考研考博-英语-山西财经大学考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山西财经大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

PresidentBushcametohisparent’scentury-oldsummerhomeontheMainecoastforalittlerelaxation,adistantcousin'sweddingandsomefamilytime.However,severalhundredanti-wardemonstrators()onhisvisit.

问题1选项

A.intruded

B.invaded

C.intwined

D.inturned

【答案】A

【解析】intrudeon打扰，侵扰；invade侵略，侵犯；intwine盘绕，缠绕；inturned内弯的。句意：布什总统来到他父母位于缅因州海岸的百年避暑别墅，来放松一下，参加一个远房表亲的婚礼，并与家人共度时光。然而，数百名反战示威者侵扰了他的观光。选项A符合句意。

2.单选题

Thediplomat,selectedforherdemonstratedpatienceandskillinconductingsuch

delicatenegotiations,（

）tomakeadecisionduringthetalksbecauseanysuddencommitmentatthattimewouldhavebeen（

）.

问题1选项

A.resolved...detrimental

B.hesitated...warranted

C.declined...inopportune

D.struggled...unconscionable

【答案】C

【解析】动词和形容词辨析。第一个空的选项为resolve“决定，溶解”；hesitate“犹豫，有疑虑";decline“下降，衰落，婉拒”；struggle“努力，挣扎，对抗”，根据关键词patience和suddencommitment推断出第一个空应选则填入declined；第二个空的选项为detrimental不利的，有害的”；warranted“保证的，担保的”；inopportune“不适当的，不合时机的”；unconscionable“昧着良心的，肆无忌惮的，过度的”；据第一个空的选词和句意‘因在如此微妙的谈判中表现出来的耐心和技巧而当选的这位外交官拒绝在会谈中做出决定，因为在那种情况下，任何突然的承诺都是不恰当的。’确定第二个空填入inopportune，C选项正确。

3.单选题

Changingfromsolidtoliquid,watertakesinheatfromallsubstancesnearit,andthis______producesartificialcoldsurroundingit.

问题1选项

A.absorption

B.dissemination

C.assimilation

D.interaction

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项absorption“吸收，全神贯注，专心致志”，B项dissemination“宣传，散播，传染（病毒）”，C项assimilation“同化，吸收”，D项interaction“相互作用，相互影响，交流”。根据watertakesinheatfromallsubstancesnearit“水从它附近的所有物质中吸收热量”可知，absorption符合语境。句意：水在从固体变成液体的过程中，会从周围所有物质吸收热量，而这种吸收会在周围产生人造的寒冷。因此，该题选择A项正确。

4.单选题

（）occasionaldifferencesofopinion,RonandPaulgetalongverywell.

问题1选项

A.Exceptfor

B.Outof

C.Inspiteof

D.Inadditionto

【答案】C

【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项Exceptfor“除了...以外”；B选项Outof“由于”；C选项Inspiteof“尽管，不顾”；D选项Inadditionto“除...之外，还有...”。句意：尽管偶尔意见有分歧，但罗恩和保罗相处得很好。选项C符合句意。

5.单选题

Mikejustdiscoveredthathispassporthad（）threemonthsago.

问题1选项

A.abolished

B.expired

C.amended

D.constrained

【答案】B

【解析】句意:迈克刚才发现他的护照在三个月前就到期了。

考查动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的过去分词形式。abolish废除；取消；expire到期；终止：死亡；呼气;amend修改；改善；constrain驱使；强迫。该动词的主语是hispassport(他的护照)，因此B项正确。

6.单选题

Ihavedone,______mycircumstancesandmycharacter,whatIhavebeenabletodoandIhaveenjoyedit.

问题1选项

A.togive

B.giving

C.given

D.havinggiven

【答案】C

【解析】考查语法。give表示“给予”，这里是一个介词引导的原因状语，given做介词可以表示“考虑到，鉴于”，作原因状语；因此排除B项give的现在分词和D项give的现在完成时的分词形式；A项动词不定式表目的；句意：考虑到我的情况和我的性格，我做了我能做的，我也很享受所做的一切。因此C项正确。

7.单选题

Henry’snewsreportcoveringtheconferencewasso（

）thatnothinghadbeenomitted.

问题1选项

A.understanding

B.comprehensible

C.comprehensive

D.understandable

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。understanding“理解”；comprehensible“可理解的”；comprehensive“综合的；广泛的”；understandable“可以理解的”。句意：亨利的新闻报道非常详尽，几乎没有遗漏。选项C符合题意。

8.单选题

Someareasofthemoonaresofullofcraters（）anextremelyroughsurface.

问题1选项

A.thattheypresent

B.presenting

C.whichpresent

D.topresent

【答案】C

【解析】考查从句。空格后anextremelyroughsurface（极其粗糙的表面）是修饰空格前名词craters（火山口），句意：月球的某些区域充满了环形山，呈现出极其粗糙的表面。因此C选项正确，构成定语从句，从句的引导词which在定语从句中做主语；A选项代入后成为同位语从句，同位语从句是解释说明之前的词，在这里不符合句意；现在分词作后置定语表示被修饰名词正在进行的动作，表示被修饰名词的特征，B选项排除；动词不定式修饰物表示某物要做某事，D选项排除；因此C选项正确。

9.单选题

MargaretMead'sreputationwasestablishedwiththepublicationofherbookin1928andwasenhancedbyhermanysubsequentcontributionstoanthropology.

问题1选项

A.obscured

B.entranced

C.heightened

D.restored

【答案】C

【解析】句意：enhanced意为“提高，增强”。obscured掩盖，遮蔽；entranced着迷的，狂喜的；heightened提高，升高；restored修复，恢复。选项C与之意思相近。

10.单选题

Nowresearchersaredirectingmoreattentiontothesocialandculturalimpetusthatpropelleduniversitygraduatesintocareersinmanagement.

问题1选项

A.implication

B.propaganda

C.impulse

D.benefit

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：如今研究人员正将更多的注意力转向推动大学毕业生进入管理行业的社会和文化……。implication“含义，暗示”；propaganda“宣传”；impulse“推动力，刺激”；benefit“好处，利益”。根据“propel”（推进；推动）可推测划线单词的意思是“推动力”，选项C符合题意。

11.单选题

Materialculturereferstothetouchable,material“things’’-physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used-thatacultureproduces.Examiningaculture’stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroup'shistoryandwayoflife.Similarly,researchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstrument.Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinvented,sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstruments,pictured'inart.Throughthestudyofinstruments,aswellaspaintings,writtendocuments,andsoon,wecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNearEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsago,orwecanoutlinethespreadofNearEasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultedinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra.

Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusic-culturesasthoseinwhichpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprint,butresearchshowmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEurope,BritainandAmerica.Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.Besides,theabilitytoreadmusicnotationhasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthemusic-cultureasawhole.

Musicisdeep-rootedintheculturalbackgroundthatfostersit.Wenowpaymoreandmoreattentiontotraditionalorethnicfeaturesinfolkmusicandarewillingtopreservethefolkmusicaswedowithmanytraditionalculturalheritages.Musiciansallovertheworldarebusywithrecordingclassicmusicintheircountryforthesakeoftheiruniqueculture.Asalways,people'saspirationwillalwaysfocusontheirindividualityratherthanuniversalfeaturesthataresharedbyallculturesalike.

Onemoreimportantpartofmusic’smaterialcultureshouldbesingledout:theinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia-radio,recordplayer,taperecorder,andtelevision,withthefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisisallpartofthe"information-revolution",atwentiethcenturyphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolutioninthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodemnations;theyhaveaffectedmusic-culturesallovertheglobe.

1.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtomaterialculture?

2.Theword"phonograph"(Line6,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans（

）.

3.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphis

（

）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanadvantageofprintedmusic?

5.Fromthethirdparagraph,wemayinferthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.Instruments

B.Music.

C.Paintings.

D.Sheetmusic.

问题2选项

A.recordplayer

B.radio

C.musicaltechnique

D.music-culture

问题3选项

A.theimportance,ofculturaltoolsandtechnology

B.theculturalinfluenceofthedevelopmentofcivilization

C.thefocusofthestudyofthematerialcultureofmusic

D.thesignificanceoftheresearchintothemusicalinstruments

问题4选项

A.Readingofmusicnotationhasagreatimpactonmusicians.

B.Peoplemaydrawinspirationfromit.

C.Themusicculturewillbeinfluencedbyitintheend.

D.Songstendtobestandardizedbyit.

问题5选项

A.traditionalculturalheritageisworthyofpreservation

B.theuniversalfeaturessharedbyallculturesaren’tworthyofnotice.

C.musicianspaymoreattentiontothepreservationoftraditionalmusic.

D.themoredevelopedaculture,themorevaluablethemusicithasfostered

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.文章第一段第一句对物质文化下了定义：文化中产生的能看到、摸到、感觉到使用的自然物体（physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used-thatacultureproduces）。该段接下来提到乐器是音乐文化中的物质载体（Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstrument），所以选项A可以排除；第一段还提到图片、文字记载都属于物质文化（Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstruments,picturedinart），选项C可以排除；第二段第一句Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture提到乐谱也是物质文化，选项D可以排除。因此选项B符合题意。

2.题干中的phonograph出现在第一段：Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinvented，sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.在phonograph被发明之前，我们听不到任何音乐表演的声音，只能通过乐器来研究过去的音乐。由此推测，这个词指的是一种能够记录声音并被用来研究音乐文化的东西。选项A符合题意。

3.文章第一段第一句给物质文化下了定义；第二、三句提到研究音乐物质文化才能研究好音乐文化；第四、五句指出乐器是因为文化研究中的重要物质文化；第六句提及了乐器作为物质文化的两种形式。第七句举了绘画和书写文件来说明乐器在音乐文化研究中所起的作用。由此可只选项D符合题意。

4.文章第二段第三句Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs提到乐谱形式单调，因为它们将歌曲都标准化。所以选项D不是优势，符合题意。

5.文章第三段第二句Wenowpaymoreandmoreattentiontotraditionalorethnicfeaturesinfolkmusicandarewillingtopreservethefolkmusicaswedowithmanytraditionalculturalheritages提到我们越来越关注传统和民族特色的音乐，并且愿意将民乐保存下来。可知选项A符合题意，传统文化遗产值得保留下来。

12.单选题

Theoldman’sfaceis（）thelinesofpressureandexhaustionthathaveaccumulatedovertheyears.

问题1选项

A.brandedwith

B.blendedwith

C.complimentedby

D.complementedby

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项中brand意为“给……打上烙印”；B选项中blend意为“混合”；C选项中compliment意为“恭维；称赞”；D选项中complement意为“补足，补助”。句意：老人脸上（

）岁月累积的压力和疲惫的皱纹。根据句意可推断出A选项正确，bebrandedwith有“被打上烙印；带有……的印记”的意思，在此句中可翻译为“布满”。

13.单选题

“Itisimpossiblethatoldprejudicesandhostilitiesshouldlongerexist,whilesuchaninstrumenthasbeencreatedfartheexchangeofthoughtbetweenallthenationsoftheearth,”acclaimedVictorianenthusiaststhearrivalin1858ofthefirsttransatlantictelegraphcable.Peoplesaythatsortofthingsaboutnewtechnologies,eventoday.Biotechnologyissaidtobethecureforworldhunger.Thesequencingofthehumangenomewillsupposedlyuprootcancerandotherdiseases.Thewildestoptimism,though,hasgreetedtheInternet.Awholeindustryofcybergurushasenthralledaudiences(andmadeafineliving)withclaimsthattheInternetwillpreventwars,reducepollution,andcombatvariousformsofinequalityHowever,althoughtheInternetisstillyoungenoughtoinspireidealism,ithasalsobeenaroundlongenoughtotestwhethertheprophetscanberight.

GrandestofalltheclaimsarethosemadebysomeoftheexpertsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyabouttheInternet’spotentialasaforceforpeace.NicholasNegroponte,hasdeclaredthat,thankstotheInternet,thechildrenofthefuture“arenotgoingtoknowwhatnationalismis”.Hiscolleague,MichaelDertouzos,haswrittenthatdigitalcommunicationswillbring“computer-aidedpeace”which“mayhelpstaveofffutureflare-upsofethnichatredandnationalbreak-ups”.Theideaisthatimprovedcommunicationswillreducemisunderstandingsandtransferconflict.

Thisisnotnew,anymorethanweretheclaimsforthepeace-makingpossibilitiesofothernewtechnologies.Intheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury,airplaneswereexpectedtoendwars,bypromotinginternationalcommunicationand(lesscredibly)bymakingarmiesout-of-date,sincetheywouldbeweaktoattackfromtheair.AftertheFirstWorldWarhaddispelledsuchnotions,itwastheturnofradio.“Nationshallspeakpeaceuntonation”ranthefinemottoofBritain’sBBCWorldService.Sadly,RadioofRwandadisprovedtheideathatradiowasanintrinsicallypeaceforceonceandforall.

Themistakepeoplemakeistoassumethatwarsarecausedsimplybythefailureofdifferentpeoplestounderstandeachotheradequately.Indeed,evenifthatweretrue,theInternetcanalsobeusedtoadvocateconflict.Hatespeechandintolerancedevelopinitsdarkcomers,wheregovernmentfindsithardtointervene.AlthoughtheInternetundeniablyfosterscommunication,itwillnotputanendtowar.

1.Nowadays,the1858acclaimbyenthusiastsarestillusedtodescribe（

）.

2.Thephrase"staveoff"(underlinedinparagraph2)probablymeans

（

）.

3.PeoplewillnotbelievetheInternetcanputanendtowarifthey（

）.

问题1选项

A.themeritsofbiotechnology

B.thesignificanceofnewtechnology

C.theprospectoftheInternet

D.thesequencingofhumangenome

问题2选项

A.getridof

B.advocatefor

C.makeuseof

D.scrapethrough

问题3选项

A.cancontrolhatespeechandintoleranceontheInternet

B.donottakemisunderstandingasthereasonforwar

C.efficientlyfostertheInternetasameansofcommunication

D.knowthenatureoftheInternetistoadvocatewar

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Thewildestoptimism,though,hasgreetedtheInternet.（然而，互联网带来了最狂野的乐观。）可知C选项“互联网的前景”符合题意。

2.词义题。由文章第二段中的digitalcommunicationswillbring"computer-aidedpeace"which"mayhelpstaveofffutureflare-upsofethnichatredandnationalbreak-ups"（数字通信将带来“计算机辅助和平”，这“有助于……未来民族仇恨的爆发和民族分裂的爆发”）可知“staveoff”为动词词组，which引导后面的定语从句，修饰先行词computer-aidedpeace，根据“和平”的含义，可推测此处指减少或避免民族仇恨和分裂的爆发，因此选A。

3.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的theInternetcanalsobeusedtoadvocateconflict...AlthoughtheInternetundeniablyfosterscommunication,itwillnotputanendtowar.（互联网也可以用来鼓吹冲突……尽管互联网无可否认地促进了交流，但它不会结束战争）可知D选项“认识互联网的本质就是倡导战争”符合题意。

14.单选题

I（

）withtheBrownsduringmystayinNewYorkCity.

问题1选项

A.putin

B.putdown

C.puton

D.putup

【答案】D

【解析】句意:我在纽约市逗留期间和布朗一家人过了一夜。

短语辨析。Putin度过，消磨（时间等）;putdown写下，记录;puton上演，演出;putup供给……住宿。因此D符合句意。

15.单选题

Thestudyconcludes:“Certainformsofhighself-esteemseemtoincreaseone’spronenesstoviolence.Anuncriticalendorsementoftheculturalvalueofself-esteemmaythereforebecounterproductiveandevendangerous.”

问题1选项

A.disposition

B.resistance

C.apprehension

D.likeness

【答案】A

【解析】句意：某种形式的高自尊似乎会增加一个人对暴力的……。A选项disposition“处置；倾向”；B选项resistance“阻力；抵抗力”；C选项apprehension“理解；恐惧；逮捕”；D选项likeness“相似”。结合句意分析选项可知A选项“倾向”更符合题意。

16.单选题

ThelongitudinalstudydemonstratesthatstudentswhoreceiveESL(Englishasasecondlanguage)instructionarefarbetterthanthosetaughtprimarilyintheirnativelanguage.Acomparisonofthethree-yearexitratesforstudentsinESLandbilingualprogramsshowsthatthosewhoreceiveESLinstructiontestoutfasterandinhigherpercentagesthanthosewhoreceiveinstructionintheirnativelanguage,regardlessofthegradeinwhichtheyenteredschool.Forexample,79.3percentofthechildrenwhoenteredESLprogramsinkindergartentestedout,whileonly51.5percentofthosewhoreceivedtheireducationintheirnativelanguagesdid.Likewise,72.9percentoftheLEP(limitedEnglishproficiency)studentswhoenteredprogramsinthefirstgradetestedout,whileonly38.5ofthoseinbilingualprogramsdid.ForstudentswhoenteredLEPprogramsintheninthgrade,91.6percentofthoseinnative-languageinstructionclassesstillhadn'ttestedoutafterthreeyears,ascomparedwith78.1percentofthoseinESLclasses.

Furthermore,childrenwhohadbeeninESLclassestested4higherinEnglishandmathoncetheyexitedLEPprogramsthanthosewhohadreceivednative-languageinstruction.OftheLEPstudentswhoenteredinkindergartenorthefirstgrade,49percentofthosewhohadbeeninESLclasseseventuallyreadatgradelevel,whileonly32percentofthosewhohadbeeninbilingualclassesperformedthatwell.Inmath,thestatisticsareevenmoreimpressive.Ofthechildrenwhoenteredinkindergartenorthefirstgrade,morethan69percentofthosewhohadbeeninESLclasseseventuallyperformedatgradelevelorabove,asopposedto54percentofthosewhohadbeeninbilingualclasses.

Naturally,thestudyprovokedabarrageofcriticismfromthehighlypoliticalandvocalbilinguallobby,whichpromptedtheNewYorkCityBoardofEducationtoissueapaperinNovember1994mitigatingthefindingsofthestudyandignoringthedistinctionbetweenstudentsinESLandbilingualeducationprograms.Ratherthanexitrates,thispaperfocusesontheachievementofLEPstudentsduringtheperiodinwhichtheyareinbilingualorESLclasses.TheauthorsshowthatalthoughthescoresofLEPstudentswerebelowaverageontheEnglish-languagetest,theirscoresinallareasshowedimprovement;theypointoutthatinmath,therewereinsufficientdataontheprogressofLEPstudentstodrawvalidconclusions.

However,areportoncitywidemathematicstestresultsinNewYorkinthespringof1995dealsmorefullywiththemathscoresofthe26,248studentswhowereexaminedthepreviousschoolyearinChinese,Spanish,orHaitianCreole.Accordingtothisdocument,only16.6percentofthesechildrenwereperformingatorabovegradelevelinmathematics.Althoughthisfigurerepresentsanimprovementof1.1percentoverthescoresofthepreviousyear,itdiscreditstheargumentthatnative-languageinstructionkeepsperformingatgradelevelinsubjectareareas.AlthoughLEPstudentsareimprovingfasterthanthenationalnorm,theycontinuetoperformfarbelowthenorm.

1.Thistextismainly().

2.FromParagraph1welearnthat().

3.Theauthorbelieves(Paragraph2)that().

4.ItcanbeinferredthatthepapermentionedinParagraph4().

5.AccordingtotheNY1995report,itisunbelievablethat().

问题1选项

A.areviewofESL,bilingualandLEPinstructions

B.asurveyofnewapproachestosubjectinstructions

C.aboutthemeritsofLEPeducationprogram

D.abouttheachievementsofbilingualandESLprograms

问题2选项

A.ESLinstructioncouldteststudentsfasterthanLEPinstruction

B.LEPstudentsperformedworsethandidESLstudents

C.native-languageinstructionclassesseemedtofailutterly

D.thedataofthelongitudinalstudywerelikelytentative

问题3选项

A.ESLchildrentestedhigherinEnglishthanLEPchildren

B.bilingualprogramsfailedthestudentsperformingwellinmath

C.themathdataarestillmorecrediblethanthoseonEnglish

D.bilingualclasseshad54%ofstudentsexitingfromgradelevel

问题4选项

A.hasdevaluedthefindingsofthelongitudinalstudy

B.hasdimmedthedifferencesbetweenstudentsindifferentprograms

C.focusesonthesubjectachievementsofLEPstudents

D.seeksouttheinsufficientpointsinthelongitudinalstudy

问题5选项

A.agreatnumberofmultilingualstudentswereexaminedaccurately

B.native-languageinstructionkeepsperformingwellinsubjects

C.anydocumentonsubjectinstructionscandrawvalidconclusions

D.LEPstudentsareimprovingfasterthanthenationalnorm

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.观察全文可发现大量的ESL,LEP关键词,所以首先排除选项B。然后根据原文内容,作者花大量的篇幅进行了ESL和LEP的数据对比,所以选项A本文主要是对ESL、双语和LEP的教学回顾,正确。

2.根据第一段的第二句“...showsthatthosewhoreceiveESLinstructiontestoutfasterandinhigherpercentagesthanthosewhoreceiveinstructionintheirnativelanguage.”对ESL和双语课程学生三年的退学率进行比较后发现,接受ESL教学的学生比接受母语教学的学生考试更快、比例更高。选项A符合原文。

3.根据第二段的最后一句“morethan69percentofthosewhohadbeeninESLclasseseventuallyperformedatgradelevelorabove,asopposedto54percentofthosewhohadbeeninbilingualclasses.”超过69%的上过ESL课程的学生最终表现在年级水平或以上,而相反的,上过双语班的有54%的人在年级水平以下,由此推断选项D正确。

4.最后一段提到的关于关于纽约全市数学考试成绩的报告,它驳斥了那种认为母语教学在某些领域一直保持年级水平的观点。尽管LEP学生的进步快于全国标准,但他们的表现仍然远远低于标准。这是指出了纵向研究中的不足之处。选项B正确。

5.根据最后一段的倒数第二句“itdiscreditstheargumentthatnative-languageinstructionkeepsperformingatgradelevelinsubjectareareas.”这项报告驳斥了那种认为母语教学在某些领域一直保持年级水平的观点。所以选B。

17.单选题

Traditionally,thestudyofhistoryhashadfixedboundariesandfocalpointsperiodscountries,dramaticevents,andgreatleaders.Italsohashadclearandfirmnotionsofscholarlyprocedure:howoneinquiresintoahistoricalproblem,howonepresentsanddocumentsone'sfindings,whatconstitutesadmissibleandadequateproof.

Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudies.Thecurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalogchildhood,work,leisure.Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods.Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrative,itisnowentirelyanalytiC.Theoldquestions"Whathappened?”and“Howdidithappen?havegivenwaytothequestion“Whydidithappen?”,ProminentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestionWhy"ispsychoanalysis,anditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory.

Psychohistoiydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.ButthispragmaticuseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsychohistoriansintenD."Theyarecommitted,notjusttopsychologyingeneral,buttoFreudianpsychoanalysis.ThiscommitmentprecludesacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstooditPsychohistoryderivesitsfacts"notfromhistory,thedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirconsequences,butfrompsychoanalysisoftheindividualswhomadehistoiy,anddeducesitstheoriesnotfromthisorthatinstanceintheirlives,butfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendshistory.Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto.andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.Anditviolatesthebasictenetohistoricalmethod:thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstancesthatwouldrefutetheirthesesPsychohistories,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories,arealsoconvincedthattheirsisthe"deepest"explanationofanyevent,thatotherexplanationsfallshortofthetruth.

Psychohistoryisnotcontenttoviolatethedisciplineofhistory(inthesenseofthepropermodeofstudyingandwritingaboutthepast);italsoviolatesthepastitself.Itdeniestothepastanintegrityandwillofitsown,inwhichpeopleactedoutofavarietyofmotivesandinwhicheventshadamultiplicityofcausesandeffects.Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminesinthatitimposesuponthepresent,thusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepast,itassimilatesallevents,pastandpresent,intoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandcircumstances.

1.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainpointofthepassage?

2.Thepassagesuppliesinformationforansweringwhichofthefollowingquestions?

3.Theauthormentionswhichofthefollowingasacharacteristicofthepracticeofpsychohistorians?

4.Theauthorofthepassageputstheword"deepest"(ParA.3)inquotationmarksmostprobablyinorderto（）.

5.Inpresentingheranalysis,theauthordoesallofthefollowingEXCEPT（）.

问题1选项

A.Theapproachofpsychohistorianstohistoricalstudyiscurrentlyinvogueeventhoughittackstherigorandverifiabilityoftraditionalhistoricalmethod

B.Traditionalhistorianscanbenefitfromstudyingthetechniquesandfindingsofpsychohistorians

C.Areasofsociologicalstudysuchaschildhoodandworkareoflittleinteresttotraditionalhistorians.

D.Thepsychologicalassessmentofanindividual'sbehaviorandattitudesismorenormativethanthedetailsofhisorherdailylife

问题2选项

A.Whataresomespecificexamplesoftheuseofpsychohistoryinhistoricalinterpretation?

B.Whenweretheconventionsgoverningthepracticeoftraditionalhistoiyfirstestablished?

C.Whendotraditionalhistoriansconsiderpsychologicalexplanationsofhistoricalexplanationsofhistoricaldevelopmentsappropriate?

D.Whatisthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidencerequiredbytraditionalhistorians?

问题3选项

A.Thelivesofhistoricalfiguresarepresentedinepisodicratherthinnarrativeform

B.Archivesusedbypsychohistorianstogathermaterialarenotaccessibletootherscholars

C.Pastandcurrenteventsareallplacedwithinthesamedeterministicdiagram.

D.Eventsintheadultlifeofahistoricalfigureareseentobemoreconsequentialthanarethoseinthechildhoodofthefigure

问题4选项

A.signalherreservationsabouttheaccuracyofpsychohistoriars'claimsfortheirwork

B.drawattentiontoacontradictioninthepsychohistoriansmethod

C.emphasizethemajordifferencebetweenthetraditionalhistorians'methodandthatofhistorians

D.disassociateheropinionofthepsychohistorians'claimsfromheropinionoftheirmethod

问题5选项

A.Makegeneralstatementswithoutreferencetospecificexamples

B.Describesomeofthecriteriaemployedbytraditionalhistorians

C.Questiontheadequacyofthepsycholistorians'interpretationofevents

D.Pointoutinconsistenciesinthepsychohistorians’applicationoftheirmethods

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。通读全文分析可见，本题的正确选项应该是包含“psychohistory”和“history”概念的选项，A项翻译为：“心理学史家对历史研究的态度，尽管它突破了传统史学方法的严密性和可验证性，但目前仍在流行”。综合考虑，该选项符合题意，正确。

2.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到原文第三段“Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.”，中文翻译为：“它（即心理、历史学）否定历史证据的基本标准，即历史证据是大家都可以获取的，因此可被所有的历史学家评价”可推断出D项“传统历史学家需要的历史证据的标准是什么”正确。

3.推理判断题。根据题干中关键短语“psychohistorians”可以定位到答案信息在原文第三、四段。但是三、四段没有给出本题答案的具体信息。综合考虑，一般人们阐述问题的规律为：理论到实践。故最佳答案为C项“过去和现在的事件都放在同一个确定性状态图中”。

4.推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到原文第三段“Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.”，中文翻译为：它（即心理历史学）否定历史证据的基本标准，即历史证据是大家都可以获取的，因此可被所有的历史学家评价。以及原文“Psychohistorians,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories.”，中文翻译为：“心理历史学家确信自己理论的绝对正确。”结合语境可以得出A项正确。

5.推理判断题。选项A可定位到文章第三段第六、七、八句，选项B可定位到文章第一段第一、二句，选项C可以定位到第三段的尾句。因此选择D项。

18.单选题

AstoutoldladywaswalkingwithherbasketdownthemiddleofastreetinPetrogradtothegreatconfusionofthetrafficandwithnosmallperiltoherself.Itwaspointedouttoherthatthepavementwastheplaceforpedestrians,butshereplied,“I’mgoingtowalkwhereIlike.We’vegotlibertynow.”Itdidnotoccurtothedearoldladythatiflibertyentitledthepedestriantowalkdownthemiddleoftheroad,thentheendofsuchlibertywouldbeuniversalchaos.Everybodywouldbegettingineverybodyelse’swayandnobodywouldgetanywhere.Individuallibertywouldhavebecomesocialanarchy.

Thereisadangeroftheworldgettingliberty—drunkinthesedaysliketheoldladywiththebasket,anditisjustaswelltoremindourselvesofwhattheruleoftheroadmeans.Itmeansthatinorderthatthelibertiesofallmaybepreserved,thelibertiesofeverybodymustbecurtailed.Whenthepoliceman,say,atPiccadillyCircusstepsintothemiddleofthe