2002年全国入学统一考试英语试题

2002年入学统一考试英语试入学考试英语试题(一)NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则,答题前,考生应将答题卡上的”考生”、”报考单位”、”考试语种”、”考生编号”等信息填写清楚,并与准考证上的一致。入学考试英语分为试题(一)、试题(二)(一),4页(1～4页)试题(一)为部分。该部分共有A、B、C三节,所有答案都应填写或填1上。A、B两节必须用蓝(黑)圆珠笔答题,注意字迹清楚。C2B铅笔按照答题卡上的要求填涂,如要改动,必须用橡皮擦干净。考试进行时,考生应先将答案写或标记在试题上,然后在部分结束前5分钟内1上。仅写或标记Section ListeningThisSectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthat them.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouarengthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestPartAForQuestions1-5,youwillhearanintroductionaboutthelifeofMargaretWelch.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyou’veheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadtablebelow.(5ceofYearofTransfertoBarnardUniversityMajoratFinalYearofGrowingUpInNewGuineaPublishedFieldStudyintheSouthPacificMainProfessorshipatColumbiaStartedDeathPartBForquestions6-10,youwillhearatalkbyawell-knownU.S.journalist.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)6Besidesreporters,whoelsewerecampedoutfordaysoutsidethespeaker’shome?67Onereportergottothespeaker’sapartmentpretendingtopay.78Thespeakerbelievedthereporterwantedapictureofherlooking89Whereisacorrectiontoafalsestoryusually9Accordingtothespeaker,thepresswilllosereadersunlesstheeditorsandthenewsPartCYouwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonareportaboutchildren’shealthydevelopment.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.WhatunusualquestionmaydoctorsaskwhengivingkidsacheckupnextHowmuchexercisetheygeteveryWhattheyaremostworriedHowlongtheir panythemWhatentertainmenttheyareinterestedTheacademysuggeststhatchildrenunderagetwo getenoughhavemorereceiveearlyhaveregularAccordingtothereport,children’sbedroomsshould benoceforbenearacommonhavenoTVhaveacomputerforQuestions14-16arebasedonthefollowingtalkabouthowtosavemoney.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.Accordingtothespeaker,whatshouldonepayspecialattentiontoifhewantstosaveup?FamilyBankMonthlySpendingHowmuchcanasavebyretirementifhegivesuphispack-a-dayWhatshouldonedobeforepayingmonthlybills,ifhewantstoaccumulateInvestintoamutualUsethediscountQuithiseating-outUseonlypaperbillsandsaveQuestions17-20arebasedonaninterviewwithHerbertA.Glieberman,adomestic-relationslawyer.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.Whichwordbestdescribesthelawyer’spredictionofthechangeindivorceWhatdopeoplenowadaysdesiretodoconcerningtheirToembracechangesofToadapttothedisintegratedfamilyToreturntothepracticeinthe‘60sandTocreatestabilityintheirWhydidsomepeoplechoosenottodivorce20yearsTheyfearedthecomplicatedTheywantedtogoagainsttheTheywereafraidoflosingtheywerewillingtostayYearsagoadivorcedmaninawouldhave beenshiftedaroundthehaddifficultybeingenjoyedahappiertastedlittlebitternessofYounowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbookletANSWERSHEETTHISISTHEENDOFSECTIONDONOTREADORWORKONTHENEXTUNTILYOUARETOLDTO入学考试英语试题(二)NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates入学考试英语分为试题(一)、试题(二)作三个部分。英语知识运用、阅读理解A节的答案必须用2B铅笔按要求直接填涂在答题卡1上，如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。阅读理解B节和写作部分必须用蓝(黑)2上答题，注意字迹清楚。考试结束后，考生应将答题卡1、答题卡2(一)(二)Section UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentofevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhappened大21.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot大22家the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic大23,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe大24家oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution大25家up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading大26家throughtheegraph,theephone,radio,andmotionpictures大27家the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairne.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin大28家.Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,大29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,大30家bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringtheradicallychangedtheprocess,大31家itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediay大32家.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“al”too,aswellas大33家,withdisy ingsharperandstorage大34家increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,大35家generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch大36家.Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsociety”begantowidelyusedtodescribethe大37家withinwhichwenowliveThecommunicationsrevolutionhas大38家bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutceandtime,buttherehavebeen大39家viewsaboutitseconomic,socialandculturalimplications.“Benefits”havebeenweighed大40家“harmful”es.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.[A][A][A][A]process[B][A][A][A][B][C][D][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A]bymeansintermswithregardinline[A][A][A][A][A]SectionIIIReadingPartReadthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoples,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses’convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderful modations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.“Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.“Oh,that’sGod,”camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe’sadoctor.”Ifyouarepartofthegroup,whichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit’llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman’snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn’tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeortheephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatit esmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandundmanner.Oftenit’sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetos,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatfirstyoudon’tsucceed,giveup”orayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofmakefunofthedisorganizedaddressdifferentproblemstodifferentshowsympathyforyourThejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare impolitetonewveryconsciousoftheirgodlikeentitledtosomeverybusyevenduringlunchItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices havebenefitedmanyarethefocusofpublicareaninappropriatesubjectforhaveoftenbeenthelaughingToachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered inwell-wordedasawkwardlyasinexaggeratedascasuallyasThebesttitleforthetextmaybe UseHumorVariousKindsofAddHumortoDifferentHumorSincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustinnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics--thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyinligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingdoneatautomatedlerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy--fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves--goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtolarobottohandleaspecificerror,”saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan’tyetgivearobotenough‘commonsense’toreliablyinctwithadynamicIndeedthequestfortrueartificialinligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslayhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented--andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated--thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediaydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin theuseofmachinestoproducesciencethewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingtheinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangeroustheelite’scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringTheword“gizmos”(Line1,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans Accordingtothetext,whatisman’sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbraininctwithhumanbeingshavealittlecommonrespondindependentlytoachangingBesidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso makeafewdecisionsfordealwithsomeerrorswithhumanimprovefactorycultivatehumanTheauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalabletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediafarlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantbestusedinacontrolledCouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyand ephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarterofthe elossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--have emoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmostThemainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis globalreductioninfastgrowthinIraq’ssuspensionofItcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif priceofcrudecommoditypricesconsumptionoiltaxesTheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries heavy esmoreenergy-elossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilmanufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslyoilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonWecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat oil-priceshocksarelessshockinginflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceenergyconservationcankeepdowntheoilthepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyFromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems TheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,”acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects--agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen--ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodDoctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.”GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.“It’slikesurgery,”hesays.“Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide.”Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof“ineffectualanddmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying”asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanyakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,”totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse.”Hesaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclear…thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatpetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicenseFromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients’itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirtheSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedpatientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitWhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtotheDoctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients’ModernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessTheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeAdoctor’smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisAccordingtotheNAS’sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis prolongedmedicalinadequatetreatmentofsystematicdruginsufficienthospitalWhichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive”(Line3,ParagraphGeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedif managetheir givepatientsmoremedicinethanreducedrugdosagesfortheirprolongtheneedlesssufferingofthePartBReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsAlmostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexnatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexnationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandyze.63)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshaandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinctionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditions,andatechnologyofbehaviormaytherefore eavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitrecestraditionalprescientificviews,