexpertsbelievethatphysicalexerciseandfreedomfromworrymightbethetwomostimportantsecretsoflongevity.
Somemoderncitiesareusuallyfamousforpeoplewholiveave
A.TrueB.Fasle
7.Inwhatpartoftheworldispotatoespeciallyafavoritefood?
8.听力原文:Yesterdaywediscussedtheproblemofrisingprices,or,intheeconomist'sterms,inflation.Wenotedthat,duringperiodsofinflation,allpricesandincomesdonotriseatthesamerate.Someincomesrisemoreslowlythanthecostofliving,andafewdonotriseatall.Otherincomesrisemorerapidlythanthecostofliving.
Weconcludedthatpersonswithfixedincomes,forexample,theelderlywhodependuponpensions,andpersonswithslow-risingincomesas,forexample,anemployeewithasalaryagreedtoinalong-termcontract,willbemostseriouslyaffectedbyinflation.Pleaserememberthatwhiletheirdollarincomes,staythesame,thecostofgoodsandservicesrises,andineffect,realincomedecreases,thatis,theyareabletopurchaselesswiththesameamountofmoney.
Wealsotalkedaboutthefactthatstockholdersandpersonswithbusinessinterestsandinvestmentswouldprobablybenefitmostfrominflation,sincehighpriceswouldincreasesalesreceipts,andprofitswouldlikelyrisefasterthanthecostofliving.
Andnow,beforewebegintoday'slecture,arethereanyquestionsabouttheterm,inflationoranyoftheexamplesgiveninourdiscussionsofar?
What'sthemainpurposeofthetalk?
A.Tointroducetheconceptofinflation.
B.Todiscussthecausesofinflation.
C.Toreviewyesterday'slectureoninflation.
D.Toargueinfavorofinflation.
9.Waterisasimportantasvitamins,mineralsandproteinsforlife.
A.RightB.Wrong
10.Accordingtothewoman,whyarewomenmuchbetteratdealingwithmorethanonethingatatime,butmenarenotasgood?
A.Becausewomenhavebetterabilities.
B.Becausemenarenotusedtohousework.
C.Becausemenlackpractice,
D.Becausemenfinditeasytoconcentrateononlyonething.
11.Thepast-orientedpeopleareflexiblein______.
12.Thefrontdoortohishomedoesnotopenautomatically.
A.TrueB.Fasle
13.Theystartedworkingin1968basedontheobservationmadebyJung,thefounderof______.
14.Whydoesthewomanrefertofootball?
A.Toillustratemen'sinterest.
B.Toillustratethatmenusuallydonottouchuponanythingimportantintalkingabouttheirworkandinterest.
C.Toprovemenaremostlyfootballfans.
D.Toshowthatmenintentionallytrytoavoidtalkingabouttheirtruefeelings.
15.Governmentbuildingsoftenhavespecialpathsforthosepeoplehandicapped.
A.RightB.Wrong
二、2.UseofEnglish(10题)16.
【C2】
17.
【C5】
18.(47)
19.
【C16】
20.(34)
21.
【C15】
22.RecentsurveysshowthatJapaneseyouthhavebecomea"MeGeneration"thatrejectstraditionalvalues.
"Around1980manyJapanese,【C1】______youngpeopleabandonedthevaluesofeconomicsuccessandbegan【C2】______fornewsetsofvaluesto【C3】______themhappiness,"writessociologistYasuhiroinComparativeCivilizationsReview.Japaneseyouthareplacingmoreimportanceontheindividual'spursuitof【C4】______andlessonthevaluesofwork,family,andsociety.
Japanesestudentsseemtobelosingpatiencewithwork,【C5】______theircounterpartsintheUnitedStatesandKorea.Ina1993【C6】______ofcollegestudentsinthethreecountries,only10%oftheJapaneseregarded【C7】______asaprimaryvaluecomparedwith47%ofKoreanstudentsand27%ofAmericanstudents.Agreater【C8】______ofJapaneseaged18—24alsopreferredeasyjobs【C9】______heavyresponsibility.
TheyoungerJapaneseareshowinglessconcernforfamilyvaluesastheypursueaninnerworldofprivatesatisfaction.Datacollected【C10】______theJapanesegovernmentin1993showsthatonly23%ofJapaneseyoutharethinkingaboutsupportingtheiragedparents,incontrast【C11】______63%ofyoungAmericans.Itappearsthatmanyyounger-generationJapaneseare【C12】______bothrespectfortheirparents【C13】______asenseofresponsibilitytothefamily.AuthorYoshizakiattributesthechange【C14】______Japaneseparents!over-indulgenceoftheirchildren,materialaffluence,andgrowing【C15】______forprivatematters.
Theshift【C16】______individualismamongJapaneseismostpronouncedamong【C17】______veryyoung.Accordingto1991data【C18】______theBunkaCenterofJapan,50%ofJapaneseyouthaged16—19canbelabeled"self-centered"comparedwith33%among【C19】______aged25-29.Toearntheself-centeredlabel,theyoungpeoplerespondedpositivelyto【C20】______ideasas"Iwouldliketomakedecisionswithoutconsideringtraditionalvalues"and"Idon'twanttodoanythingIcan'tenjoydoing."
【C1】
23.(36)
24.(39)
25.(33)
三、3.ReadingComprehension(15题)26.
Whatdoestheunderlinedword"they"inParagraph2referto?
A.Creativeandcompetitiveinsuranceproducts.
B.Insurancecompanies.
C.Otheralternatives.
D.Investments.
27.
Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue?
A.Electricfishcomefromdifferentfamilies.
B.Onecangetashockbytouchingtheelectricraysintwoplaces.
C.Theelectricplatesintheraysareconnectedwiththespinalcord.
D.Theelectriccatfishisedible.
28.Insuranceissupposedtoprovideprotectionagainstfinancialrisks,andwhiledyingtoosoonisonemajorriskweface,anotherriskmoreandmorepeoplefearisoutlivingtheirmoney.Asaresult,agrowingarrayoflifeinsuranceproductsmakeitpossibletoprotectagainstbothofthoserisks.
Inmanyoftoday'slifeinsuranceproducts,MacDonaldnotes,"Thedeathbenefitportionreallyhasbecomeacommoditytypeproduct,soifsomeoneisreallyconcernedaboutthefinancialimpactofdyingyoung,thentheycangetaprettygooddealbybuyingterminsuranceonacommoditybasis—findthecheapestpolicyandbuyit."But,hesays,"Theothersideofthecoinisthatinsurancecompanieshavedevelopedproductsthatcanbeverycreative,andverycompetitivetootheralternatives,includinginvestments.Theycanfillaveryimportantroleinanyoverallinvestmentplan."
Diverseanduniversalpoliciesofferpeoplechoicesinhowmuchtheywanttoputintotheirpoliciesandhowtheywanttheirfundsinvested.Thesefundscanthenbetappedlaterontoprovidealumpsumforpurchasingaretirementhomeorastreamofretirementincome.Lifeinsuranceisanattractiveinvestmentvehicle,becausethe"insidebuildup",theaccumulationoffundsinsideapolicystructrue,isnotsubjecttotaxes,incontrasttootherpersonalinvestments.
However,MacDonaldandotherswarnagainstusinginsurancepoliciespurelyasaninvestment.Whiletherearetaxadvantages,therearealsothecostsconnectedwiththeinsurancecoverage,andifyoudon'tneedthatcoveragethesecanbeexpensivewaystoinvest.
Moreover,MacDonaldnotesthatsomecompaniesareofferinginsurancethathasacriticalillnessorlong-termcarebenefit.Thesepoliciesspecifythatifsomeonesuffersaheartattack,forexample,theywillget25%ofthefaceamountoftheinsurancepolicyimmediatelyratherthanatdeath.Oriftheymustbeconfinedtoanursinghome,theywillbeabletouseuptothefaceamountofthepolicytopaythenursinghomecosts.
Amidtheproliferationofinsuranceproduct,MacDonaldsays,"Thepositivesideofitistherearebetterproducts—they'recheaperandmoreflexible.Thenegativesideisthatit'smorecomplicatedandeasiertomakeamistake.Inthepast,itwasplainvanilla;everybodywassellingthesameproductandeverybodyhadtofindanagenttheyliked.Nowtherehasbeensignificantchangesinproductstructureanddesign,andbenefits,andsoitisworthwhiletoshoparound."
Thepurposeofinsuranceisto______.
A.giveyoumoneywheneveryouneed
B.protectyoufromfinancialrisks
C.savemoney
D.outlivemoney
29.(70)
30.(69)
31.
Whycouldnotceramicsbeusedwidelyinthepast?
A.Becauseoftheirbrittleness.
B.Becausepeopledidn'tknowhowtousethem.
C.Becausetheywerenotuseful.
D.Becausetheycouldnotresistheat.
32.
Accordingtothepassageitiscommonlybelievedthatbraindifferencesarecausedby______factors.
A.biologicalB.psychologicalC.physicalD.social
33.(76)
34.
Thefederalgovernmentgetsmostoftheirincomefrom______.
A.propertytaxB.incometaxC.salestaxD.estatetax
35.(75)
36.Themanbehindthisnotion,JackMaple,isadandywhoaffectsdarkglasses,homburgs(翘边帽)andtwo-toeshoes;yethehasbecomesomethingofalegendinAmerica'spolicedepartments.Forsomeyears,startinginNewYorkandmovingontohigh-crimespotssuchasNewOrleansandPhiladelphia,heandhisbusinesspartner,JohnLiederhavemarketedatwo-tiersystemforcuttingcrime.
First,policedepartmentshavetosortthemselvesout:rootoutcorruption,streamlinetheirbureaucracy,andmakemorecontactwiththepublic.Second,theyhavetoadoptacomputersystemcalledComstatwhichhelpsthemtoanalyzestatisticsofallmajorcrimes.Theseareconstantlykeyedintothecomputer,whichthendisplayswhereandwhentheyhaveoccurredonacolor-codedmap,enablingthepolicetomonitorcrimetrendsastheyhappenandtospothigh-crimeareas.InNewYork,Comstat'sstatisticalmapsareanalyzedeachweekatameetingofthecity'spolicechiefandprecinctcaptains.
MessrsMapleandLinder("specialistsincrime-reductionservices")havenodoubtthattheirsystemisamaincontributortothedropincrime.WhentheyintroduceditinNewOrleansinJanuary1997,violentcrimedroppedby22%inayear;whentheymerelystartedworkinginformallywiththepolicedepartmentinNewark,NewJersey,violentcrimefellby13%.Policedepartmentsarenowlininguptopayasmuchas$50,000amonthforthesetwomentoputthemstraight.
Probablyallthesenewpoliciesandbitsoftechnicalwizardry,addedtogether,havemadeabigdifferencetocrime.Butthereremainanomaliesthatcannotbeexplained,suchasthefactthatcrimeinWashingtonD.C.,hasfallenasfastasanywhere,althoughthepolicedepartmenthasbeencorruptandhopelessand,inlargestretchesofthecity,neitherpolicenorresidentsseemdisposedtofightthecriminalsintheirmidst.
Themoreimportantreasonforthefallincrimerates,manysay,isamuchlesssophisticatedone.Itisafactthatcrimerateshavedroppedastheimprisonmentratesoared.In1997thenationalincarcerationrate,at645per100000peoplewasmorethandoubletheratein1985,andthenumberofinmatesincityandcountyjailsroseby9.4%,almostdoubleitsannualaverageincreasesince1990.Surelysomecriminologistsargue,onesetoffiguresisthecauseoftheother.Itisprecisebecausemorepeoplearebeingsenttoprison,theyclaimthatcrimeratesarefalling.A1993studybytheNationalAcademyofSciencesactuallyconcludedthatthetriplingoftheprisonpopulationbetween1975and1989hadloweredviolentcrimeby10-15%.
Yetcauseandeffectmaynotbesoobviouslylinked.Tobeginwith,thesaleandpossessionofdrugsarenotcountedbytheFBIinitscrimeindex,whichislimitedtoviolentcrimesandcrimesagainstproperty.Yetdrugoffencesaccountformorethanathirdoftherecentincreaseinthenumberofthosejailed;since1980,theincarcerationratefordrugarrestshasincreasedby1000%.Andalthoughaboutthree-quartersofthosegoingtoprisonfordrugoffenceshavecommittedothercrimesaswell,thereisnotyetacrystal-clearconnectionbetweenfillingthejailswithdrug-pushersandadeclineintherateofviolentcrime.Again,thoughnationalfiguresaresuggestive,localonesdiverge:theplaceswherecrimehasdroppedmostsharply(suchasNewYorkCity)arenotalwaystheplaceswhereincarcerationhasrisenfastest.
JackMaplestartedhiscareerin______.
A.PhiladelphiaB.OregonC.NewOrleansD.NewYork
37.PartB
Directions:Inthefollowingarticlesomeparagraphshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions66-70,choosethemostsuitableparagraphfromthelistA-Ftofitintoeachofthenumberedgaps.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.
DoesthepublisherofDouglasStarr'sexcellentBlood—AnEpicHistoryofMedicineandCommerceactuallyexpecttosellmanycopies?Whoeverchosethetitleiscertaintoscareoffthesqueamish,andthesubtitle,whichmakestheeffortsoundlikeadry,densesurveytext,hasreallydonethisbookadisservice.Infact,thebraveandcuriouswillenjoyabrightlywritten,intriguing,anddisquietingbook,withsomeimportantlessonsforpublichealth.
66.______
Thebookbeginswithahistoricalviewoncenturiesofloreaboutblood—inparticular,thebeliefthatbloodcarriedtheevilhumorsofdiseaseandrequiredoccasionaldraining.AsrecentlyastheRevolutionaryWar,bloodlettingwaswidelyappliedtotreatfevers.Theideaofusingoneperson'sbloodtohealanotherisonlyabout75yearsold—althoughroguescientistshadexperimentedwithtransfusinganimalbloodatleastasearlyasthe1600s.Thefirsttransfusionexperimentsinvolvedstitchingadonor'svein(inearlycasesthephysician's)toapatient'svein.
67.______
Sabotagedbynotionsaboutthe"purity"oftheirgroups'blood,JapanandGermanylaggedwellbehindtheAlliesintransfusionscience.OncetheyrealizedtheywerelosinginjuredtroopstheAllieshadlearnedtosave,theytriedtocatchup,conductinghorribleandunproductiveexperimentssuchasdrainingbloodfromPOWsandinjectingthemwithhorsebloodorpolymers.
68.______
Duringtheearlytomid-1980s,Starrsays,10,000Americanhemophiliacsand12,000otherscontractedHIVfromtransfusionsandreceiptofbloodproducts.Bloodbanksbothhereandabroadmovedslowlytoacknowledgethethreatofthevirusandinsomecasesevenactedwithcriminalnegligence,allowingthedistributionofbloodtheyknewwastainted.Thisisnotnewmaterial.ButStarr'sinsightsaddadimensiontoastoryfirstexploredinthelateRandyShilts'sAndtheBondPlayedOn.
69.______
Isthebloodsupplysafenow?Screeningproceduresandtechnologyhavegottenmuchmoreadvanced.Yetit'sdisturbingtoreadStarr'scontentionthatapersonreceivingmultipletransfusionstodayhasabouta1in90,000chanceofcontractingHTV—farhigherthanthe"oneinamillion"figurethatbloodbankersonceblithelyandfalselyquoted.Moreover,newpathogensthreatentoemergeandspreadthroughtheincreasinglyhigh-speed,globalblood-productnetworkfasterthansciencecanstopthem.ThispromptsStarrtoarguethattoday'sbloodstoresare"simultaneouslysaferandmorethreatening"thanwhendistributionwaslesssophisticated.
70.______
A.Themassivewartimeblooddriveslaidthegroundworkformodernblood-banking,whichhassavedcountlesslives.Unfortunately,thesedevelopmentsalsosetthestageforagreatmoderntragedy—thespreadofAIDSthroughtheinternationalbloodsupply.
B.Thereissomuchdrama,power,resonance,andimportantinformationinthisbookthatitwouldbeashameifthesqueamishwerescaredoff.Perhapsthekeylessonisthis:Thepublichealthmustalwaysbeguardedagainstthepressuresandpitfallsofcompetitivemarketsandhumanfallibility.
C.Inhischronicleofaresource,Starrcoversanenormousamountofground.Hegivesusanaccountofmankind'sattitudesovera400-yearperiodtowardsthis"precious,mysterious,andhazardousmaterial";ofmedicine'seffortstounderstand,control,anddevelopblood'slife-savingproperties;andofthemultibillion-dollarindustrythatbenefitsfromit.Hedescribesdisparateinstitutionsthatuseblood,fromthemilitaryandthepharmaceuticalindustrytob
38.
Whycanmanypeoplesee“silverlinings”totheeconomicshowdown?
A.Theywouldbenefitin
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