-新教材高中英语Unit3CONSERVTIONSectionⅢGrammar-定语从句学案北师大版选择性必修第一册

PAGEPAGE7Grammar——定语从句语法图解探究发现①DoyourememberthegirlwhotaughtusEnglish?②Thisistheplacewhereheusedtolive.③Mr.Zhang,whocametoseemeyesterday,isanoldfriendofmine.④Amiddle­agedwomankilledherhusband,whichfrightenedmeverymuch.⑤Ayoungmanhadanewgirlfriend,whomhewantedtoimpress.[我的发现]1．限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约的作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确，因而不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。2．非限制性定语从句在句中主要起补充说明的作用，非限制性定语从句与主句之间往往有逗号隔开，独立存在，省略也不会影响整个句子的意思。一、限制性定语从句限制性定语从句，是对先行词从本质或特征上进行限制的一种定语从句，它所修饰的词代表一个(些)或一类特定的人或事、物。限制性定语从句与被修饰词之间的关系密切，对其起限定作用，因此不可缺少，否则会影响全句的意义。限制性定语从句前不用逗号。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有：who，whom，that，which，whose；关系副词有：where,when,why。Thegift(that/which)Igavetoherisapetdog.我给她的那份礼物是一只宠物狗。(thegift在后面从句中相当于gave的宾语成分，所以关系代词that/which可以省略。)Amanwhoislazycan’tlearnmuch.一个懒的人学不了多少东西。(aman在后面从句中相当于主语成分，所以who不能省略。)Theyarethepeoplewhosehousesweredestroyedintheearthquake.他们是他们的房子在地震中被摧毁的那些人。Thisistheplacewhere/inwhichmyfatherworks.这是我爸爸工作的地方。Shestillrememberedthedayswhen/duringwhichshewasstudyinginChina.她仍然记得在中国学习的那一段日子。Couldyougivemethereasonwhy/forwhichyouwaslateforschool?你能给我解释一下你为什么迟到吗？[即时演练1]用关系代词或关系副词填空①Septemberisthedaywhenstudentsgobacktoschoolafterasummervocation.②Idon’tlikethewaythatyoutreatanimals.③Thereasonwhyhewonthefirstplaceinthecompetitionisthatnotonlydidhefollowtheteacher’sadvice,butalsohetrainedhard.二、非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句与被修饰词之间的关系松散，不能对其起限定作用，而是提供有用的补充。在口语中用停顿表示，在书面表达中用逗号与句子的其他部分分开，因此句中的关系代词不能省略。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有：who，whom，which，whose，as；关系副词有：where,when。Igaveheragift,whichisapetdog.我给了她一份礼物，是一只宠物狗。(先行词为物，引导非限制性定语从句时，用which而不用that。)Hedidn’twinthechampionship,whichIhadn’texpected.他没获得冠军，这一点是我没预料到的。(which引导非限制性定语从句可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整个句子的含义。)Heisalazyman,whocan’tlearnmuch.他很懒，学不了什么东西。Hewaseagertogotothehospitaltoseehisstepmother,whomhelovedandrespectedashisownmother.他急于想去医院看望他的继母，他把他的继母当作亲生母亲一样热爱和尊敬。Aftergraduation,IdecidedtostayinChongqing,whereIspentmychildhoodandfouryearsofcollegelife.毕业后，我决定留在重庆，在那里我曾度过了我的童年和四年大学生活。Hewillcomeheretomorrow,whenhewillbefree.他明天有空的时候会来这里。[即时演练2]用关系代词或关系副词填空①Wefinallygottothevillage,wherewesawrowsofnewly­builthouses.②Hismoviewonseveralawardsatthefilmfestivals,whichwasbeyondhiswildestdream.③Itwasagreatjoytoworkwithallthesepeople,everyoneofwhomissuchaniceperson.④HisEnglish,whichusedtobeverypoorisnowexcellent.三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别1．在句中作用不同(1)限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。Doyouremembertheboywhoplayedfootballyesterday?你还记得昨天打篮球的那个男孩吗？(2)非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。Mr.Wang,whogaveaspeechyesterday,isanexpertinthehospital.王先生是这家医院的一位专家，昨天做了一个演讲。2．外在表现形式不同限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切，所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，所以可以用逗号将其与主句隔开。Thisistheplacewhereheusedtolive.这是他曾经居住的地方。TheywentbacktoLondon，whichwastheirhometown.他们回到了伦敦，那里是他们的家乡。3．先行词内容有所不同大多数限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由which引导。Afive­year­oldboycanspeaktwoforeignlanguages,whichsurprisesallthepeoplepresent.一个五岁的孩子会说两门外语，这让在场的人都很吃惊。4．关系词的使用情况有所不同(1)that不可用于引导非限制性定语从句误：HegavehismotheracolorTVsetforherbirthday,thatpleasedheralot.正：HegavehismotheracolorTVsetforherbirthday,whichpleasedheralot.[名师点津]值得注意的是，不少同学误认为只有which才能引导非限制性定语从句，这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时，如果先行词指人，则用who,which或whose引导；先行词指物可用which引导；先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时，可用when,where引导。We’llgraduateinJuly,whenwewillbefree.我们将于七月份毕业，到那时我们就自由了。LastSundaytheyreachedNanjing,whereaconferencewastobeheld.他们上周日到达了南京，有个会议要在那里举行。(2)关系代词替代情况不同关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替，但whom在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who来代替。Thisisthegirl(whom/who)Imetinthestreet.这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。ThisisJack,whomyouhaven’tmetbefore.这是杰克，你以前没见过。[名师点津]在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可用that代替who/whom,但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，不可用that代替who/whom.误：Shehasasister,thatisateacher.正：Shehasasister,whoisteacher.(3)关系代词省略情况不同关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去，非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省略。Thisisthebook(which/that)helostyesterday.这就是他昨天丢的那本书。Thebook,whichhelostyesterday,hasbeenfound.他昨天丢了这本书，但现在已找到了。[即时演练3]用关系代词或关系副词填空①HaveyoueverbeentoXi’an,whichIlefttenyearsago.②Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.③I’llfindanicegirl,whomIwanttomarry.④I’llcomeatten,whenI’llbefree.⑤Istillrememberthedays(that/which)IspentinBeijing.⑥Alltheneighborsadmirethisfamily,wheretheparentsaretreatingtheirchildlikeafriend.四、which和as引导非限制性定语从句的异同1．相同点两者引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中作主语，宾语或表语，位于主句之后有时可互换。Themeetingwasputoff,as/whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.会议被推迟了，这正是我们所希望的。2．区别(1)as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性从句只能位于主句之后。Asisknowntoall,fishcan’tlivewithoutwater.众所周知，离开了水，鱼儿无法生存。Shetoldmeshewonthematch,whichwasalie.她告诉我她赢得了比赛，这是一个谎言。(2)as常用“正如”含义，常用的结构有asweknow/asisknowntoall(众所周知)；asoftenhappens(正如常发生的那样)；asisoftenthecase(情况常常如此);asweallcansee(正如我们看到的);asbeannounced/expected/known/imagined/mentioned/said/shown/reported,asthesayinggoes(俗话说)等。这些结构常放在句首，偶尔也可以放在句中或句末。Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。Asthesayinggoes,“AllroadsleadstoRome”.俗话说，“条条大路通罗马”。[即时演练4]用as或which填空①Katewaslateforschool,asoftenhappened.②Hedidn’tsayanythingatthemeeting,as/whichseemedverystrange.③Mybrotherenjoyedplayingbasketball,whichhereallyplayswell.④Air,asweallknow,isgas.Ⅰ.用关系代词或关系副词填空1．Occasionsarequiterarewhenmyparentssharetheiropinionswithme.2．Canyoutellmeasituationwherebodylanguageistheonlyformofcommunication?3．I,whoamyourclosestfriend,willalwayssupportyou.4．Wewentthroughaperiodwhencommunicationisdifficultintheearthquakestrickenarea.5．Itisreportedthattwoschools,bothofwhicharebeingbuiltinourhometown,willopennextyear.6．Markwasastudentatthisuniversityfrom1999to2003,duringwhichtimehestudiedhardandwaselectedchairmanoftheStudents’Union.7．InChinathereismid­autumnfestival,whenpeopleadmirethemoonandgivegiftsofmooncakes.8．Signsandpostersshouldbeputupinareaswheresmokingisnotallowed.9．Heisoneofthestudentswhoaregoodatclassicalmusic.10．Therainwashedawaythetrack,whichpreventedthetrainfromrunning.Ⅱ.补全句子1．IwillneverforgettheautumnwhenIwenttotheFragrantHilltoseetheredleaveswithyou.我将不会忘记和你一起去香山看红叶的那个秋天。2．Astheteachertoldmeyesterday,weshouldbeconfidentofourfuture.正像老师昨天说的那样，我们要对未来充满信心。3．Inourclass,wehavesomestudentswhosecompositionsarewellwritten.我们班有很多作文写得好的学生。4．ThisisthemostimpressiveTVthathasneverbeenputonshowbefore.这是一部以前从未上映过的给人印象最深刻的电视剧。5．Hardworkistheonlywaythatleadstoyoursuccess.努力工作是引导你成功的唯一办法。6．Thesunheatstheearth,whichmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.太阳温暖了地球，使得万物得以生长。7．Iwillkeepyouinformediftheplacewherewe’retohavetheSpeechContestisdecided.如果我们举办演讲比赛的地点定下来，我会通知你的。8．Thisisthepainterwhosehousealotofpictureswerestolenfrom.这就是那位家里有许多画被盗的画家。9．Thebridgeonwhichtheywerestandingcollapsed.他们站在上面的那座桥倒塌了。10．Thechildwasaddictedtocomputergames,whichworriedhisparentsverymuch.这孩子沉迷于玩电脑游戏，这使他父母很担心。Ⅲ.语法填空Asthenamesuggests,SichuanHotPotwasborninSichuanProvince,1isknownforitsThe3(common)acceptedtheorytracestheSichuanHotPotbacktoearly20centurywhentheportworkersandfishermenwhoworkedandlivedalongtheYangtzeRivercouldnotafford4(eat)theregularcutsofmeatsotheyfiguredoutawaytocookcheapmeatsandoffal(内脏)5boilingtheminapotofextremelyspicysoup.Theuseofspicysoupwasfirst6(intend)tocoverthetastefromtheoffal.However,aftersome7(adjust)offragrantspices,thisonepotmealbecameapopulardishinSichuanregion.Afteryearsofcontinuousdevelopment,eatingSichuanHotPottoday8(be)nolongerwhatthepoorlike.Offalstillremainsasclassichotpotingredients,9highqualitymeatsandseafoodingredientsarealsocommononthemenu.The