考研考博-英语-四川电子机械职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-四川电子机械职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Aboutacenturyage,theSwedishphysicalscientistArrheniusproposedalawofclassicalchemistrythatrelateschemicalreactionratetotemperature.AccordingtotheArrheniusequation,chemicalreactionsareincreasinglyunlikelytooccurastemperaturesapproachabsolutezero,andatabsolutezero(zerodegreesKelvin,orminus273degreesCelsius)reactionsstop.HoweverrecentexperimentalevidencerevealsthatalthoughtheArrheniusequationisgenerallyaccurateindescribingthekindofchemicalreactionthatoccursatrelativelyhightemperatures,attemperaturesclosertozeroaquantum-mechanicaleffectknownastunnelingcomesintoplay;thiseffectaccountsforchemicalreactionsthatareforbiddenbytheprinciplesofclassicalchemistry.Specifically,entiremoleculescan*tunnel'throughthebarriersofrepulsiveforcesfromothermoleculesandchemicallyreacteventhoughthesemoleculesdonothavesufficientenergy,accordingtoclassicalchemistry,toovercometherepulsivebarrier.

Therateofanychemicalreaction,regardlessofthetemperatureatwhichittakesplace,usuallydependsonaveryimportantcharacteristicknownasitsactivationenergy.Anymoleculecanbeimaginedtoresideatthebottomofaso-calledpotentialwellofenergy.Achemicalreactioncorrespondstothetransitionofamoleculefromthebottomofonepotentialwelltothebottomofanother.Inclassicalchemistry,suchatransitioncanbeaccomplishedonlybygoingoverthepotentialbarrierbetweenthewells,theheightofwhichremainsconstantandiscalledtheactivationenergyofthereaction.Intunneling,thereactingmoleculestunnelfromthebottomofonetothebottomofanotherwellwithouthavingtoriseeverthebarrierbetweenthetwowells.Recentlyresearchershavedevelopedtheconceptoftunnelingtemperature:thetemperaturebelowwhichtunnelfromthebottomofonetothebottomofanotherwellwithouthavingtoriseovermebarrierbetweenthetwowellsRecentlyresearchershavedevelopedtheconceptoftunnelingtemperature(删除)thetemperaturebelowwhichtunnelingtransitionsgreatlyoutnumberArrheniustransitions,andclassicalmechanicsgiveswaytoitsquantumcounterpart.

Thistunnelingphenomenonatverylowtemperaturessuggestedmyhypothesisaboutacoldprehistoryoflife:theformationofrathercomplexorganicmoleculesinthedeepcoldofouterspace,wheretemperaturesusuallyreachonlyafewdegreesKelvinCosmicrays(high-energypro-tonsandotherparticles)mighttriggerthesynthesisofsimplemolecules,suchasinterstellarformaldehyde,indarkcloudsofinterstellardust.Afterwardcomplexorganicmoleculeswouldbeformed,slowlybutsurely,bymeansoftunneling.AfterIofferedmyhypothesis,HoyleandWickramasinghearguedthatmoleculesofinterstellarform-aldehydehaveindeedevolvedintostablepolysaccharidessuchascelluloseandstarch.Theirconclusions,althoughstronglydisputed,havegeneratedexcitementamonginvestigatorssuchasmyselfwhoareproposingthatthegalacticcloudsaretheplaceswheretheprebiologicalevolutionofcompoundsnecessarytolifeoccurred.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassageclassicalchemicalreactionsandtunnelingreactionsarealikeinwhichofthefollowingways?

3.AccordingtotheArrheniusequationasdiscussedinthepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutchemicalreactionsistrue?

4.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthetheoryofacoldpre-historyoflifecanbestbedescribedas（

）.

5.Theauthor’shypothesisconcerningbecoldprehistoryoflifewouldbemostweakenedifwhichofthefollowingweretrue?

6.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthehypothesisofHoyleandWickramasingheasitispresentedinthepassage?

7.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirsttwoparagraphsofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.describinghowtheprinciplesofclassicalchemistryweredeveloped

B.initiatingadebateaboutthekindsofchemicalreactionsrequiredforthedevelopmentoflife

C.explaininghowcurrentresearchinchemistrymayberelatedtobroaderbiologicalconcerns

D.reconcilingopposingtheoriesaboutchemicalreactions

问题2选项

A.Inbothtypesofreactions,reactingmoleculeshavetoriseoverthebarrierbetweenthetwowells.

B.Inbothtypesofreactions,atransitionismadefromthebottomofonepotentialwelltothebottomofanother.

C.Inneithertypeofreactiondoestheheightofthebarrierbetweenthewellsremainconstant

D.Inneithertypeofreactiondoestherateofachemicalreactiondependonitsactivationenergy

问题3选项

A.Chemicalreactionsarelesslikelytooccurattemperaturesclosetoabsolutezero.

B.Insomecasestherateofachemicalreactionisrelatedtotemperatureandinothercasesitisnot.

C.Chemicalreactionsfrequentlyoccuratafewdegreesaboveabsolutezero,buttheyareveryunpredictable.

D.Therateofachemicalreactiondependsonmanyotherfactorsbesidestemperature.

问题4选项

A.neutral

B.skeptical

C.mildlypositive

D.verysupportive

问题5选项

A.Cosmicraysareunlikelytotriggertheformationofsimplemolecules.

B.TunnelingoccursonlyinanarrowbandoftemperaturesaroundzerodegreesKelvin.

C.Thesynthesisofinterstellarformaldehydecanbeactivatedbymeansotherthancosmicrays.

D.Simplemoleculescanbesynthesizedbymeansoftunneling.

问题6选项

A.Cosmicrayscandirectlysynthesizecomplexorganicmolecules.

B.Thegalacticcloudsaretheplaceswhereprebiologicalevolutionofcompoundsnecessarytolifeoccurred.

C.Interstellarformaldehydecanbesynthesizedbytunneling.

D.Moleculesofinterstellarformaldehydecanevolveintocomplexorganicmolecules.

问题7选项

A.Theauthorcitesabasicprincipleofclassicalchemistryandthendescribestheresearchfromwhichthatprinciplewasdeveloped.

B.Theauthorcitesanapparentcontradictiontotheprinciplesofclassicalchemistryandthenexplainstheprocessofachemicalreactiontoshowthereisinfactnocontradiction.

C.Theauthordescribestheroleofheatinchemicalreactionsandthenoffersadetailedexplanationofitsfunction.

D.Theauthorpresentsalawofclassicalchemistryinordertointroduceakindofchemicalreactionthatdiffersfromitandthenexplainstheessentialdifferencebetweenthetwo.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:A

第6题:D

第7题:D

【解析】1.最后一段基本上都是谈与生化的关系：极低温时的贯穿势垒现象证明我对寒冷的史前生命的假说：在外层空间极其寒冷处，温度一般只有几度时，有相当复杂的有机分子形成。宇宙射线可能激发诸如星际甲醛单分子在星际尘埃的乌云中综合。以后，复杂的有机分子，慢慢的，但稳定的通过贯穿势垒的方式形成。后又有两位化学家提出“星际甲醛分子确实进化为类似纤维素和淀粉等多糖酶。’’他们的结论虽有争议，却实在令人振奋，特别是文章之作者，因为他正提出“巨大的云块这些地方，发生过生命所必须的前生物进化化合物。”所以C选项‘说明现在化学研究如何能和更广泛的生物学领域有关’正确。

2.根据文章第二段Achemicalreactioncorrespondstothetransitionofamoleculefromthebottomofonepotentialwelltothebottomofanother.Inclassicalchemistry,suchatransitioncanbeaccomplishedonlybygoingoverthepotentialbarrierbetweenthewells,theheightofwhichremainsconstantandiscalledtheactivationenergyofthereaction.Intunneling,thereactingmoleculestunnelfromthebottomofonetothebottomofanotherwellwithouthavingtoriseeverthebarrierbetweenthetwowells.：化学反应跟分子从一个势阱的底部到另一个势阱的底部的跃迁相类似。在经典化学中，这种跃迁只有跨过两阱之间势垒才能完成。位垒的高度为常数（固定不变）。这种跃迁叫做能量活化。在贯穿势垒效应中作反应的分子从一个势阱的底部通到另一个势阱底部不需要上升跨越两阱之间的位垒。确定B选项‘两类反应中，都有一个从一个势阱底部到另一个势阱底部的跃迁’符合题意。A选项‘两类反应中，反应中的分子都需跨越两阱间的栏栅’、C选项‘两类反应中，反应中的分子都能穿过两阱之间的位垒’和D选项‘两类反应中，没有一种化学反应的速率取决于能量活化都不符合原文。

3.根据文章第一段：AccordingtotheArrheniusequation,chemicalreactionsareincreasinglyunlikelytooccurastemperaturesapproachabsolutezero,andatabsolutezeroreactionsstop.根据阿仑尼乌斯方程，当温度接近零度时，化学反应不大可能发生，并且在绝对零度时，化学反应已经停止。确定A选项‘当温度接近绝对零度时，化学反应不可能发生’正确。

4.根据最后一段：极低温时的贯穿势垒现象证明我对寒冷的史前生命的假说，…..后又有两位化学家提出“星际甲醛分子确实进化为类似纤维素和淀粉等多糖酶。他们的结论虽有争议，却实在令人振奋，特别是文章之作者，因为他正提出“巨大的云块这些地方，发生过生命所必须的前生物进化化合物。因为证实了作者之假设。由此推断C选项‘有点肯定’正确。

5.根据文章最后一段：Thistunnelingphenomenonatverylowtemperaturessuggestedmyhypothesisaboutacoldprehistoryoflife:theformationofrathercomplexorganicmoleculesinthedeepcoldofouterspace,wheretemperaturesusuallyreachonlyafewdegreesKelvinCosmicrays（high-energypro-tonsandotherparticles）mighttriggerthesynthesisofsimplemolecules,suchasinterstellarformaldehyde,indarkcloudsofinterstellardust.极低温时的贯穿势垒现象证明我对寒冷的史前生命的假说：在外层空间极其寒冷处，温度一般只有几度时，有相当复杂的有机分子形成。宇宙射线可能激发诸如星际甲醛单分子在星际尘埃的乌云中综合。推断A选项‘宇宙射线不大可能导致简单分子的形成’符合题意。。B选项‘隧道效应只出现在温度较窄范围之内，相当于凯氏温度的零度’、C选项‘激发星际甲醛单分子的综合的方式不同于宇宙射线’和D选项‘通过隧道效应就能激发简单分子的综合’不符合原文。

6.由第27题C选项‘说明现在化学研究如何能和更广泛的生物学领域有关’正确，确定本题D选项‘星际甲醛分子可以进化到复杂的有机分子’正确。A选项‘宇宙射线可以直接综合复杂的有机分子’、B选项‘大块云团是生命所需复合物前生物进化发生的地方‘和C选项‘星际甲醛分子可以通过贯穿势垒方式加以综合’不符合原文，排除。

7.本文作者先引出阿仑尼乌斯方程所提出的观点，接下来通过举例对比，对其解释说明。所以D选项‘作者先提出一种经典化学法规，是为了介绍另一种与之完全不同的化学法规，然后再比较这两者的本质区别’正确。A选项‘作者引用一个传统的化学的基本原理，然描述从这一原理的发展中所获得的研究成果’、B选项‘作者引用一个与传统化学原理明显矛盾的例子，然后解释化学反应的过程，进而说明事实上，其与传统化学原理并不矛盾’和C选项‘作者描述了化学反应过程中热度的作且，紧接着给出其作用的详细解释’与原文不符，排除。

2.单选题

Whenwedrovealong,wesawheavywispsofsmokefromfactorychimneys（）upintotheair.

问题1选项

A.ascending

B.fluctuating

C.spiraling

D.charging

【答案】A

【解析】ascendupinto...为固定搭配，表示“上升，升向”。这里指烟囱里的烟升向天空，选项A正确。

3.单选题

Centuriesago,mandiscoveredthatremovingmoisturefromfoodhelpstopreserveit,andthattheeasiestwaytodothisistoexposethefoodtosunandwind.InthiswaytheNorthAmericanIndiansproducepemmican(driedmeatgroundintopowderandmadeintocakes),theScandinaviansmakestockfishandtheArabsdrieddatesand“apricotleather”.

Allfoodsincludingwatercabbageandotherleafvegetablescontainsasmuchas93%water,potatoesandotherrootvegetables80%,leanmeat75%andfish,anythingfrom80%to60%,dependingonhowfattyitis.Ifthiswaterisremoved,theactivityofthebacteriawhichcausefoodtogobadischecked.

Fruitissun-driedinAsiaMinor,Greece,SpainandotherMediterraneancountries,andalsoinCalifornia.SouthAfricaandAustralia.Themethodsusedvary,butingeneral,thefruitisspreadoutontraysindryingyardsinthehotsun.Inordertopreventdarkening,pears,peachesandapricotsareexposedtothefumesofburningsulfurbeforedrying.Plums,formakingprunesandcertainvarietiesofgrapesformakingraisinsandcurrants,aredippedinanalkalinesolutioninordertocracktheskinsofthefruitslightlyandremovetheirwaxcoating,soastoIncreasetherateofdrying.

Nowadaysmostfoodsaredriedmechanically.Theconventionalmethodofsuchdehydrationistoputfoodinchambersthroughwhichhotairisblownattemperaturesofabout110°Catentrytoabout43°Catexit.Thisistheusualmethodfordryingsuchthingsasvegetables,mincedmeat,andfish.

Liquidssuchasmilk,coffee,tea,soupsandeggsmaybedriedbypouringthemoveraheatedsteelcylinderorbysprayingthemintoachamberthroughwhichacurrentofhotairpasses.Inthefirstcase,thedriedmaterialisscrapedofftherollerasathinfilmwhichisthenbrokenupintosmall,thoughstillrelativelycoarseflakes.Inthesecondprocessitfallstothebottomofthechamberasafinepowder.Whererecognizableplacesofmeatandvegetablesarerequired,asinsoup,theingredientsaredriedseparatelyandthenmixed.

Driedfoodstakeuplessroomandweighlessthanthesamefoodpackedincansorfrozen,andtheydonotneedtobestoredinspecialconditions.Forthesereasonstheyareinvaluabletotheclimbers,explorersandsoldiersinbattle,whohavelittlestoragespace.Theyarealsopopularwithhousewivesbecauseittakessolittletimetocookthem.Usuallyitisjustacaseofreplacingthedried-outmoisturewithboilingwater.

1.Theopen-airmethodofdryingfood（）.

2.Bacteriawhichcausefoodtogobad（）.

3.Nowadaysvegetablesaremostcommonlydried（）.

4.Driedfoods（）.

5.Housewiveslikedriedfoodsbecausethey（）.

问题1选项

A.istheonemostcommonlyusedtoday

B.wasinventedbytheAmericanIndians

C.hasbeenknownforhundredsofyears

D.tendstobeunhygienic

问题2选项

A.cannotliveinsunlight

B.arekilledbydrying

C.areinnowaydependentonthewatercontent

D.havetheiractivitygreatlyreducedbydrying

问题3选项

A.onhorizontalcylinders

B.inhot-airchambers

C.inthesunandwind

D.usingtheopentraymethod

问题4选项

A.areoftenpackedincansorfrozen

B.areusedbysoldiersandclimbers

C.needmorestoragespacethansoldiersusuallyhaveavailable

D.aremuchcheaperthancannedorfrozenproducts

问题5选项

A.arequicktoprepare

B.tastebetter

C.canbepreservedbyboilinginwater

D.lookfreshandappetizingwhencooked

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。第一句指出:Centuriesago,mandiscoveredthatremovingmoisturefromfoodhelpstopreserveit,andthattheeasiestwaytodothisistoexposethefoodtosunandwind(几个世纪前，人类就发现了可以通过除去食物中的水分来达到储存的目的，并且最简单的除去水分的方法就是将食物暴露于阳光和风下面)，因此C项“已经知道几个世纪了”正确。

第2题:细节事实题。第二段指出:Ifthiswaterisremoved,theactivityofthebacteriawhichcausefoodtogobadischecked(如果水分被除去，导致食物变质的细菌的活动将会受阻)。因此D项“它们的活性会因为干燥而大大降低”正确。

第3题:细节事实题。第四段指出:Nowadaysmostfoodsaredriedmechanically.Theconventionalmethodofsuchdehydrationistoputfoodinchambersthroughwhichhotairisblownattemperaturesofabout110'Catentrytoabout43°Catexit.Thisistheusualmethodfordryingsuchthingsasvegetables,mincedmeat,andfish(如今都采用机械化方式风干食物。这种脱水的传统方法是把食物放在室内，在大约110摄氏度的入口温度，大约43摄氏度的出口温度下吹入热空气。这种风干方法通常用来风干像蔬菜、肉末以及鱼之类的食物)。因此B项“热空气室”正确。

第4题:细节事实题。最后一段指出:Forthesereasonstheyareinvaluabletotheclimbers,explorersandsoldiersinbattle,whohavelittlestoragespace(基于这些原因，它们对攀登者、探险者和战场上的士兵来说是无价的，因为他们几乎没有存储空间)。因此答案为B项“供士兵和登山者使用”。

第5题:细节事实题。最后一段指出了原因:Theyarealsopopularwithhousewivesbecauseittakessolittletimetocookthem(它们也很受家庭主妇的欢迎，因为烹饪这些风干了的食物只需要花很少的时间)。因此A项“很快就可以做好”正确。

4.单选题

Educationinmostofthedevelopingworldisshocking.HalfofchildreninSouthAsiaandathirdofthoseinAfricawhocompletefouryearsofschoolingcannotreadproperly.Mostgovernmentshavepromisedtoprovideuniversalprimaryeducationandtopromotesecondaryeducation.Butevenwhenpublicschoolsexist,theyoftenfail.

Thefailureofstateeducation,combinedwiththeshiftinemergingeconomiesfromfarmingtojobsthatneedatleastamodicumofeducation,hascausedaprivate-schoolboom.AccordingtotheWorldBank,acrossthedevelopingworldafifthofprimary-schoolchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools,twiceasmanyas20yearsago.Somanyprivateschoolsareunregisteredthattherealfigureislikelytobemuchhigher.

Byandlarge,politiciansandeducationalistsareunenthusiastic.Governmentsseeeducationasthestate'sjob.NGOstendtobeideologicallyopposedtotheprivatesector.TheU.N.Specialrapporteuroneducation.KishoreSingh,hassaidthat“for-profiteducationshouldnotbeallowedinordertosafeguardthenoblecauseofeducation”.

Thisattitudeharmsthosewhomeducationalistsclaimtoserve:children.Theboominprivateeducationisexcellentnewsforthemandtheircountries,forthreereasons.

First,itisbringinginmoney—notjustfromparents,butalsofrominvestors,someinsearchofaprofit.Mostprivateschoolsinthedevelopingworldaresingleoperatorsthatchargeafewdollarsamonth,butchainsarenowemerging.

Second,privateschoolsareoftenbettervalueformoneythanstateones.Measuringthisishard,sincethechildrenwhogotoprivateschoolstendtobebetteroff,andthereforelikelytoperformbetter.Butarigorousfour-yearstudyof6,000pupilsinAndhraPradesh,insouthernIndia,suggestedthatprivatepupilsperformedbetterinEnglishandHindithanpublic-schoolpupils,andtheprivateschoolsachievedtheseresultsatathirdofthecostofthepublicschools.

Lastly,privateschoolsareinnovative.Sincetechnologyhasgreat(thoughasyetmostlyunrealized)potentialineducation,thiscouldbeimportant.Bridgegivesteacherstabletslinkedtoacentralsystemthatprovidesteachingmaterialsandmonitorstheirwork.Suchrobo-teachingmaynotbeideal,butitisbetterthanlessonswithouteithermaterialormonitoring.

Theprivatesectorhasproblems.Butthealternativeisoftenapublicschoolthatisworse—ornoschoolatall.Thegrowthofprivateschoolsisamanifestationofthehealthiestofinstincts:parents’desiretodothebestfortheirchildren.Governmentsshouldthereforebeaskingnothowtodiscourageprivateeducation,buthowtoboostit.Ideally,theywouldsubsidizeprivateschools,preferablythroughavoucherwhichparentscouldspendattheschoolsoftheirchoiceandtopup;theywouldregulateschoolstoensurequality;theywouldrunpublicexamstohelpparentsmakeinformedchoice.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,thestategovernmentsindevelopingcountriesfailto（

）.

2.TheauthormentionsKishoreSinghinordertoshow

（

）.

3.Privateschoolssurpassthepubliconesinthat

（

）.

4.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftheprivateeducation?

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethetitleofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.providepropereducationforalltheschoolagechildren

B.fulfilltheirpromisesbyestablishingenoughpublicschools

C.improveeducationqualityoftheexistingpublicschools

D.speedupthesocialshiftfromfarmingtomanufacturing

问题2选项

A.howstategovernmentsdislikeprivateeducation

B.whyNGOsaresomuchopposedtoprivatesectors

C.howweshouldsafeguardthenobilityofeducation

D.whatthesocialmainstreamthinksoftheprivateschool

问题3选项

A.theycanobtainmoremoneyfromparents

B.theyhaveachievedbetterteachingquality

C.theycanmakebetteruseofmoneyandinnovate

D.theycanusetabletstoassistteaching

问题4选项

A.Itmeetstheneedofsocialdevelopment.

B.Itshouldbesuspendedandreorganized.

C.Itshouldnotberunpurelyafterhighprofits.

D.Itisencouragedtoreplacepubliceducation.

问题5选项

A.WhyArePrivateSchoolsBoomingSoFast?

B.ShouldPrivateEducationBeHelpedorCurbed?

C.HowShouldtheGovernmentImproveEducation?

D.WhatShouldtheStateDowithPublicSchools?

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.判断推理题。根据第一段最后两句“Mostgovernmentshavepromisedtoprovideuniversalprimaryeducationandtopromotesecondaryeducation.Butevenwhenpublicschoolsexist,theyoftenfail.大多数政府承诺提供普遍的初等教育以及促进中等教育的发展。但即使公立学校存在，它们通常还是失败了。”再根据第一段前面的内容可推断，发展中国家的政府没有履行他们的承诺，没有建立足够的公立学校。选项B符合原文；选项A和选项C在文中没有提及；选项D是私立学校繁荣的原因之一，不符合题意。所以只有选项B正确。

2.细节事实题。根据关键词“KishoreSingh”定位第三段“KishoreSingh,hassaidthat‘for-profiteducationshouldnotbeallowedinordertosafeguardthenoblecauseofeducation’”联合国教育特别报告员KishoreSingh曾表示：“为了捍卫教育的崇高事业，不应该允许营利性教育。”这是对原文中上一句“NGOstendtobeideologicallyopposedtotheprivatesector.非政府组织往往在意识形态上反对私营部门”的解释，说明非政府组织反对私营机构的理由。因此选项B符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据原文倒数两段的首句“privateschoolsareoftenbettervalueformoneythanstateones.私立学校通常比公立学校更物有所值。”也就是能够充分利用资金。“privateschoolsareinnovative.”私立学校具有创新性。所以选项C符合原文。选项A显然不是私立学校超越公立学校的原因；选项B在文中没有提及；选项D表述过于片面。

4.判断推理题。根据最后一段第三句“Governmentsshouldthereforebeaskingnothowtodiscourageprivateeducation,buthowtoboostit.政府不应该打击私营教育，而应该大力发展私营教育。”由此可推断，作者认为私营教育是符合社会发展的需求的。选项A正确。选项B与作者的观点不符；选项C在文中没有提及；选项D表述过于绝对。

5.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，作者首先指出了发展中国家政府在公立教育方面的失败，接着提到私营教育的发展，政府反对私营教育，而作者认为应该大力发展私营教育，所以本文的主要内容是讨论支持还是反对私营教育。选项B最为恰当。

5.单选题

Animalscanbecomeunusually______whentheyareupsetbyasuddenenvironmentalchange.

问题1选项

A.vigorous

B.predominant

C.aggressive

D.irritable

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项vigorous“有力的，精力充沛的”，B项predominant“主要的，卓越的”，C项aggressive“侵略性的，好斗的”，D项irritable“急躁的，易怒的”。根据关键词animal“动物”和空格后面部分句子意思“当它们被突然的环境变化所困扰时”可知，C选项最符合语境。句意：当环境突然发生变化时，动物会变得异常好斗。因此，该题选择C项正确。

6.单选题

Nothinghaseverequaledthe____andspeedwithwhichthehumanspeciesisalteringthephysicalandchemicalworld.

问题1选项

A.concern

B.magnitude

C.volume

D.carelessness

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.concern忧虑；关心B.magnitude（规模、重要性等）大的程度

C.volume（某物的）数量D.carelessness粗心大意

【考查点】语义衔接与名词辨析

【解题思路】空格处所填词与speed“速度”并列，并且the____andspeed后接了一个由withwhich引导的定语从句，其句意为“人类改变物理和化学世界”，由此可以推断，B选项magnitude“（某事物）大或重要的程度”符合题意，themagnitudeandspeed指“人类改变物理和化学世界的程度和速度”。

【干扰项排除】

A选项concern“忧虑；关心”，不符合原文语义衔接；

C选项volume“（某物的）数量”，侧重于指某事物的量，如业务量、工作量；

D选项carelessness“粗心大意”，不符合原文语义衔接。

【句意】没有什么能比得上人类改变物理和化学世界的程度和速度。

7.单选题

AlthoughWashingtonisthemostimportantcityintheUnitedStates,itcannot（）likeNewYorkandChicagoinsizeandpopulation.

问题1选项

A.matchwith

B.abideby

C.conformto

D.competewith

【答案】D

【解析】matchwith"与……相匹配";abideby"遵守,履行";conformto"遵守,依照";competewith"与……竞争"。根据句意：虽然华盛顿是美国最重要的城市,但在面积和人口上无法与纽约和芝加哥相比。选项D符合句意。

8.单选题

（）he’salreadyheardthenews.

问题1选项

A.Chancesare

B.Chanceis

C.Opportunitiesare

D.Opportunityis

【答案】A

【解析】句意:他很可能已经听到这个消息了。

9.单选题

Theprocessofperceivingotherpeopleisrarelytranslated(toourselvesorothers)intocold,objectiveterms.“Shewas5feet8inchestall,hadfairhair,andworeacoloredskirt.”Moreoften,wetrytogetinsidetheotherpersontopinpointhisorherattitudes,emotions,motivations,abilities,ideasandcharacters.Furthermore,wesometimesbehaveasifwecanaccomplishthisdifficultjobveryquickly-perhapswithatwo-secondglance.

Wetrytoobtaininformationaboutothersinmanyways.Bergersuggestsseveralmethodsforreducinguncertaintiesaboutothers:watching,withoutbeingnoticed,apersoninteractingwithothers,particularlywithotherswhoareknowntoyousoyoucancomparetheobservedperson’sbehaviorwiththeknownothers’behavior;observingapersoninasituationwheresocialbehaviorisrelativelyunrestrainedorwhereawidevarietyofbehavioralresponsesarecalledfor;deliberatelystructuringthephysicalorsocialenvironmentsoastoobservetheperson’sresponsestospecificstimuli;askingpeoplewhohavehadorhavefrequentcontactwiththepersonabouthimorher;andusingvariousstrategiesinface-to-faceinteractiontouncoverinformationaboutanotherperson-questions,self-disclosures(自我表露)，andsoon.Gettingtoknowsomeoneisanever-endingtask,largelybecausepeopleareconstantlychangingandthemethodsweusetoobtaininformationareoftenimprecise.Youmayhaveknownsomeonefortenyearsandstillknowverylittleabouthim.Ifweaccepttheideathatwewon’teverfullyknowanotherperson,itenablesustodealmoreeasilywiththosethingsthatgetinthewayofaccurateknowledgesuchassecretsanddeceptions.Itwillalsokeepusfrombeingtoosurprisedorshockedbyseeminglyinconsistentbehavior.Ironically(讽刺性地)，thosethingsthatkeepusfromknowinganotherpersontoowell(e.g.,secretsanddeceptions)maybejustasimportanttothedevelopmentofasatisfyingrelationshipasthosethingsthatenableustoobtainaccurateknowledgeaboutaperson(e.g.,disclosuresandtruthfulstatements).

1.Theword“pinpoint”(Para.1，Line3)basicallymeans（

）.

2.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraph?

3.ItcanbeinferredfromBerger’ssuggestionsthat（

）.

4.Indevelopingpersonalrelationships,secretsanddeceptions,intheauthor’sopinion,are（

）

5.Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassageis（

）.

问题1选项

A.appreciate

B.obtain

C.interpret

D.identify

问题2选项

A.Peoplearebetterdescribedincold,objectiveterms.

B.Thedifficultyofgettingtoknowapersonisusuallyunderestimated.

C.Oneshouldnotjudgepeoplebytheirappearances.

D.Oneisusuallysubjectivewhenassessingotherpeople’spersonality.

问题3选项

A.Peopledonotrevealtheirtrueselfoneveryoccasion.

B.inmostcasesweshouldavoidcontactingtheobservedpersondirectly-

C.thebestwaytoknowapersonisbymakingcomparisons.

D.face-to-faceinteractionisthebeststrategytouncoverinformationaboutaperson

问题4选项

A.personalmattersthatshouldbeseriouslydealtwith

B.barriersthatshouldbedoneawaywith

C.assignificantasdisclosuresandtruthfulstatements

D.thingspeopleshouldguardagainst

问题5选项

A.togiveadviceonappropriateconductforsocialoccasions

B.toprovidewaysofhowtoobtaininformationaboutpeople

C.tocallthereader’sattentiontothenegativesideofpeople’scharacters

D.todiscussthevariousaspectsofgettingtoknowpeople

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.根据上下文可推断pinpoint的意思与perceive“了解，认知”相似。第一段提到pinpointhisorherattitudes,emotions,motivations,abilities,ideasandcharacters深入内心确定他的态度、情感、动机、能力、想法和性格。所以选项D符合题意。

2.第一段最后一句wesometimesbehaveasifwecanaccomplishthisdifficultjobveryquickly-perhapswithatwo-secondglance提到人们常常以为短短几秒钟就能够了解他人，然而事实却远非这样，这显然是低估了了解他人的难度。所以选项B符合题意。

3.Berger建议了几种了解他人的方法，但是仅从一个方面去了解他人是行不通的，因为大部分人都在不断改，而我们用来获得信息的这些方法不够精确（gettingtoknowsomeoneisanever-endingtask,largelybecausepeopleareconstantlychangingandthemethodsweusetoobtaininformationareoftenimprecise），选项A符合题意。

4.文章最后一句话提到对于建议一段良好的人际关系而言，他人的秘密和欺骗与他人的自我表露和实话一样重要，这非常具有讽刺意味。选项C符合题意。

5.文章主要讨论了了解他人的不同方面，如：识人的困难、方法及隐瞒和欺骗的积极方面等。所以选项D符合题意。

10.单选题

Thegapbetweenwhatweknowandallthatcanbeknownseemsnotto（）,butrathertoincreasewitheverynewdiscovery.

问题1选项

A.clarify

B.eliminate

C.diminish

D.extinguish

【答案】C

【解析】动词词义辨析。clarify“澄清，阐明”；eliminate“消除，淘汰”；diminish“减少，贬低”；extinguish“熄灭，使破灭”。句意：我们知道的事情和未知的事情之间的间距似乎没有减少，反而随着新事物的发现而增加了。选项C符合题意。

11.单选题

FortheGreeks,beautywasavirtue:akindofexcellence.Personsthenwereassumedtobewhatwenowhavetocall—lamely,enviously—wholepersons.IfitdidoccurtotheGreekstodistinguishbetweenaperson’s“inside”and“outside,”theystillexpectedthatinnerbeautywouldbematchedbybeautyoftheoilierkind.Thewell-bornyoungAthenianswhogatheredaroundSocratesfounditquiteparadoxicalthattheirherowassointelligent,sobrave,sohonorable,soseductive—andsougly.OneofSocrates’mainpedagogicalactswastobeugly—andteachthoseinnocent,nodoubtsplendid-lookingdisciplesofhishowfullofparadoxeslifereallywas.

TheymayhaveresistedSocrates’lesson.Wedonot.Severalthousandyearslater,wearemorewaryoftheenchantmentsofbeauty,wenotonlysplitoff-withthegreatestfacility-the“inside”(character,intellect)fromthe“outside’’(looks);butweareactuallysurprisedwhensomeonewhoisbeautifulisalsointelligent,talented,good.

ItwasprincipallytheinfluenceofChristianitythatdeprivedbeautyofthecentralplaceithadinclassicalidealshumanexcellence.Bylimitingexcellence(virtusinLatin)tomoralvirtueonly,Christianitysetbeautyadrift—as