考研考博-英语-山东工程职业技术大学考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东工程职业技术大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

SapphiraandtheSlaveGirlwasthelastnovelofWillaCather’sdistinguishedliterarycareer.Beguninthelastsummerof1937andfinallycompletedin1941,itisoftenregardedbycriticsasoneofhermostpersonalworks.Althoughthestorytakesplacein1856,wellbeforeherownbirth,shedrewheavilyonbothvividchildhoodmemoriesandtaleshandeddownbyolderrelativestodescribelifeinruralnorthernVirginiainthemiddleofthe19thcentury.Sheevenwentonanextendedjourneytotheareatogivethestoryafurtherringofauthenticity.

OfallofCather’smanynovels,SapphiraandtheSlaveGirlistheonemostconcernedwithprovidinganoverallpictureofdaytodaylifeinaspecificera.Anumberofthenovel’scharacters,itwouldseem,areincludedinthestoryonlybecausetheyarerepresentativeofthetypeofpeopletobefoundin19th-centuryruralVirginia;indeed,afewofthemplaynopartwhatsoeverinunfoldingoftheplot.Forinstance,weareintroducedtoapoorwhitewomen,MandyRinger,whoisportrayedasintelligentandcontent,despitethefactthatshehasnoformaleducationandmusttoilconstantlyinthefields.AndwemeetDr.Clevenger,acountrydoctorwho,withhisrefinedmanners,evokesastrongimageofthepre-CivilWarSouth.

Thetitle,however,accuratelysuggeststhatthenovelismainlyaboutslavery.Cather’sattitudetowardthisinstitutionmaybestbesummedupassomewhatambiguous.Ontheonehand,shedisplaysalmosttotalindifferencetothelegalandpoliticalaspectsofslaverywhenshemisidentifiescertaincrucialdatesinitsgrowthanddevelopment.Nordoessheeverreallyofferadirectcondemnationofslavery.Yetontheotherhand,theevilofslaverygetsthroughtous.

Althoughintypicallysubtleways,thosecharacters,likeMrs.Blake,whoopposeinstitutionareportrayedinasympatheticlight.Furthermore,thesufferingoftheslavesthemselvesandthepetty,nasty,oftencruelbehavioroftheslaveownersarepaintedinharshterms.

AlthoughSapphiraandtheSlaveGirlwascertainlynotmeanttobeapoliticaltract,thenovelissometimesconsideredtobeadenunciationofbygonedays.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Inspiteofherwillingnesstoacknowledgethatparticularaspectsofthepastwerefarfromideal,WillaCatherwas,ifanything,abitofaromantic.Especiallyinthefinalyearsofherlife,anincreasingnoteofangerabouttheemptinessofthepresentcreptintoherwriting.Earliergenerations,sheconcluded,hadbeentherealheroes,therealcreatorofallthatwasgoodinAmerican.

1.InthediscussionofWillaCather’sSapphiraandtheSlaveGirl,theauthorreferstothebook

primarilyasa（）.

2.Inparagraph2,MandyRingerandDr.Clevengerarementionedinordertoemphasizewhichpoint

aboutSapphiraandtheSlaveGirl?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,whyisWillaCather'sattitudetowardslavery“somewhatambiguous”

(paragraphs)?

4.Incontext,“abitofaromantic”(paragraph4)suggeststhatWillaCather（）.

问题1选项

A.heroictaleoftheCivilWar

B.sweepingepicoftheoldSouth

C.politicaltreatiseonslavery.

D.storybasedonpersonalmaterial

问题2选项

A.OneofCather’spurposesinwritingthenovelwastopaintafullportraitoflifeinruralVirginiaintheyearsbeforetheCivilWar.

B.ThenoveldisplayCather’smixedfeelingaboutslavery

C.Cathertookfouryearstocompletethenovelbecauseshecarefullyresearchedhercharacters.

D.AnumberofthecharactersinthenovelarebasedonpeopleCatherknewinherchildhood.

问题3选项

A.Shewasignorantofthelegalandpoliticalaspectsofslaveryeventhoughshewasakeenobserverofhistory.

B.Shewasanenemyofslaverybutrefrainedfromgettinginvolvedinpoliticalissues.

C.Shesympathizedequallywithbothslavesandslaveowners.

D.Shedidnotdenounceslaverydirectbutcriticizeditinmoreroundaboutways.

问题4选项

A.favoredthepastoverthepresent.

B.condemnedtheevilsofslavery

C.dislikewritingaboutlifeinthe1930th

D.denouncedcertainaspectsof19th-centurylife.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“在讨论Willa的《莎菲拉与女奴》这本书时，作者将这本书看成是……”。文章第一段第三句话提到这本书描述了“19世纪中期美国弗吉尼亚州北部的乡村生活”（lifeinruralnorthernVirginiainthemiddleofthe19thcentury），由此可知选项B“对过去美国南方的描述”符合题意。

2.推理判断题。题目问的是“第二段中提到MandyRinger和Cleveenger是为了说明这部小说哪个特点？”文章第二段第一句提到“专注于描绘特定时代人们日常生活的整体画面”（concernedwithprovidinganoverallpictureofdaytodaylifeinaspecificera），第二句话提到“小说中许多人物似乎只是因为他们代表了19世纪弗吉尼亚农村的典型人物，才出现在故事中”（Anumberofthenovel’scharacters,itwouldseem,areincludedinthestoryonlybecausetheyarerepresentativeofthetypeofpeopletobefoundin19th-centuryruralVirginia），可知后面提到的人物就是为了论证这一句话，因此选项A“写这本小说的目的之一就是要全面描绘内战前弗吉尼亚农村的生活”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据作者描述，为什么她对奴隶制度的态度是有些模糊的？”文章第三段最后两句提到“她从未直接谴责过奴隶制。然后，另一方面，让我们知道了奴隶制的罪恶”(Nordoessheeverreallyofferadirectcondemnationofslavery.Yet,ontheotherhand,theevilofslaverygetsthroughtous)，选项D“她没有直接谴责奴隶制，而是以更迂回的方式进行了批判”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。题目问的是“第四段中的abitofaromantic暗示着Willa……”。文章第四段最后两句提到“在她生命的最后几年，一种对当下空虚的愤怒之情悄悄暗含在她的作品。她总结道，前几代人是真正的英雄，是美国所有美好事物的真正创造者”（Especiallyinthefinalyearsofherlife,anincreasingnoteofangerabouttheemptinessofthepresentcreptintoherwriting.Earliergenerations,sheconcluded,hadbeentherealheroes,therealcreatorofallthatwasgoodinAmerican），由此可知选项A“她喜欢过去胜于现在”符合题意。

2.单选题

Hardly（）openedtheletter（）rushedoutofthehouse,wildwithjoy.

问题1选项

A.didhe,whenhe

B.hadhe,whenhe

C.hadhe,didhe

D.didhe,hewhen

【答案】B

【解析】考查部分倒装。当Hardly在句首时，为固定的倒装，且和when搭配，为Hardly…when…，可排除C选项。空格后open是实义动词且已经是ed形式，证明之前不能使用did（使用did，open要相对应的使用原型），排除A,D选项，句意：他一打开信，就欣喜若狂地冲出了房子。因此B选项正确。

3.翻译题

Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanation.Thereisnomoredifference,butthereisjustthesamekindofdifference,betweenthementaloperationsofamanofscienceandthoseofanordinaryperson.,asthereisbetweentheoperationsandmethodsofabakerorofabutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistinperformingadifficultandcomplexanalysisbymeansofhisbalanceandfinelygradedweights.Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceinother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterisamuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.

【答案】科学研究的方法只不过是人类思维活动的必要方式的表达；它只是对所有现象进行推理并给予精确和准确解释的方式。科研人员与普通人在思考方面的差别与下面的差别类似：如面包师或屠夫用普通的秤来秤量商品，而化学家用精密的天平和砝码来进行复杂的分析。关键不是使用的秤和天平在构造原理和工作方式上有什么差别，而是后者是一个更精密的仪器，当然测量结果就更准确。

4.单选题

TheculturesofChinaandJapanhavesharedmanyfeatures,buteachhasusedthemaccordingtoitsnational（）.

问题1选项

A.engagement

B.destiny

C.capacity

D.temperament

【答案】D

【解析】句意:中日两国的文化有许多共同的特点，但是每个国家却根据各自的民族气质来体现。

考查名词辨析。engagement婚约；约会；交战；诺言；destiny命运;capacity能力；容量；资格；temperament气质；性情；性格。因此D项符合句意。

5.翻译题

我所提出的语言时空观确认：语言学并不仅仅在于认识语音、语法、词汇、语义、语境等等一系列单一的现象或组合现象，而且更为重要的还在于认识包含时间要素和空间要素在内的语言整体存在构件，研究它的组织以及因为这些组织而形成的语言生存状态。实际上，时间和空间在语言的整体构建中是符合自然的、永恒而无以更替的实在。我并不否认语言学界对时间和空间所予以的关注，但是，正如我上文中指出的那样，时间和空间在语言存在重的含义还远远没有得到清晰的认识或明确的界定，他们在语言存在重的位置和价值还没有得到合理的指认。

【答案】

ThetimeandspaceviewpointsoflanguagethatIproposedmakessurethat:linguisticsdoesnotonlyrecognizeaseriesofsingleorcombinedphenomenonlikepronunciation,grammar,vocabulary,semanticsandcontextandsoon.Themoresignificantpartistorecognizethewholeexistedlingualstructureincludingtimeandspaceelements,andtostudyitsorganizationandthelingualsurvivalstatusformedbythisorganization.Inreality,timeandspacearenatural,externalandirreplaceablerealityinthewholelingualstructurebuilding.ButIdoesn’tdenytheattentionthatlinguisticsfieldpaystothetimeandspace,themeaningoftimeandspaceexistinginlinguisticsisfarfrombeingunderstoodanddefinedclearlyasIpointedabove.Theirlocationandvalueexistinginlinguisticsarenotidentified.

6.单选题

Heissittinginthecatbird（）.

问题1选项

A.seat

B.nest

C.position

D.den

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定短语搭配。sitinthecatbirdseat“处于必胜无疑的地位”。句意：他处于必胜无疑的地位。因此A选项正确。

7.单选题

Hardtrainingwill______yourichlywhenitcomestotheactualcompetition.

问题1选项

A.pay

B.bring

C.serve

D.make

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项pay“支付，补偿，偿还”，B项bring“带来，提供，引起”，C项serve“招待，供应，为……服务”，D项make“使得，进行，布置，准备”。由Hardtrainingwill______yourichly“艰苦的训练将丰厚地……你”可知，“补偿”符合语境。句意：在真正的比赛中，艰苦的训练会给你带来丰厚的回报。因此，该题选择A项正确。

8.单选题

Thejudgerebukedthepolicefortheirtreatmentoftheprisoner.

问题1选项

A.defended

B.reproved

C.approved

D.ratified

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项defendedv.辩护，防护，保卫；B选项reprovedv.责骂，谴责，刁难；C选项approvedv.批准，赞成，审核；D选项ratifiedv.批准，认可。根据题意法官指责了警官对待犯人的方式可知，B项符合题意。

9.单选题

Oneofindustrialagriculture’sbiggestGMOcropsmayhavejustbackfired(产生事与愿违的后果).Scientistshaveconfirmedthatcorn-destroyingrootwormshaveevolvedtoberesistanttotheBtcornengineeredtokillthem.

BtstandsforBacillusthuringiensis(苏云金芽孢杆菌),thenameofthegeneticallymodifiedcorn’s“donor”organism.Bacillusthuringiensisisanaturallyoccurringsoilbacteriumthatproducesproteincrystalsthatbindtocertainreceptorsintherootworm’sintestine(肠),killingit.Foryears,farmershaveplantedBtcornasanalternativetosprayinginsecticides.Btcornaccountedforthree-quartersofallcornplantingin2013.Thatmayhavetochange.

AfterfindingacornfieldinIowain2011thatwasdecimated(大幅度下降)byrootwormdespitebeingplantedwiththeBtcorn,IowaStateUniversityentomologistAaronGassmannandhisteambegantostudythepests’interactionswiththegeneticallymodifiedorganism(orGMO)corninalab.Theirstudy,publishedMondayintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,describesthewesterncornrootworm’srapidevolutionafterfeedingontheengineeredcrop.

ButBtcornisstillcapableofwardingoffotherpests,sofarmerswilllikelykeepplantingit.Exceptnowthey’llneedtousepesticidestoprotecttheircropfromrootworms.AsentomologistswarnedtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyin2012,rootwormresistancemeansthattheenvironmentaladvantageofBtcorn—thatitcouldberaisedpesticide-free—maydisappear.

“Unlessmanagementpracticeschange,it’sonlygoingtogetworse,”GassmanntoldWired.“Thereneedstobeafundamentalchangeinhowthetechnologyisused.”

Scientistshavepredictedforyearsthatthiscouldhappen,butwarningswererepeatedlyignoredbyregulatorsandfarmers.IttakesmillionsofdollarstodevelopseedslikeBt,soengineeringanalternativeisnotanattractiveoption.Instead,theauthorsofanotherstudyonrootwormBtresistance,whichfocusesonNebraska,takeabiodiversityapproach.

“Croprotationisthebesttool,”UniversityofNebraska-LincolnentomologistLanceMeinketoldFarm&RanchGuide.“Generally,oneyearofsoybeansinafieldwithresistantwesterncornrootwormswipesoutthatpopulation.Thebeetleswilllayeggsthathatch,butwhenlarvae(幼虫)trytofeedonsoybeanplants,theydon’tfindthenutrientstheyneedandtheydie.”

Croprotationcansuppressrootwormpopulationsovertime,reducingthethreatposedbytheirnewBtresistance.

ButasentomologistElsonShieldsofCornellUniversitytoldWired,rootwormisjustonesymptomofanengineeredseedtrait“willfallunderthesamepressure,”saidShields,“andtheinsectwillwin.”

1.WhatcanweknowaboutBacillusthuringiensis?

2.WhatinspiredAaronGassmanntostarthisstudy?

3.Whichofthefollowingistrue,accordingtothepassage?

4.LanceMeinkethinksthebestapproachtotheproblemofrootwormBtresistanceis_____.

5.WhatistheproblemwiththeGMOseedindustry,accordingtoElsonShields?

问题1选项

A.Itisageneticallymodifiedorganism.

B.Itisanalternativetosprayinginsecticides.

C.Itisanaturalbacteriumthatkillsrootworm.

D.Itprotectsrootwormfrombeingkilledbybacterium.

问题2选项

A.ThegreatreductionofoutputofacornfieldinIowa.

B.Theaimofboostingcornyieldby75%by2011.

C.Thesignificanceofcornrootworm’srapidevolution.

D.AaronGassmann’sfindingofalargenumberofrootworm.

问题3选项

A.PeoplehavenotexpectedrootwormBtresistancebefore.

B.Btresistancehasafundamentalchangeinmoderntechnology.

C.ItiseconomicallyimpracticaltoentirelyabandonBtcorn.

D.FarmersprefertousepesticidesratherthanplantBtcorn.

问题4选项

A.plantingsoybeans

B.raisingbeetles

C.addingfertilizer

D.rotatingcrop

问题5选项

A.Mostoftheentomologistsfailedtopredictitsfuturedestiny.

B.TheGMOseedindustrylackslong-termconsiderations.

C.Peoplemistakenlyconsiderrootwormasthebiggesttrouble.

D.ItisverydifficultfortheGMOseedindustrytowininsects.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第二段第三句Foryears,farmershaveplantedBtcornasanalternativetosprayinginsecticides（多年来，农民们一直种植Bt玉米作为喷洒杀虫剂的替代品），第二步，综合理解，这里是B选项的同意替换，B选项“是一种替代喷洒杀虫剂的方法”正确。

A选项“是一种转基因生物”，定位到第二段第二句Bacillusthuringiensisisanaturallyoccurringsoilbacteriumthatproducesproteincrystalsthatbindtocertainreceptorsintherootworm’sintestine,killingit（苏云金杆菌是一种天然存在的土壤细菌，它能产生蛋白质晶体，与根虫肠道中的某些受体结合，杀死根虫），由此可知苏云金杆菌不是转基因物体而是一种能够和害虫肠道里面的受体结合产生蛋白质结晶从而达到杀死害虫的天然细菌，是细菌的一种，这里属于反向干扰；

C选项“是一种杀死根虫的天然细菌”，见A选项解析，是苏云金杆菌与害虫肠道的受体产生的蛋白质使虫子死亡，不是苏云金杆菌直接杀死虫子，这里属于曲意理解；

D选项“它保护根虫不被细菌杀死”，见A选项，是侵害不是保护，这里属于反向干扰。

2.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第一句AfterfindingacornfieldinIowain2011thatwasdecimatedbyrootwormdespitebeingplantedwiththeBtcorn…（2011年在爱荷华州发现一片玉米田，尽管种植了Bt玉米，但却被根虫摧毁……）。第二步，综合理解，从这句可以知道是亚伦因为发现爱荷华州的玉米产量即使在种了转基因玉米的情况下也出现了大幅度减产的情况才想要去调查的，由此可知A选项“爱荷华州玉米田产量的大幅减少”正确。

B选项“到2011年提高玉米产量75%的目标”，见正确选项分析，2011年的情况是减产了所以才会开展这项调查，这里属于反向干扰；

C选项“玉米根虫快速进化的意义”，定位到第三段最后一句话Theirstudy…describesthewesterncornrootworm’srapidevolutionafterfeedingontheengineeredcrop.（他们的研究……描述了西方玉米根虫在食用转基因作物后的快速进化。），由此可知C选项是调查结果不是调查原因，这里属于偷换概念；

D选项“AaronGassmann发现大量根虫”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。

3.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第六段第一二句…butwarningswererepeatedlyignoredbyregulatorsandfarmers.IttakesmillionsofdollarstodevelopseedslikeBt,soengineeringanalternativeisnotanattractiveoption（……但监管机构和农民一再忽视警告。开发像Bt这样的种子需要数百万美元，所以通过工程来替代并不是一个有吸引力的选择），从这里可知，因为转基因种子花了很多财力研发，种子公司不会那么轻易放弃，所以在经济方面转基因玉米不会那么轻易放弃，所以C选项“完全放弃Bt玉米在经济上是不切实际的”正确。

A选项“人们以前没有预料到根虫抗Bt”，定位到第二段第三句Foryears,farmershaveplantedBtcornasanalternativetosprayinginsecticides（多年来，农民们一直种植Bt玉米作为喷洒杀虫剂的替代品），从这里可知人们一开始就是为了治虫才种转基因玉米的，所以A选项错误，属于反向干扰；

B选项“Bt抗性在现代技术中有根本性的变化”，定位到第五段第二句Thereneedstobeafundamentalchangeinhowthetechnologyisused（在如何使用这项技术方面需要有根本性的改变），这里是根据句子的时态可知是将来时，这表明说话人的主观愿望而B选项用的是一般现在时表现在的一种动作，所以不能选，这里属于反向干扰；

D选项“农民更喜欢使用杀虫剂而不是种植Bt玉米”定位到第三段第三句ButBtcornisstillcapableofwardingoffotherpests,sofarmerswilllikelykeepplantingit（但Bt玉米仍有抵挡其他害虫的能力，所以农民可能会继续种植它），从这里可知农民还是更愿意种转基因玉米，所以D选项属于反向干扰。

4.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到倒数第三段第一句Croprotationisthebesttool（轮作是最好的工具），从这里可知答案选D“轮耕”；

A选项“种黄豆”，定位到倒数第三段第二句Generally,oneyearofsoybeansinafieldwithresistantwesterncornrootwormswipesoutthatpopulation（一般来说，在具有抗性的西部玉米根虫的土地上种植一年的大豆就可以消灭这一种群），种植黄豆只是轮耕的具体方法之一，这里只是举个例子，不能概括整体，这里属于以偏概全；

B选项“养甲虫”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；

C选项“加肥料”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选。

5.判断推理题，第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到最后一段第一句话，ButasentomologistElsonShieldsofCornellUniversitytoldWired,rootwormisjustonesymptomofanengineeredseedtrait“willfallunderthesamepressure,”saidShields,“andtheinsectwillwin”.（但正如康奈尔大学的昆虫学家ElsonShields告诉《连线》杂志的，根虫只是一种转基因种子性状之一，“在同样的压力下，”Shields说，“昆虫将获胜。），从这里可知ElsonShields对转基因产业是持否定态度，觉得昆虫最终会战胜转基因植物，从这里的only可以看出来Shields认为根虫只是其中一个症状，其实问题还不仅仅只在根虫，所以可以推断答案选C选项“人们错误地认为根虫是最大的麻烦”。

A选项“大多数昆虫学家都没有预测到它（转基因种子产业）的未来命运”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；

B选项“转基因种子行业缺乏长期考虑”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；

D选项“转基因种子产业很难赢得昆虫”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选。

10.单选题

Partofthecostofmanyarticlesistakenastaxbythegovernment（

）thecommunity.

问题1选项

A.inplaceof

B.onaccountof

C.intermsof

D.onbehalfof

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。inplaceof意为“代替”；onaccountof意为“由于”；intermsof意为“依据，按照”；onbehalfof意为“代表，为了”。

句意：部分物品的费用以税收的形式由政府代表社会征收。

11.单选题

Thearchaeologist（

）thatthevasewas1500yearsold.

问题1选项

A.upheld

B.estimated

C.sustained

D.unitized

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。upheld意为“支持”；estimate意为“估计，预测”；sustain意为“维持”；unitize意为“统一（化），组成”。

句意：考古学家估计这个花瓶有1500年历史了。

12.单选题

Allthepartsofthewashingmachineare（）,sothatitisveryconvenienttoreplacethem.

问题1选项

A.normalized

B.standardized

C.mechanized

D.modernized

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项normalize“正常化，常规化，规格化”；B选项standardize“标准化，使标准化”；C选项mechanize“使机械化，机械化”；D选项modernize“使现代化”，句意：这台洗衣机的所有零件都标准化了，所以要更换它们很方便。由选项意思和句意可知，B选项符合句意。

13.单选题

Thepolicecarriedoutan（

）investigation,butthemissingwomanwasnotyetfound.

问题1选项

A.exhausting

B.exhaustible

C.exhaustive

D.exhausted

【答案】C

【解析】exhausting使精疲力竭的；exhaustible可被用尽的；exhaustive详尽的，彻底的；exhausted疲惫的，耗尽的。根据句意可知这里指彻底的调查，所以选项C符合句意。

14.单选题

Americansmayhaveto（）thenumberofprivatelyownedcarsanddependmoreonpublictransportationsystems.

问题1选项

A.breakdown

B.outdown

C.getdown

D.dropdown

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。breakdown“发生故障，毁掉”；getdown“吞下，使沮丧”；dropdown“落下，顺着往下移动”。句意：美国人可能不得不降低私家车的数量。转而依赖公共交通系统。只有D项符合，强调私家车数量的下降。

15.单选题

Studentsshouldknowbetterthan（

）petslikedogs,catsandmouseatdormitory.

问题1选项

A.tofeed

B.feeding

C.tohavefed

D.fed

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查语法结构。than后一般是接名词或者动名词短语形式的词，故四个选项只有B符合语境。句意为：学生应该知道最好不要在宿舍里养狗、猫和老鼠之类的宠物。

16.单选题

GivingEmployeesWhatTheyWant:TheReturnsareHugeDavidSirota,co-authorofTheEnthusiasticEmployee:HowCompaniesProfitbyGivingWorkersWhatTheyWant,findsthatfirmswhereemployeemoraleishightendtooutperformcompetitors.Hetoldus:"Peopleatworkhavevariousbasicgoals.First,theywanttobetreatedfairly.Employeeswanttoknowtheyaregettingwhatisnormallydefinedascompetitivepay.IfIfeelunderpaid,thereisnotmuchanorganizationcandotoboostmymorale.Second,employeeswantasenseofachievementfromwork.Thekeyelementistobeproudofyourjobandproudoftheorganizationforwhichyouaredoingit.Thethirdelementiscamaraderie.Thisisalsonotmentionedmuchinourfield,butit’skey——notonlyinthesenseofhavingafriend,butworkingwelltogetherasateam.”

And,hesays,thereareanumberofotherthingscompaniescandotoboostmorale:“First,providesecurity.Layingoffpeopleshouldbethelastresort,notthefirstthingyoudo.Somecompaniesusearingofdefense.Ifthebusinessishavingdifficulties,theyretrainworkersorbringworkinsidefromsubcontractors.Thereareanumberofstepsyoucantakebeforemakingpeopleredundant.

Second,wheretherearedifficultiesingettingworkdone,wesuggestself-managedteams.Toyotaisagoodexampleinhavingateamofworkersmanagepartoftheassemblyline.Theteamcouldlookatqualityandatwhateverkindsofmaintenanceandsupportwereneeded,anditcoulddecidehowtorotateworkers.Asopposedtotheusualtop-downmanagement,thisapproachistremendouslysatisfyingforworkers,andthusreducestheneedforbureaucracybecausethepeopleessentiallyaremanagingthemselves.

“Recognitionisalsoimportant.Organization-wideawardsshouldbeliketheNobelPrize,wherepeersareinvolvedintheselectionoftheindividualswhoreceivetheawardforoutstandingachievement,notday-to-daywork.

“Thetraditionalmeritpaysystemswithanappraisalandpayincreasearequitenegative.Workersfeelnorelationbetweenwhattheydoandtheirpayincrease.Arewardhastobefeltassuch.Researchhasverifiedasystemsuchas‘gainsharing’,inwhichagroupofworkersjudgesitsperformanceovertime.Ifproductivitygoesup20%andtheworkforceincreases10%,thenthatmeansthereisgreaterefficiency.

“Inthe1980sand1990s,wehadareactiontoparticularformsofmanagement.Wetalkaboutfourkinds:thefirstoneispaternalism,whereworkersaretreatedaschildren.Thenthereisadversarial,whereworkersaretheenemy.Thenthereistransactional,whereworkersarelikeciphers.Managementdoesnotknowwhattheyarelikeasindividuals.Theattitudeis,‘Wepaidyou,nowweareeven.Wedon’toweyouanything.’That’swheremostcompanieshavegonetoday.Loyaltyisdead.

“Thefourthiswhatwehavebeentalkingabout,whichisthepartnershiporganization.ItdoesnotmeanthatbecauseIpaidyou,wearenoweven.Youdon’ttreatpartnersthatwaybecauseyoumightneedthemtohelpyououtsometime,andtheymightneedyou.It’smorelikearelationshipbetweenmatureadults--notlikechildrenorenemies,butallies.”

1.Inparagraph1,whateffectofhighmoraleismentioned?

2.WhichofthesedoesSirotasuggestisgoodreactionforacompanywithfinancialproblems?

3.HowdidToyotamotivateworkersonassemblylines?

4.Howshouldbonusesbeawarded,accordingtoSirota?

5.What,nowadays,isthetypicalmanagement-workerrelationship?

问题1选项

A.Employeesstaywiththecompanylonger.

B.Employeesworkharderthantheircounterpartsinothercompanies.

C.Companiesproducebetterresultsthantheirrivals.

D.Companieswithhighmoralearemorerespected.

问题2选项

A.Reducingtheworkforce.

B.Outsourcingtoreducecosts.

C.Reducingtherewardspackages.

D.Transferringemployeestootherjobs.

问题3选项

A.Byaskingmanagerstotaketurnstoperformasworkers.

B.Bylettinggroupsofworkersmakedecisionsontheirworkorganization.

C.Byallowingteamstotakeoverthewholeprocessofproduction.

D.Byrewardingthemforachievingtheirproductiontarget.

问题4选项

A.Theyshouldbedecidedbypeopleatthesamelevelintheorganization.

B.Theyshouldbegivenonamonthlybasis.

C.Theyshouldbebasesonroutinework.

D.Theyshouldbeawardedasaresultofevaluationfromlinemanagers.

问题5选项

A.Onwhereworkershavetobecaredforbytheirmanagers.

B.Oneofhostility,showingstrongdislikewitheachother.

C.Onewhichispurelyeconomic.

D.Oneofco-operationonequalterms.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。文章第一段第一句后半部分提到“发现那些员工士气高的公司比他们的竞争公司经营得要好”（findsthatfirmswhereemployeemoraleishightendtooutperformcompetitors），因此可知员工士气高的公司收益要比竞争对手高，选项C符合题意。

第2题:细节事实题。文章第二段提到“解雇员工应该是最后的手段，而不是最初的。有些公司会采用一些防御办法。如果公司遇到困难，他们重新培训员工或者从别的承包商那里接工作”（Layingoffpeopleshouldbethelastresort,notthefirstthingyoudo.Somecompaniesusearingofdefense.Ifthebusinessishavingdifficulties,theyretrainworkersorbringworkinsidefromsubcontractors.），由此可知选项D“将员工调整到其他岗位”符合题意。

第3题:细节事实题。文章第三段第一二句话提到“当工作遇到困难时，建议团队进行自我管理。Toyota就是最好的例子”（Second,wheretherearedifficultiesingettingworkdone,wesuggestself-managedteams.Toyotaisagoodexampleinhavingateamofworkersmanagepartoftheassemblyline），接着该段介绍了团队如何来进行自我管理，比如决定如何让员工轮班（decidehowtorotateworkers）。因此选项B符合题意。

第4题:细节事实题。文章第五段提到“研究证实了一种‘收益分享’的系统，在这种系统下一组员工不断进行绩效评估。如果生产量增加了20%，劳动力增加了10%，那么意味着效率更高”（Researchhasverifiedasystemsuchas‘gainsharing’,inwhichagroupofworkersjudgesitsperformanceovertime.Ifproductivitygoesup20%andtheworkforceincreases10%,thenthatmeansthereisgreaterefficiency），由此可知奖励是根据员工的工作业绩来定的，选项C符合题意。

第5题:细节事实题。文章最后一段最后一句话提到“它更像成年人之间的一种关系，不像孩子或者敌人之间的相处模式，而是盟友”（It’smorelikearelationshipbetweenmatureadults--notlikechildrenorenemies,butallies），由此可知选项D“平等的合作关系”符合题意。

17.单选题

InthecaseofFinney,whereanattendantatamentalhospitalcausedthedeathofapatientbyreleasingaflowoftrailingwaterintoabath,thetestwaswhetherhewasgrossly（

）.

问题1选项

A.negative

B.negligent

C.neglected

D.negligible

【答案】B

【解析】形近词辨析。在斐纳的案件中，一家精神病医院的一名病人在洗澡时被淹死了。现在问题是要查明，该医院的护理是不是存在失职之嫌。

Negative［数］负的；消极的；否定的;阴性的。negligent疏忽的；粗心大意的。neglected被忽视的；未被好好照管的。negligible微不足道的，可以忽略的。

18.单选题

Thedifferenceintoneandlanguagemuststrikeus,assoonasitisphilosophythatspeaks:thatchangeshouldremindusthatevenifthefunctionofreligionandthatofreasoncoincide.Thisfunctionisperformedinthetwocasesbyverydifferentorgans.Religionsaremany,reasonone.Religionconsistsofconsciousideas,hopes,enthusiasms,andobjectsofworship;itoperatesbygraceandflourishesbyprayer.Reason,ontheotherhand,isamereprincipleorpotentialorder,onwhichindeedwemaycometoreflectbutwhichexistsinusideallyonly,withoutvariationorstressofanykind.Weconformordonotconformtoit;itdoesnoturgeorchideus,notcallforanyemotionsonourpartotherthanthosenaturallyarousedbythevariousobjectswhichitunfoldsintheirtruenatureandproportion.Religionbringssomeorderintolifebyweightingitwithnewmaterials.Reasonaddstothenaturalmaterialsonlytheperfectorderwhichitintroducesintothem.Rationalityisnothingbutaform,anideal.constitutionwhichexperiencemaymoreorlessembody.Religionisapartofexperienceitself,amassofsentimentsandideas.Theoneisaninviolateprinciple,theotherachangingandstrugglingforce.Andyetthisstrugglingandchangingforceofreligionseemstodirectmantowardsomethingeternal.Itseemstomakeforanultimateharmonywithinthesoulandforanultimateharmonybetweenthesoulandallthatthesouldependsupon.Religion,initsintentisamoreconsciousanddirectpursuitoftheLifeofReasonthanissociety.Science,orart,fortheseapproachandfillouttheideallifetentativelyandpiecemeal,hardlyregardingthefoalorcaringfortheultimatejustificationoftheinstinctiveaims.Religionalsohasaninstinctiveandblindsideandbubblesupinallmannerofchancepracticesandintuitions;soon,however,itfeelsitswaytowardtheheartorthings,andfromwhateverquarteritmaycome,veersinthedirectionoftheultimate.

Nevertheless,wemustconfessthatthisreligiouspursuitoftheLifeofReasonhasbeensingularlyabortive.Thosewithinthepaleofeachreligionmayprevailuponthemselves,toexpresssatisfactionwithitsresults,thankstoafondpartialityinreadingthepastandgenerousdraughtsofhopeforthefuture;butanyoneregardingthevariousreligionsatonceandcomparingtheirachievementswithwhatreasonrequires,mustfeelhowterribleisthedisappointmentwhichtheyhaveoneandallpreparedformankind.Theirchiefanxietyhasbeentoofferimaginaryremediesformortalills,someo