中国矿业大学(北京)2013-2014年博士基础英语考试资料合集

科技英语翻译1.当今社会，选择的观念无孔不入，种种选择会导致人们越发感到焦虑不安和力不从心。总有人向我们灌输这样的理念：我们可以选择自己的生活方式，可以选择自己的身材，甚至可以选择子女的未来。我们因为这种无所不能的虚假承诺而洋洋得意，同时却忘记了，自己做出的选择往往并不理智——要么受到别人选择(社会认同)的影响，要么受到自己内心无意识动机的影响。.Theideologyofchoiceisall-pervasiveintoday’ssociety,andhascontributedtogrowingfeelingsofanxietyandinadequacyamongconsumers.We’retoldthatwecanchoosethetypeoflifewelive,thetypeofbodywehave,eventhewayourkidswillturnout.Butwhilewebaskinthefalsepromiseofmastery,weforgetthatthechoiceswemakeareoftenirrational-eitherlinkedtootherpeople’schoices(whatissociallyacceptable),orourownunconsciousmotives..鉴于甲方拥有合同产品的生产及销售所涉及的技术信息，包括设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料的专有权；鉴于乙方以生产、使用和销售合同产品为目的，希望获得使用上述协助的许可权利；鉴于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商标；双方兹就下列内容达成一致：.WhereasPartyApossessesproprietarytechnicalinformationincludingdesigns,techniques,workmanship,formulas,skillsandotherdatausefulinthemanufactureandmarketingofcertainproducts;andwhereasPartyBdesirestoacquiretherightandlicencetousetheabove-mentionedtechnicalassistanceforthepurposeofmanufacturing,usingandsellingsuchproducts;andwhereasPartyBdesirestousethefollowingtrademarksownedbyPartyA.NowTherefore,thepartiesherebyagreeasfollows:.版权是一种无形资产。正如其字面所示，它所拥有的是一种权利。这种权利包括两个方面，即复制权和对复制权的使用控制。版权是对作品创造者实行的一种法律保护。最初仅限于对书籍方面，而今已扩大到对各种杂志、报纸、地图、戏剧、电影、电视节目、电脑软件、绘画、图片、雕塑、音乐作品、舞蹈动作设计等类作品的保护。实质上，版权保护的是知识或艺术财产。版权这种财产与众不同，因为它旨在为公众所利用，为公众所享受。如果一个读者买一本版权受保护的书，这本书就归其所有。但是如果他将此书复制或散发，那便属违法，因为这种权利属出版商、作者或拥有其版权的人所有。.Copyrightisanintangibleformofproperty.Whatisowned,asthewordsuggests,isaright.Thisrighthastwoaspects-therighttocopyandtherighttocontrolcopying.Copyrightisalegalprotectionextendedtothosewhoproducecreativeworks.Originallyonlyforbooks,copyrightnowextendstomagazines,newspapers,maps,plays,motionpictures,televisionprograms,computerprogramsoftware,paintings,photographs,sculpture,musicalcompositions,choreographeddances,andsimilarworks.Essentiallyacopyrightprotectsanintellectualorartisticproperty.Thistypeofpropertyisunusualbecauseitisnormallyintendedforpublicuseorenjoyment.Ifanindividualbuysacopyrightedbook,itbelongstohimasanobject.Butmakingcopiesofittosellorgiveawayisillegal.Thisrightbelongstothepublisher，author,orwhoeverholdsthecopyright..承租人同意将所租建筑保持良好状态，并不得任其损坏。如果承租人对出租房屋作任何调整或增添任何设施，事先必须征得出租人的书面同意。房内任何增添和装修过的设施都成为出租人的财产，而且承租人不得以此向出租人提出补偿要求。如果发生火灾，本租赁合同立即终止。.TheLesseeagreestomaintaintheleasedbuildingingoodconditionandshallnotallowittofurtherdeteriorate.AnymodificationsoradditionscarriedoutontheleasedbuildingbytheLesseemaybedoneonlywiththeLessor'spriorwrittenpermission.Anynewstructureresultingfrommodification,additionorrepairtotheleasedbuildingbecomesthepropertyoftheLessor,andtheLesseecannotclaimanydamages.Thisleasecontractisterminatedshouldtheleasedbuildingbesubjecttoafiredisaster..阐述了2000年以来，中国经济和能源快速增长的态势，以及能源消费构成变化情况和石油消费形式，探讨了2050年前几种不同情境下的中国经济增长前景、能源消费增长趋势、能源消费构成变化趋势和石油需求总量。.Thispaperillustratestherapidgrowthofchina’seconomyandenergyconsumption,thechangeofenergyconsumptionstructureandthesituationofoilconsumptionsince2000.Italsodiscussedtheprospectofchina'seconomicgrowth,theincreasingtrendofenergyconsumption,thechangingtrendofenergyconsumptionstructureandthetotaldemandofoilindifferentsituationsbefore2050..加速发展常规天然气、页岩气、煤层气等气体能源，即能缓解我国面临的能源安全、环境保护和减排等多重压力，又能培育新的经济增长点。为此应提升气体能源在我国能源战略中的地位，加快能源领域的市场改革，建立完善准入和矿业权管理制度，放宽气体能源的行业标准，改革能源价格形成机制，并加大对页岩气开采等技术开发的支持，从而改变我国能源供应和消费的结构，支持可持续发展和生态文明建设。Theacceleratingdevelopmentofgasenergysuchasnaturalgas,shalegasandcoalbedmethanecanrelievepressuresfromenergysecurity,environmentalprotectionandemissionreductionaswellascreateneweconomicgrowthpoints.Therefore,methodssuchaspromotingthepositionofgasenergyinenergystrategy,acceleratingthemarketreforminenergyfield,establishingandperfectingthemanagementsystemofaccessandminingright,relaxingtheindustrystandardofgasenergy,reformingenergypriceformingmechanismandincreasingthesupportofkeyshalegasextractiontechnologiesshouldbetakentochangethestructureofenergysupplyandconsumptioninourcountryandsupportthesustainabledevelopmentandecologicalcivilizationconstruction..本刊只接受全部用英文写成的稿件。来稿在5000字左右为宜。论文必须另页附200字以内的中文摘要、100词以内英文摘要和不少于3个的主题词。正文格式应符合以下要求：1、英文12磅字体；2、双倍行距；3、左右两边空白各不少于3.5厘米；4、单面打印；5、段落第一行行首缩进四个字符；6、加入页码；7、文内引语和参考书目采用美国心理学会(APA)的论文格式。ThisjournalonlyacceptsEnglishpapers.Keepthepaperabout5000words,withanabstractof200wordsinChineseand100wordsinEnglishwithatleast3keywordsinaseparatepage.Thefollowingistheformatofthetextsubmitted:Usefontsize12inEnglish;Writeondouble-space;Leavemarginsatleast3.5cmontherightandleftsides;Typeononlyonesideofthepaper.Indentthefirstlineofeverynewparagraphwith4spaces;Numberthepaperwiththepages.AdopttheformatofAPAforthequotationsandreferences.课后题答案Unit2（P19）1.对于许多人来说，在当今计算机时代还需要由人来作翻译似乎不合情理。既然现代计算机能装入词典和语法，为什么不让计算机来作翻译呢?计算机是可以作一些非常简单的语际转换工作，条件是事前和事后都要进行大量的编辑。但是无论广告小册子还是抒情诗都绝不可能归结为计算机所要求的那种逻辑。计算机打印出来的译文常常是可以看懂的——如果有关人员早就知道原文的大概。但是机器翻译出来的东西，其语言形式通常是不自然的，而且有时候简直令人不可思议。再者，仅仅修改程序或者增加规则也不会使译文有真正的改观。人的大脑不仅具有数字功能和模拟功能，而且还有内存价值系统，这个系统在语言成分分析上比起计算机来有着不可估量的优势。对于任何文体引人入胜、语义复杂的文本——包括大多数值得在另一种语言中表达出来的东西，非得由人来进行翻译不可。2.Translationmeanstheconversionofanexpressionintoanotherlanguage．Tosayplainlyitisanarttoreproducetheexactideaoftheauthorbymeansofalanguagedifferentfromtheoriginal.Fromtheabovedefinitionoftranslationweknowthattheoriginalthoughtoftheexpressionmustbekeptasexactlyaspossible.Nothingshouldbeaddedtoortakenawayfromtheoriginalwork.Thedutyofthetranslatorissimplytochangethevocabularynotthethought.Intranslationtherefore,therearetwoessentialelements:accuracyandexpressiveness.Accuracyisthefirstrequisiteoftranslation.Thetranslatormuststicktotheauthor'sidea.Wordsselectedandsentencesconstructedmustbeofsuchnatureaswillconveytheexactoriginalthought.Expressivenessistomakethetranslationreadilyunderstood.Inotherwords,thetranslatormustexpresshisauthor'sideaasclearlyandasforciblyashecanbythemediumheemploys.Accuracyistomakethethoughtdefiniteandexact;whileexpressivenessistomakethetranslationvividandattractive.Unit3（P25）.独立宣言包括三个部分：第一部分阐明政治哲学—民主与自由哲学，内容深刻动人；第二部分列举若干具体的不平事例，以证明乔治三世破坏了美国的自由；第三部分宣布独立，并宣誓支持该项政策。.接到来函后，不到十分钟，我骑马动身了。到达坎特布里，换乘四轮马车进镇，但一场雨把我浑身淋湿，患了重感冒，一时不能痊愈。大约中午到达财务委员会，要做的第一件事，就是刮脸换衣。不久，打听到在委员会前树碑的内情。可是我尚未接到通知，不过从送信者口里获悉翌日上午会有通知的。我一回到小旅馆就吃了晚饭，然后就上床睡觉。第2天一早，吃过早饭，换好衣服，我就及时出发去打听有关纪念碑的事情。一得到消息，我就坐上马车，在3点之前回到了坎特布里。没给你带来什么，再见吧。Unit11（P94）作为一种重要的知识储备手段，各类文献已成为宝贵的资源宝藏，大大促进了人类社会的进步。专业文献一向被认为是全世界的“无形财产”。因为一方面它们是对前人的经验或研究成果的总结、概括和发展；另一方面，又是人类长期积累、世代相传的遗产。因此，从这种意义上讲，一切文献都是前人的研究发现和学术成就的宝贵记载，是人类文明的结晶。Unit12（P105）1．版权是一种合法权力，旨在保护创造性作品在未得到允许的情况下不得加以复制、演出、展出或传播。版权拥有者具有这样一些专有权：复制版权受保护的作品；根据版权保护的作品制作其他作品将保护作品的拷贝出售、出租或借给公众使用在公众场合演出以及公开展出版权受保护的作品。版权拥有者的以上种种基本专有权也有例外的情况，这往往要根据作品的种类以及他人怎样使用作品而定。版权法中“作品”一词指的是以固定形式存在于有形媒介的原作者的创作物。这样，能受版权保护的作品就包括文学作品、音乐作品、戏剧选集、舞蹈、照片、绘画、雕刻、图形、广播、地图、电影、电台和电视节目、录音以及计算机软件程序等。版权不保护某种想法或概念，只对作者表达想法或概念的方法加以保护。例如，要是某科学家发表了一篇文章，阐述生产某种药品的新的制作过程，那么版权可以阻止他人抄袭该文章，但不能制止任何人用上述过程配备药品。要想保护上述制作过程，该科学家就必须获得专利。Unit13（P116）.对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应友好协商解决，如协商无法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京），依据仲裁规则仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。.IfthisAgreementisterminatedforanyreasonwhatsoever,allsuchdrawings,transparencies,specifications,andanyothermanufacturingorengineeringinformationasaresuppliedbyPartyA,includingallthecopiesthereof,shallbereturnedtoPartyA,andPartyBshallceasetomanufacturethesaidLicensedProductsorComponents,orpartsoftheLicensedProducts.Unit14（P120）以上定义中提到的指定的管理计划通常称为“管理建议”。一般来说，管理建议向预期的客户准准确确地解释整个项目将如何进行管理，以及管理人员的姓名等，并为完成该项目提出一个时间进度表。管理建议的重要目的之一是让客户相信，该项工作在每个阶段都将由能胜任的人员来完成，这就是说，如果是“硬件”项目，就要从原型设计研究到整个制造阶段；如果是“软件”项目，则要从初始的探索性研究到最终解决方案（“软件”一词在此上下文中指的是一份能解决某一基本问题或若干问题的可行性报告）。此外，建议中有关管理的部分应当在质量和可靠性问题上分清职责，措辞要尽量清晰果断，便于客户与供应商交换意见。2013-科2技0英1语4作业

汉译英部分（作业）对农民工的管理和服务要到位雇工要给工钱，古今皆然，中外同理。但是，就在国务院已经下发了用工单位不得以任何名目拖欠和克扣农民工工资的通知后，有些急于拿到工钱返乡过春节的农民工仍拿不到钱。忙碌了一年的血汗钱，农民工要把每个前掰成两瓣儿花的：盖新房、娶媳妇、备耕买种子、化肥、子女来年的学费都指望着它呢。拿不到工钱，已经够让农民工烦心的了，但闹心的事远不止这一件。诸如受了工伤，老板不予治疗，欲诉诸法律，有打不起官司；受了老板或包工头的侮辱，想讨个说法却又担心丢了饭碗只好忍气吞声；劳动环境恶劣，劳动强度超负荷，有毒有害物质和气体严重戕害身体，却投告无门；各种名目的管理费多如牛毛，是个穿制服的就敢向农民工收费，不交就可能被驱逐出城。凡此种种，都发出了一个讯号：各地政府对农民工的管理和服务要尽早到位，不然就有可能出乱子甚至是大乱子。DoagoodjobinadministeringandservinglaborersfromthecountrysideYouhavetopaythepeopleyouhire.Thereisnoexceptiontothisinmodernorancienttimes,athomeorabroad.However,someofthehiredlaborershaven’tgottheirpaythoughtheyareanxioustogohomeforthespringFestivaldespitethefactthattheStateCouncilhasissuedanoticeforbiddingemployersdocklaborers’wagesinwhatevername.thelaborersplantospendtheirmoneysparinglyassomanythingshangonthemoneyearnedwiththeirbloodandsweat:tobuildnewhouses,togetmarried,tobuyseeds,chemicalfertilizer,andpesticidestogetreadyforthespringplough,andtopayfortheirchildren’seducationofthenextyear.Itwasalreadybotheringthemthattheyfailtogetthemoneyduetothem.Buttherearefarmoretroubles.Forexample,theirbossesrefusetopayfortheirmedicaltreatmentwhensomeofthelaborersgetinjuredduringwork,andtheysimplycannotaffordtolaunchanylawsuiteveniftheywantto.Sometimestheyreallywanttoseekjusticewhentheyarebulliedbythebossortheforeman,butveryoftentheyhavetoswallowitlesttheyshouldlosetheirjobs.Theysufferfromadverseworkingenvironment,unbearablelaborintensity,andtoxicandharmfulmaterialandgaseswhichseriouslyaffectingtheirhealth,butthereisnoplacewheretheycancomplainaboutthese.Miscellaneousfeesareimposedontheminvariousnamesandexcuses-anyonewearingauniformorevenanarmbandcanlevyfeesfromthemandrefusalmayresultinthelaborers’beingdrivenoutofthecity.Allthesearesendingoutwarningstous:therewillbetroubles,evenbigtroublesunlessgovernmentsatdifferentlevelsdoagoodjobinadministeringandservinglaborersfromthecountryside.近几年来，国债资金重点用于水利、交通、通信、能源、环保等方面的建设，取得了重大成效。在基础设施落后的状况已有改变的情况下，产业结构的优化升级应成为经济发展的首要任务。要用现代技术改造传统产业，加快发展高新技术产业，改变第三产业发展明显滞后的状况。能不能完成这一阶段性任务，关系到加入世贸组织后我国国际竞争力的提高，关系到经济的持续快速健康发展和第三步战略目标的实现。实现结构调整的目标，技术是最大的制约因素。许多符合产业升级要求的好的建设项目，由于缺乏技术，虽然有资金也无法进行。所以，打破技术这一瓶颈制约，是实现产业升级目标的关键。当前，必须加大对科研开发的投入，继续引进国外的先进技术和装备，加强消防、吸收和创新。Greatresultshavebeenachievedinrecentyearsthroughgivingpriorityintheallocationoffundsgatheredthroughgovernmentalbondstotheconstructionofwaterconservancy,transportation,communication,industriesofenergyresources,andenvironmentalprotection.Nowtheoptimizationandupgradingofindustrialstructurehavebecomethemostimportanttaskasthebackwardinfrastructurehasbeenremarkablyimproved.Weshouldreformtraditionalindustriesbyadaptingmoderntechniques,speedingupindustrieswithadvancednewtechniques,soastochangethesituationthatthetertiaryindustrylagsbehind.ThesuccessfulfulfillmentofthistaskhasadirectbearingonwhetherChinacanraiseherinternationalcompetitiveness,maintainthecontinuous,rapidandhealthydevelopmentofhernationaleconomy,andrealizethetargetssetirdforherthirdstrategicplan.Thegreatestrestrictivefactorinachievingthetargetofthisindustrialstructuralreadjustmentistechnology.Manyfineprojectscannotbeupgradedbecauseoflackoftechnique,thoughtheymeetthedemandsforupgradingandthereisnolackoffunds.Therefore,ithasbecomeakeytotherealizationofsuchupgradingtobreakthroughthistechnicalbottleneck.Atpresent,itisimperativetoputinmoreinscientificresearch,continuetointroduceinadvancedforeigntechniquesandequipment,anddoabetterjobindigestingandabsorptionofsuchtechniquesandatthesametimeblazenewtrails.英译汉部分（作业）Untilrecently,scientistsknewlittleaboutlifeinthedeepsea,norhadtheyreasontobelievethatitwasbeingthreatened.Now,withthebenefitoftechnologythatallowsfordeeperexploration,researchershaveuncoveredaremarkablearrayofspeciesinhabitingtheoceanflooratdepthsofmorethan660feet,orabout200meters.Atthesametime,however,technologyhasalsoenabledfishermentoreachfardeeperthaneverbefore,intoareaswherebottomtrawlscandestroyinminuteswhathastakennaturehundredsandinsomecasesthousandsofyearstobuild.Manyoftheworld'scoralspecies,forexample,arefoundatdepthsofmorethan200meters.Itisalsoestimatedthatroughlyhalfoftheworld'shighestseamounts—areasthatrisefromtheoceanfloorandareparticularlyrichinmarinelife—arealsofoundinthedeepocean.Thesedeepseaecosystemsprovideshelter,spawningandbreedingareasforfishandothercreatures,aswellasprotectionfromstrongcurrentsandpredators.Moreover,theyarebelievedtoharborsomeofthemostextensivereservoirsoflifeonearth,withestimatesrangingfrom500,000to100millionspeciesinhabitingtheselargelyunexploredandhighlyfragileecosystems.Yetjustaswearebeginningtorecognizethetremendousdiversityoflifeintheseareas,alongwiththepotentialbenefitsnewlyfoundspeciesmayholdforhumansocietyintheformofpotentialfoodproductsandnewmedicines,theyareatriskofbeinglostforever.Withenhancedabilitybothtoidentifywherethesespecies-richareasarelocatedandtotrawlindeeperwaterthanbefore,commercialfishingvesselsarenowbeginningtoreachdownwithnetsthesizeoffootballfields,catchingeverythingintheirpathwhilesimultaneouslycrushingfragilecoralsandbreakingupthedelicatestructureofreefsandseamountsthatprovidecriticalhabitattothecountlessspeciesoffishandothermarinelifethatinhabitthedeepoceanfloor.Becausedeepseabottomtrawlingisarecentphenomenon,thedamagethathasbeendoneisstilllimited.Ifstepsaretakenquicklytopreventthiskindofdestructiveactivityfromoccurringonthehighseas,thebenefitsbothtothemarineenvironmentandtofuturegenerationsareincalculable.Andtheyfaroutweightheshort-termcoststothefishingindustry.前不久，科学家们对深海生物还知之甚少，也不太相信它们正受到威胁。现在，随着深海探测技术的发展，研究人员发现660多英尺，即200米深的海底生存着大量多种多样的物种。但与此同时，捕鱼人员也可以依靠技术到达比以前更深的地方，进行海底拖网捕捞，而此种深海捕捞则可在几分钟内就把大自然几百年乃至几千年的积累毁灭。例如，世界上的许多种珊瑚在二百多米深的海底才能找到。此外，据估计世界上一些最高的海底山约有一半位于深海海底。这些海底隆起的地方，海洋生物特别丰富。这些深海生态系统为鱼类和其它生物提供生存、产卵、繁殖的场所，从而保护它们免遭大海流和猎食者的侵袭。此外，据信这些深海生态系统蕴藏着世界上最丰富的生命宝库，估计有五十万至一亿种生物生活在这些大体上未经勘探并且极脆弱的生态系统中。当我们现在刚刚开始认识这些地区极其丰富的生物多样性，并发现这些新物种可能为人类社会带来好处时——如新食品和新药品，这些地区却面临着永远消失的危险。由于确定物种丰富地区的能路增强，由于拖网捕捞能到达比过去更深的区域，商业渔船可把足球场大小的拖网撒入海中，碰上什么捕捞什么，同时损坏了脆弱的珊瑚，破坏礁石和海底山的脆弱结构，而正是这些东西为生活在深海海底的无数鱼类和其它海洋生物提供了赖以生存的场所。因为深海海底拖网捕捞是最近才出现的一种现象，它所造成的损害还是有限的。如能赶紧采取措施防止这些在公海上的破坏活动，它为海洋环境和子孙后代带来的好处将是无法估量的。这些好处将远远超过渔业短期内需承担的花费。ThefirstoutlineofTheAscentofManwaswritteninJuly1969andthelastfootoffilmwasshotinDecember1972.Anundertakingaslargeasthis,thoughwonderfullyexhilarating,isnotenteredlightly.Itdemandsanunflaggingintellectualandphysicalvigour,atotalimmersion,whichIhadtobesurethatIcouldsustainwithpleasure;forinstance,IhadtoputoffresearchesthatIhadalreadybegun;andIoughttoexplainwhatmovedmetodoso.Therehasbeenadeepchangeinthetemperofscienceinthelast20years:thefocusofattentionhasshiftedfromthephysicaltothelifesciences.Asaresult,scienceisdrawnmoreandmoretothestudyofindividuality.Buttheinterestedspectatorishardlyawareyethowfar-reachingtheeffectisinchangingtheimageofmanthatsciencemoulds.Asamathematiciantrainedinphysics,Itoowouldhavebeenunaware,hadnotaseriesofluckychancestakenmeintothelifesciencesinmiddleage.Ioweadebtforthegoodfortunethatcarriedmeintotwoseminalfieldsofscienceinonelifetime;andthoughIdonotknowtowhomthedebtisdue,IconceivedTheAscentofManingratitudetorepayit.TheinvitationtomefromtheBritishBroadcastingCorporationwastopresentthedevelopmentofscienceinaseriesoftelevisionprogrammestomatchthoseofLordClarkonCivilisation.Televisionisanadmirablemediumforexpositioninseveralways:powerfulandimmediatetotheeye,abletotakethespectatorbodilyintotheplacesandprocessesthataredescribed,andconversationalenoughtomakehimconsciousthatwhathewitnessesarenoteventsbuttheactionsofpeople.Thelastofthesemeritsistomymindthemostcogent,anditweighedmostwithmeinagreeingtocastapersonalbiographyofideasintheformoftelevisionessays.Thepointisthatknowledgeingeneralandscienceinparticulardoesnotconsistofabstractbutofman-madeideas,allthewayfromitsbeginningstoitsmodernandidiosyncraticmodels.Thereforetheunderlyingconceptsthatunlocknaturemustbeshowntoariseearlyandinthesimplestculturesofmanfromhisbasicandspecificfaculties.Andthedevelopmentofsciencewhichjoinstheminmoreandmorecomplexconjunctionsmustbeseentobeequallyhuman:discoveriesaremadebymen,notmerelybyminds,sothattheyarealiveandchargedwithindividuality.Iftelevisionisnotusedtomakethesethoughtsconcrete,itiswasted.《人类的进程》写作渊源《人类的进程》一书的提纲初稿是1969年7月完成的，影片的最后一部分是在1972年12月拍摄的。像这样大的一个项目，虽然异常精彩，令人激动，却并不是轻易上马的。它要求我保持旺盛的脑力和体力，专心致志地投入工作。我必须确保持之以恒，并从中得到乐趣；比方说，我不得不停下已经开始的研究工作；我还应当说明一下，究竟是什么促使我承担这项工作的。二十年来，科学的发展趋势发生了深刻的变化：关注的焦点已经从自然科学转移到生命科学。结果，便把科学越来越吸引到个体特征的研究上来。然而感兴趣的旁观者几乎没有意识到此事对于改变科学塑造的人的形象产生了多么深远的影响。我是一个研究数学的人，以前学过物理学，若不是中年有幸有几次机会涉足生命科学，我也不会有所认识。我应当感谢我交的好运，是它使我在一生中参与了两个启发性的科学领域。尽管我并不知道应该向谁表示感谢，我编写了《人类的进程》一书，以表示我的感激之情。英国广播公司邀请我做的是通过一套电视节目来表现科学的发展过程，以与克拉克勋爵制作的关于文明的电视节目相匹配。通过电视来进行解说有几大好处：它有力、直观，能使观众身临其境或亲身参与所描述的过程；它的语言亲切，能使观众觉得他所看到的是人们的行动而不是事件。这些优点之中，我认为最后一点最为突出，它是一股最大的动力促使我同意以电视散文的方式从个人的角度来讲述各种思想的发展史。重要的是知识总体，尤其是科学知识不是由抽象的思想构成的，而是由人的思想构成的，自有知识开始直到现代千奇百怪的模式莫不是如此。所以介绍打开自然界之门的基本思想，必须表现出它们很早就已产生，而且是产生在人类最淳朴的文化之中，产生于人类基本的、具体的感官之中。同时还必须表现出使种种思想形成越来越复杂的结合体的科学的发展也同样是人类的贡献：种种发现都是人的产物，而不仅仅是头脑的产物，因此它们都是有生气的，而且具有个人的特色。如果电视未能把这些思想表现得很具体，那岂不是浪费！学术与技术英语PartIDefinethefollowingterms（名词解释10分）Abstract（摘要）：Arestatementofthemainfindingsandconclusionsofadocument.Indicativeabstract:Anindicativeabstractmerelydescribeswhatthereportisabout.Informativeabstract:Itgivessomespecificinformationabouttheproblem,method,result,orconclusions.Abstract与summary的不同◊Standingalone◊TheveryfirstpartCategory（分类）:descriptive/indicativeabstract;information/informativeabstract;information-indicativeabstractfunctions：miniaturizingthetext;deciding“Yes”or“No”;ExpandingthecirculationContent（主要内容）：statementoftheproblem;statementoftheapproach;theprincipalresult;thesignificance3partstructure:Topicsentence;supportingsentence;concludingsentence写作要求：Integrity;Conciseness;Consistency;Concentrationsteps:Underliningkeywordsandsentences;Listingessentialpointsofthepaper;Boilingdowneachsectiontoasentenceortwo;Draftingtheabstract;Checkingthefinaldraft5Astrategy:background;maintopic;specificinvestigation;resultandsuggestion;conclusionandcontributionSummaryisarestatementofthemajorfindingsandconclusionsofadocument,placedafterthetextFindingissomethingthatisfoundbyanalysisandexperiment.Resultsareusuallypresentedtogetherwiththecorrespondinganalysisconcerned,andinthissectiontheauthorpresenttheessentialresultanddateandthengeneralizethemtoatheoreticalheight.Quantitativeresults（定量分析）arereportedbytables/graphs/figurescoupledwithaverbal,andprovidethereaderswithparallelinformation,numericandnarrativeQualitativeresults（定性分析）areprimarilypresentedinanarrativeformbutoccasionallysupplementedbyafigureoratableConclusion:Asummaryoftheauthor（s）’sviewpointsbasedontheinvestigation,experiments,inferences,discussionsandsoon.Contents:Summingup;statementsofconclusions;statementsofrecommendations;gracefulterminationAcknowledgemen（t致谢）ismainlyusedtoexpresstheauthor’sappreciationandextendtheauthor’sindebtednesstothehelpfulsupportorconcernfromtheircolleagues（orinstitutions）inofferinganyusefulmaterial,specimen,technicalknow-how,suggestions,anyotherenlightenment,etc.totheauthor.Contents:gratitudetopersonalorinstitutionalassistance;gratitudetofinancialsupportfromdifferentsourcesReferences参考书目Referenceswouldnormallyincludeonlythoseworksthatareactuallyreferredtointhemaintext.twosystemofthereferences:nameandyearsystem;citationordersystemBibliography参考文献Bibliographygenerallycontainsworksrelevanttothesubjectmatteroftheassignmentwhichtheauthorhasread,butnotnecessarilyandspecificallyreferredtointhetext.Plagiarism剽窃Theunauthorizeduseorcloseimitationofthelanguageandthoughtsofanotherauthorandthepresentationofthemasone’sownoriginalwork;somethingusedandrepresentedinthismannerHandlecitation:directquotation;paraphrasing;summarizingTechnicalwritingAwrittendocumentthatdealswithengineeringandscientifictopicsinindustryandbusinessTraditionalresumeTraditionalresumeisadocumentthatsummarizesyourpersonaldate,careerobjective,educationalandworkhistoryforapositioninyourfield.MeetinganassemblyofpeoplefortalkinganddiscussingonatopicConferenceaformalmeetingorganizedonaparticularsubject,oftenlastingforafewdaysSymposiumthemeetingforspecializedacademicdiscussion,usuallynarrowandspecificintherangeoftopicsCongressagatheringtodiscussissues,ideas,andpoliciesofpublicinterestConventionaroutinemeetingoralargegatheringtodiscussthebusinessoftheirorganizationorpoliticalgroupForumapublicmeetingtoexchangeideasanddiscussissues,especiallyimportantpublicissuesSeminar研讨会aclass-likemeeting,todiscussaparticulartopicorsubjectpresentedbyseveralmajorspeakersTitle（文章题目）Writingrequirements:Bebriefandconcise;bespecific;avoidquestiontitles;beunified;bestandardfunctions:Generalizingthetext;attractingthereader;facilitatingtheretrievalKeywords（关键词）Functions:easinessofretrieval;easinessofhighlightingnumbers:fourtosixkeywordsaretheaverage.Ingeneral,thereshouldbeatleast2andatmost8.Linguisticfeatures:Nominalization;Limitednumber;DesignatedchoiceIntroduction（概述）functions:introducingthesubject;limitingtheresearchscope;statingthegeneralpurpose;showingthewritingarrangementprocess:Startingwiththeresearchbackground;Transitingtotheexistingproblem;Focusingonthepresentresearch;Thestructureofathesis例题：what'sthe"PLAGIARISM"exactlymean?Plagiarismisakindofstealing.Itisusingsomeoneelse’swordsand/orideasandputthemintoyourwritingasthoughtheyareyours.What'sthemeaningof"abstract"and"summary"?Anabstractisabriefsummaryofaresearcharticle,conferenceproceedingoranyin-depthanalysisofaparticularsubject,andisoftenusedtohelpthereaderquicklyascertainthepaper'spurpose.Anabstractsisreadbeforeareaderstudiesthetext.Abstractsaredesignedtostandalone.Asummaryisarestatementofthemajorfindingsandconclusionsofadocumentplacedafterthetextofthebodyandintendtohelpreaderscomprehendandreviewthetext.twokindsofabstractsIndicativeabstractslistthesectionsofanarticle;Informativeabstractsbrieflyexplainthearticle’smainpointandthemainsupportforthatpoint.what'sthemeaningof"findings"and"results”inresearchpaper?Findingsrefertoallthefindingsfromthestudy.Somefindingsmaynotdirectlyaddresstheresearchquestions.Resultsfocusonthefindingsthatanswertheresearchquestions.twomajorreferencessystemNameandyearsystem,alsocalledHarvardSystem,isregardedassimpleandstraightforward,andisalphabeticallyarrangedandheadedbytheauthor’sname,theyearofpublication,thetitleofthepublication,thepublisher,andthepagenumberandsoon.Citationordersystem,referencesareorganizedbyorderofcitation.referenceandbibliographyAlistentitledreferenceswouldnormallyincludeonlythoseworksthatareactuallyreferredtointhemaintext.Alistentitledbibliographygenerallycontainsworksrelevanttothesubjectmatteroftheassignmentwhichtheauthorhasread,butnotnecessarilyandspecificallyreferredtointhetext.recommendationandfeasibilityreportsRecommendationreportschoosebetweentwoclearalternatives.Feasibilityreportsinvestigateoneoptionanddecideyesorno.Recommendationreportstendtobeshorter.其他类（不考分类，只考名词解释2013）ClassificationofProfessionalpapersReportpapers,researchpaper,coursepaper,thesispaperWaysofpreparingProfessionalpapersSearchingforgoodideas,findingtopics,consideringaudienceandpurpose,movingfrombrainstormingtodrafting,editingandrefiningGeneralFunctionsofAbstractGeneralizingthetext,attractingthereader,facilitatingtheretrievalAbstract的写作要求Bebriefandconcise,bespecific,avoidquestiontitles,beunified,bestandardKeywords有几个Generally2-8words,but4-6preferredLengthofAbstractNormally200words,butnevermorethan500words,50-100wordsforshortarticle.Approximately3-5%ofthelengthofthepaper.CategoriesofabstractDescriptive,informationalandinformationalindicativeInformationalabstract应一般包含的内容Astatementoftheproblem;Astatementoftheapproachtosolvingtheproblem;Theprincipleresult;thesignificanceAbstractsentencestructureA1:background;A2:maintopic;A3:specificinvestigation;A4:resultandinvestigation;A5:conclusionandcontributionWritingRequirementsforAbstractIntegrity;conciseness;consistency;concentrationAbstract写作的5步(5steps)Underliningkeywordsandsentences;2)Listingessentialpointsofthepaper3)Boilingdowneachsectiontoasentenceortwo4)DraftingtheabstractCheckingthefinaldraftGeneralfunctionofintroductionIntroducingthesubject;2)LimitingtheresearchscopeStartingthegeneralpurpose;4)ShowingthewritingarrangementStructuralfunctionofintroductionStartingtheresearchbackground;2)TransitingtotheexistingproblemFocusingonthepresentresearchDiscussionincludesfactorsAnalyzingthedata;2)Pointingthedoubts;3)Expoundingviewpoints;4)Statingthesignificance;5)ArrivingataconclusionGeneralFunctionsandMainElementsofConclusionSummingup;2)statementsofconclusion;3)Statementofrecommendations;4)GracefulterminationAfullresearchreportincludesTitle,author,affiliation,abstract,keywords,introduction,theoreticalanalysisand/orexperimentaldescription,resultanddiscussionorconclusion,acknowledgment,reference,etc.ClassificationofprofessionaljournalsJournal,Acta,Bulletin,CircularorGazette,Rapidcommunications/letters,Review,ProceedingsCategoryofmeetingsMeetings,conference,Symposium,Congress,Convention,Forum,SeminarLetterscategoryforconferenceLettersforinquiry;2）Lettersforinvitation;3）Lettersforacceptanceofinvitation;4）Lettersfordeclinationofinvitation;5）Financialapplication;6）Coverletters;7）Post-conferencecorrespondence;8）Lettersofthanks信由哪几部分组成Theheading,insideaddress,salutation,body,complimentaryclose,signature.Part2Revisethefollowingsentences（句子改写10分）句子改写，阅读p41-43,P47-50,P55-56[1a]Managementguaranteesthattheoldsystemwillbereplacedandtoconsiderthenewproposal.[1b]Managementguaranteesthattheoldsystemwillbereplacedandthatthenewproposalwillbeconsidered.[2a]Usethecylinderwithadiameterof33/16inchesand11/2incheshigh.[2b]Usethecylinderwithadiameterof33/16inchesandaheightof11/2inches.[3a]Asuccessfulfirmiscapableofmanufacturingaproduct,marketingit,andmakeaprofit.[3b]Asuccessfulfirmiscapableofmanufacturingaproduct,marketingit,andmakingaprofit.Thememowassentbythemanager.（被动passivevoice）Themanagersentthememo.（主动activevoice）Anyloosebubblescanbedetectedinthisway.（被动passivevoice）Youcandetectanyloosebubblesinthisway.（主动activevoice）Theworkercandetectanyloosebubblesinthisway.Theheatedwaterissentintothechamber.（被动passivevoice）Theheatedwaterflowsintothechamber.[1a]Therobotisusedinrepetitiveactivities.[1b]Companiesuserobotsinrepetitiveactivities.[2a]Theinkisforcedthroughthestencilbyasqueegee.[2b]Asqueegeeforcestheinkthroughthestencil.AterwehaveHavingcarriedthroughtheformulismofLagrangemultipliersfor27variableswith18equationsofconstraints,weobtaintheequationsofthreemajoraxes.Theyproposedthatthefactoryshouldbefined,finingthatfactoryforithasseriouslypollutedtheriversnearby.Afteritisbeingboiled,waterreadilygivesoffwatervapor.Weclearlyobservestheenhancement,andnumericallyanalyzedtheangular-distributionmomentsoftheconstantandfoundfindingthattheenhancementisconstant.Wewanttominimizefriction,soweshouldgreasethemetallicsurface.Thewateriscooledsothatitcantobeusedinthecondenser.Thematerialthatwearegoingtobeusedisagoodconductor.SuppliesofrubberwhichRubbersupplieswererequiredbyindustrycamefromfaraway.TheresearchthatisnowbeingcarriedoutinNMRimagingisextensiveandmeaningful.Theplanewhich■is-flyingatanaltitudeof2140metersissubjectedtopressuresof80kilometerspersquaremeter.Thescrewrevolvedonce,anditraiseraisingtheloadby30mm.Thecontractorsareresponsibleforthedamage,sincetheyhavinginstalledthemachinery.IftheyareGivenachance,thehegemonieswouldstageacomeback.It-ismystrongdesireistojoininyourwork,inthehopehopingthatwillbeinthefieldofmirrortheory.Herespondedinahastymanner.Hastily.P50Inthisformula,wehaveneglectedthefrictionlossescausedbyfriction.Webegantheexperiment,andhopedthattheexperimentcouldbesuccessful,hopefulofsuccess.ConnectMtoNbyusinggears.MisgearedtoN.Thegoodswillbetransportedbymeansoftrucked.Ifwehavehavingnofaith,w