2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号40

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Nowomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchessofWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchavirtue.

Theproblemwithsuchaviewisthatsomepeopleactuallyattempttolivebyit.Imyselfhavefantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.Consequently,Ihavebeenonadietforthebetter-orworse-partofmylife.Beingrichwouldn'tbebadeither,butthatwon'thappenunlessanunknownrelativediessuddenlyinsomedistantland,leavingmemillionsofdollars.

Wheredidwegooffthetrack?Whendideatingbutterbecomeasin,andalittlebitofextrafleshunappealing,ifnotrepellent?Allreligionshavecertaindayswhenpeoplerefrainfromeating,andexcessiveeatingisoneofChristianity'ssevendeadlysins.However,untilquiterecently,mostpeoplehadaproblemgettingenoughtoeat.Insomereligiousgroups,wealthwasasymbolofprobablesalvationandhighmorals,andfatnessasignofwealthandwell-being.

Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarkofvirtue.Theresultisthatbeingfat-orevenonlysomewhatoverweight-isbadbecauseitimpliesalackofmoralstrength.

Ourobsessionwiththinnessisalsofueledbyhealthconcerns.Itistruethatinthiscountrywehavemoreoverweightpeoplethaneverbefore,andthat,inmanycases,beingoverweightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseases,however,mayhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem-toomuchfatandalackoffiber-thanaweightproblem.

Therealconcern,then,isnotthatweweightoomuch,butthatweneitherexerciseenoughnoreatwell.Exerciseisnecessaryforstrongbonesandbothheartandlunghealth.Abalanceddietwithoutalotoffatcanalsohelpthebodyavoidmanydiseases.Weshouldsurelystoppayingsomuchattentiontoweight.Simplybeingthinisnotenough.Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhoget(oralreadyare)thinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory.

1.Sweptbytheprevailingtrend,theauthor（

）.

2.Intheeyesoftheauthor,andoddphenomenonnowadaysisthat

（

）.

3.Inhumanhistorypeople’sviewsonbodyweight

（

）.

4.What’stheauthor'sadvicetowomenwhoareabsorbedintheideaofthinness?

5.Theauthorcriticizeswomen'sobsessionwiththinness（

）.

问题1选项

A.hastoseekhelpformrichdistantrelatives.

B.couldstillpreventherselffromgoingoffthetrack.

C.hastogoonadiet.

D.hastowearhighlyfashionableclothes.

问题2选项

A.theDuchessofWindsorisregardedasawomanofvirtue.

B.beingthinisviewedasamuchdesiredquality.

C.lookingslimisasymbolofhavingalargefortune.

D.religiouspeoplearenotnecessarilyvirtuous.

问题3选项

A.werecloselyrelatedtotheirreligiousbeliefs

B.changedfromtimetotime.

C.variedbetweenthepoorandtherich.

D.ledtodifferentmoralstandards.

问题4选项

A.Theyshouldridthemselvesoffantasiesaboutdesignerclothes.

B.Theyshouldbemorewatchfulforfataldiseases.

C.Theyshouldgainweighttolookhealthy.

D.Theyshouldbemoreconcernedwiththeiroveralllifestyle.

问题5选项

A.fromaneconomicandeducationalperspective.

B.fromsociologicalandmedicalpointsofview.

C.fromahistoricalandreligiousstandpoint.

D.inthelightofmoralprinciples.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目提问‘受流行趋势的影响，作者做什么？’根据文章第二段中第二句“Imyselfhavefantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.Consequently,Ihavebeenonadietforthebetter-orworse-partofmylife.我自己也有穿窄身名牌服装的幻想。因此，在我的生活中，无论好坏，我都在节食。”确定C选项“不得不节食”正确。

2.细节事实题。题目提问‘在作者看来，现在奇怪的现象是什么？’根据第一段“Nowomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchessofWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchavirtue.女人不能太有钱也不能太瘦。这句话经常被认为是已故温莎公爵夫人说的，它体现了我们这个时代的许多古怪精神。苗条被认为是一种美德。”以及根据第四段中“Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarkofvirtue.今天情况正好相反。我们已经把瘦变成了美德的新标志。”可知，作者认为现在奇怪的现象是B选项“苗条被认为是一种非常理想的品质”。

3.推理判断题。题目提问‘人类历史上人们对体重的看法？’根据文章第三段最后一句“Insomereligiousgroups,wealthwasasymbolofprobablesalvationandhighmorals,andfatnessasignofwealthandwell-being.在一些宗教团体中，财富是救赎和高尚道德的象征，而肥胖则是财富和幸福的象征。”确定A选项“与他们的宗教信仰密切相关”正确。

4.推理判断题。题目提问‘作者对那些专注于瘦身的女性有什么忠告？’根据文章倒数第二段中“...inmanycases,beingoverweightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseases,however,mayhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem-toomuchfatandalackoffiber-thanaweightproblem.在许多情况下，肥胖与增加心血管疾病的风险息息相关。不过除了超重，这些疾病也同样与我们的生活方式及高脂肪饮食习惯有很大关系。患消化系统癌症的相关风险可能更主要是饮食而非体重问题——食物高脂肪低纤维。”以及最后一段中“Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhoget(oralreadyare)thinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.如果那些瘦人认为他们自然而然就可保持健康，从而不注意总体生活方式，实际上会很危险。”可知作者提出肥胖、生活方式与疾病的关系，确定D选项“他们应该更加关注他们的整体生活方式”符合要求。

5.推理判断题。题目提问‘作者从什么方面批评了女性对瘦身的痴迷？’根据最后一段中“Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhoget(oralreadyare)thinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory.如果那些变瘦的人(或已经变瘦的人)认为他们天生就健康，因此不关注他们的整体生活方式，这实际上是危险的。瘦可以是纯粹的虚荣。”确定作者从健康方面和虚荣心方面批评了女性对瘦身的痴迷，B选项正确。

2.单选题

The（

）onthesurfaceofthefemalekangaroo'sabdomenservesasaplaceofrefugefortheyoung,whocangetatthemilkglandswithoutleavingtheirshelter.

问题1选项

A.patch

B.porch

C.paunch

D.pouch

【答案】D

【解析】名词词义辨析题。要注意区分四个选项名词的不同意思。根据句意‘雌性袋鼠腹部表面的育儿袋是用来保护幼崽，使它们不需要离开这里也能够获得母亲的乳汁的。’和常识可知空格处表示“育儿袋”。A选项parch意为“眼罩，斑点”；B选项porch意为“门廊，走廊”；C选项paunch意为“腹，大肚子”；D选项pouch意为“小袋，育儿袋”。D选项正确。

3.单选题

Itshowshoweconomicandsocialand,aboveall,politicalchangeshaveplayedtheir

part,sothat,correctly（

）,thepostagestampinwhichmillionsofpeople,youngand

old,findpleasure,knowledgeandevenprofit,hasalwaysbeenafaithfulmirrorofthetimes.

问题1选项

A.interpreting

B.beinginterpreted

C.tobeinterpreted

D.interpreted

【答案】D

【解析】非谓语动词的用法。A选项interpreting动词的分词形式，表示主动；B选项beinginterpreted动词被动语态的分词形式；C选项tobeinterpreted动词被动语态的不定式，表示将来或打算；D选项interpreted动词的过去分词。句意：最重要的是，这说明了经济、社会、政治变化如何发挥作用，从而，正确理解应该是，…分析句子可知空格前的内容与interpret之间为被动关系，且应该是过去发生，而不是正在发生或将要发生，D选项正确。

4.单选题

Unfortunately,hisdamagingattacksontheramificationsoftheeconomicpolicyhavebeen（

）byhiswholeheartedacceptanceofthatpolicy’sunderlyingassumptions.

问题1选项

A.supplemented

B.undermined

C.diverted

D.redeemed

【答案】B

【解析】动词词义辨析。A选项的supplement“增补，补充”；B选项的undermine“渐渐破坏，授掘地基”；C选项的divert“使转向，使绕道，转移（某人）的注意力，使分心”；D选项的redeem“履行，补偿，赎回”。根据句意‘不幸的是，他对这个经济政策后果的致命攻击被破坏了，因为他完全接受了这个政策暗含的假设’确定B选项正确。

5.单选题

Thelatterisnolessimportantthantheformer,andifbibliographicaldecisionsaremadewrongly,noamountoflogisticinformationcan（

）thesituation.

问题1选项

A.envisage

B.disperse

C.diffuse

D.redeem

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项envisage“正视，面对”；B选项disperse“分散，分开，使传播”；C选项diffuse“扩散”；D选项redeem“赎回，挽救”。根据句意‘后者比前者更重要，并且如果最终书目决定错了，即使再多的逻辑信息也无法挽救这个局面。’D选项正确。

6.单选题

YourParadiseusedtobeafinemagazine,butnowthatitthetasteofacompletelydifferentreadingpublicit（

）hasgonedowninquality.

问题1选项

A.deflectsfrom

B.flirtswith

C.catersto

D.hingeson

【答案】C

【解析】动词短语词义辨析题。A选项deflectfrom“从……偏斜”；B选项flirtwith“同…调情；不认真考虑”；C选项caterto“迎合…口味；为…服务”；D选项hingeon“取决于……；以……为转移”。根据句意‘你们的《天堂》杂志本应该是一本优秀的期刊，但是现在却来满足完全不同的公众阅读口味，从而导致明显下降的质量。’可知这里表示迎合公众阅读的口味，C选项正确。

7.单选题

ThismonthSingaporepassedabillthatwouldgivelegalteethtothemoralobligationtosupportone'sparents.CalledtheMaintenanceofParentsBill,itreceivedthebackingoftheSingaporeGovernment.

Thatdoesnotmeanithasn'tgenerateddiscussion.SeveralmembersoftheParliamentopposedthemeasureasun-Asian.Otherswhoacknowledgedtheproblemoftheelderlypoorbelieveditisaproportionateresponse.Stillothersbelieveitwillsubvertrelationswithinthefamily:cynicsdubbeditthe“SueYourSon”law.

Thosewhosaythatthebilldoesnotpromotefilialresponsibility,ofcourse,areright.Ithasnothingtodowithfilialresponsibility.Itkicksinwherefilialresponsibilityfails.Thelawcannotlegislatefilialresponsibilityanymorethanitcanlegislatelove.Allthelawcandoistoprovideasafetynetwherethismoralityprovesinsufficient.Singaporeneedsthisbillnottoreplacemorality,buttoprovideincentivestoshoreitup.

Likemanyotherdevelopednations,Singaporefacestheproblemsofanincreasingproportionofpeopleover60yearsofage.Demographyisinexorable.In1980,7.2%ofthepopulationwasinthisbracket.Attheturnofthecenturythatfiguregrewto11%.By2030,theproportionisprojectedtobe26%.Theproblemisnotoldageperse.Itisthattheratioofeconomicallyactivepeopletoeconomicallyinactivepeoplewilldecline.

Butnoamountofgovernmentexhortationorpaternalismwillcompletelyeliminatetheproblemofoldpeoplewhohaveinsufficientmeanstomakeendsmeet.Somepeoplewillfallthroughtheholesinanysafetynet.

Traditionally,aperson’sinsuranceagainstpovertyinhisoldagewashisfamily.Thisisnotarevolutionaryconcept.NorisituniquelyAsian.Careandsupportforone’sparentsisauniversalvaluesharedbyallcivilizedsocieties.

TheprobleminSingaporeisthatthemoralobligationtolookafterone’sparentsisunenforceable.Afathercanbecompelledbylawtomaintainhischildren.Ahusbandcanbeforcedtosupporthiswife.But,untilnow,asonordaughterhadnolegalobligationtosupporthisorherparents.

In1989,anAdvisoryCouncilwassetuptolookintotheproblemsoftheaged.Itsreportstatedwithatingeofcomplacencythat95%ofthosewhodidnothavetheirownincomewerereceivingcashcontributionsfromrelations.Butwhataboutthe5%whoaren'tgettingrelatives'support?Theyhaveseveraloptions:(a)getajobandworkuntiltheydie;(b)applyforpublicassistance(youhavetobedestitutetoapply);or(c)starvequietly.Noneoftheseoptionsissociallyacceptable.Andwhatifthis5%figuregrows,asitislikelytodo,associetyages?

TheMaintenanceofParentsBillwasputforthtoencouragethetraditionalvirtuesthathavesofarkeptAsiannationsfromsomeofthebreakdownsencounteredinotheraffluentsocieties.Thislegislationwillallowapersontoapplytothecourtformaintenancefromanyorallofhischildren.Thecourtwouldhavethediscretiontorefusetomakeanorderifitis

unjust.

Thosewhoderidetheproposalforopeningupthecourtstofamilylawsuitsmissthepoint.Onlyinextremecaseswouldanyparenttakehischildtocourt.Ifitdoesindeedbecomelaw:thebill’seffectwouldbefarmoresubtle.

1.TheMaintenanceofParentsBill（

）.

2.Byquotingthegrowingpercentagepointsoftheagedinthepopulation,theauthorseemstoimplythat

（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisCORRECT?

4.Theauthorseemstosuggestthattraditionalvalues

（

）.

5.TheauthorthinksthatiftheBillbecomeslaw,itseffectwouldbe（

）.

问题1选项

A.receivedunanimoussupportintileSingaporeParliament

B.wasbelievedtosolvealltheproblemsoftheelderlypoor

C.wasintendedtosubstitutefortraditionalvaluesinSingapore

D.waspassedtomaketheyoungmoreresponsibletotheold

问题2选项

A.thecountrywillfacemountingproblemsoftheoldinfuture

B.thesocialwelfaresystemwouldbeundergreatpressure

C.youngpeopleshouldbegivenmoremoraleducation

D.theoldshouldbeprovidedwithmeansoflivelihood

问题3选项

A.FilialresponsibilityinSingaporeisenforcedbylaw.

B.Fathershavelegalobligationstolookaftertheirchildren.

C.Itisanacceptablepracticefortheoldtocontinueworking.

D.TheAdvisoryCouncilwasdissatisfiedwiththeproblemsoftheold.

问题4选项

A.playaninsignificantroleinsolvingsocialproblems

B.arehelpfultotheelderlywhentheysuetheirchildren

C.areveryimportantinpreservingAsianuniqueness

D.aresignificantinhelpingtheBillgetapproved

问题5选项

A.indirect

B.unnoticed

C.apparent

D.contradictory

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据本文第一句内容"ThismonthSingaporepassedabillthatwouldgivelegalteethtothemoralobligationtosupportone’sparents.”可知虽说新法受到了新加坡政府的支持，但是在第二段中说了议会中有些成员反对此法，所以A选项‘得到了新加坡议会的一致支持’错误。作者虽然介绍了此法的一些作用，但并没有说新法将会解决贫穷老人所有的问题，所以B选项‘被认为是解决所有贫困老人的问题’错误。由本文倒数第二段看出新法不仅不会取代新加坡的传统价值观，反而会在保持传统美德方面起重要作用，所以C选项‘是为了取代新加坡的传统价值观’错误。运用排除法确定只有D选项“新法能让年轻人对自己的父母更负责任”正确。

2.推理判断题。作者通过新加坡老龄人口比率的迅速增长来暗示这个国家将会面临很多由人口老龄化带来的问题。而第四段最后一句“Itisthattheratioofeconomicallyactivepeopletoeconomicallyinactivepeoplewilldecline.经济活跃人口与经济不活跃人口的比例将会下降。”表明问题已经是经济上的问题了，所以A选项‘这个国家未来将面临越来越多的老年人问题’正确。

3.细节事实题。根据本文第七段第二句内容“Afathercanbecompelledbylawtomaintainhischildren.法律可以强迫父亲抚养孩子。”确定B选项‘父亲有照顾孩子的法律义务。’正确。

4.细节事实题。根据本文倒数第二段第一句话“TheMaintenanceofParentsBillwasputforthtoencouragethetraditionalvirtuesthathavesofarkeptAsiannationsfromsomeofthebreakdownsencounteredinotheraffluentsocieties.《赡养父母法案》的提出是为了鼓励传统美德，这些美德迄今使亚洲国家避免了其他富裕社会所遭遇的一些崩溃。”确定作者认为传统美德会保持亚洲的独特性，所以C选项‘保持亚洲的独特性很重要’正确。

5.推理判断题。题目的意思是‘作者认为，如果该法案成为法律，其效果将是….’文章最后说“Onlyinextremecaseswouldanyparenttakehischildtocourt.只有在极端情况下，父母才会把孩子告上法庭。”在接下来的几段里，作者讲到赡养父母是个人的责任，并非社会的责任。而有些人碍于情面，不得不重新考虑赡养父母的问题。因此该议案起到了间接的作用。A选项‘间接的’正确。B选项unnoticed表示“被忽视的”；C选项apparent表示“明显的”；D选项contradictory表示“矛盾的”。

8.单选题

MissRobintriedto（

）allerrorsfromthetypescriptbygoingthroughitverycarefully.

问题1选项

A.object

B.duplicate

C.approve

D.eliminate

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析。A选项“反对，抗议”；B选项“复制，重复”；C选项“同意，赞成”；D选项“消除，清除，淘汰”；依据句意‘罗宾小姐仔细检查打字稿，力求消除所有的错误’确定D选项正确。

9.翻译题

ForoveradecadeRoyalDutchShell,alongwithitsJapanesepartners,MitsuiaridMitsubishi.HasbeenstrugglingtocoaxoilandgasoutofthefrozenseasoffSakhalinIsland,inRussian’sfarcast.Overtheyearstheschemehasrunintoenvironmentalprotests,itsprojectedcosthasdoubledto$20billionanditscompletiondatehasreceded.

Butitisnownearlyfinished.Withoilandgaspriceshighandafloodofrevenueimminentitisanoddtimeforthethreeownerstoreducetheirshareholding.Yetthatisexactlywhattheyofferedtodothisweek,bysellingamajoritystakeintheprojecttoGazprom,Russia’sstate-ownedgasgiant.

Gazprom’smastersintheKremlinhavemadenobonesoftheirdesiretokeepbigenergyprojectsinthefamily,sotospeak.RussianofficialshadbeenmakinglifedifficultfortheSakhalinprojectbythreateningdireconsequencesforminorenvironmentallapses.Theshareholders,perhapsmindfulofthefateofYukos,abigRussianoilfirmbankruptedbyover-zealoustaxinspectors,presumablyconcludedthatGazpromwasmakingthem,anoffertheycouldnotrefuse.

Whenitcomestoenergy,VladimirPutin’sRussiaseemspronetoloutishbehavior-despiteconstantclaimsthatRussiaisareliablepartner.InadditiontomuggingYukos,ithasoftenintimidateditsneighborswiththreatstocutofftheiroilorgassupplies.Earlierthisyear,whenLithuania(立陶宛)hadthetemeritytosellanoilrefinerytoaPolishfirminsteadofRussianone,thepipelinethatsuppliestherefinerywithRussianoilsuddenlysuccumbedtoamysterioustechnicalfault.

LastwinterGazpromappearedtoblackmailUkraine’snewpro-Westerngovernmentbycuttingoffthecountry'sgasamidadisputeoverprices.TheepisodesentachillthroughoutEurope,whichreliesonGazpromforaboutaquarterofitsgas.Japan,thefixturerecipientofmostofthegasfromSakhalin,willnowalsofinditselfatGazprom'smercy.

Russia’sgovernment,ofcourse,isnottheonlytotrytogrababiggershareofthetakingsasoilandgaspricesgoup.BritainrecentlyraisedtaxesonproductionfromtheNorthSea.AndRussiahasastrongincentivetorewritetherules,sinceitagreedtogeneroustermsforprojectslikeSakhalinbackinthe1990s,whenithadnomoneytodevelopitsresourcesitselfandwasdesperatetoattractforeigninvestment.Butitsbrutishbehaviorwillprobablybackfire.Thenexttimetheoilpricefallsormoneyrunsshort,itmightenduphavingtoofferevenmoremunificenttermstoluretheoilmenback.

Russiarisksscaringoffinvestorsofallstripes,aswellaspotentialcustomersforitsoilandgas.

Moreover,Russiastillneedstheexpertiseofforeignfirms.Gazpromanditsstart-controlledcounterpartintheoilbusiness,Rosneft,arehopelessatincreasingtheiroutput-exceptbybuyingupotherfh-massetsonthecheap.SotheRussianstate’sinsistenceondevelopingitsoilandgasbyitselfisnotjustbadnewsfortheshareholdersofShell,MitsubishiandMitsui.ItisalsobadnewsforordinaryRussians,whowillnotseeasmuchoilwealthastheyotherwisemight.

Whatexplainstheseself-defeatingtactics?MainlyMr.Putin’sbeliefthatenergyisaweaponwithwhichtorestorethelostgreatnessoftheSovietUnion.NolongerneedRussiaintheWestcap-in-handformoney,asitdidinBorisYeltsin’sday.Nowitcanstandtalloncemore,notleastintheneighboringex-SovietcountriesthatmanyinMoscowhaveneverreconciledthemselvestolosing.

Whenevertheseplacesseemtolooktothewest,stillmoreaspiretojoinsuchWesternclubasNATOortheEuropeanUnion,theRussianshavereactedpetulantly,astheydidearlierthisyearbyimposingtradeembargoesonGeorgiaandMoldova.

【答案】多年以来该项目一再遭到环保抗议，预计成本翻了一番，达到200亿美元，完工日期也推迟了。

随着石油和天然气价格不断上涨，利润也将滚滚而来，但在此时却提出让三家公司减少持股，多少有些不合时宜。

今年早些时候，立陶宛轻率地要把一家炼油厂卖给波兰而非俄罗斯的公司，之后这家炼油厂为俄罗斯输油的管线就突然因为神秘技术问题而中断了。

当再次油价下跌或者缺少资金时，他们恐怕不得不开出更加优厚的条件来吸引石油商。

如今，尽管许多前苏联治下的邻国从未承认失败，但俄国己经东山再起。

10.单选题

InhistypicallyAmericanopenstyleofcommunication,Mr.HayesconfrontedIsabetaaboutnotlookingathim.Reluctantly,sheexplainedwhy.AsanewcomerfromMexico,shehadbeentaughttoavoideyecontactasamarkofrespecttoauthorityfigures,teachers,employers,parents.Mr.Hayesdidnotknowthis.HetheninformedherthatmostAmericasinterpretlackofeyecontactasdisrespectanddeviousness.Ultimately,heconvincedIsabelatotryandchangeherhabit,whichsheslowlydid.

PeoplefrommanyAsian,LatinAmerican,andCaribbeanculturesalsoavoideyecontactasasignofrespect.ManyAfricanAmericas,especiallyfromtheSouth,observethiscustom,too.Amaster’sthesisbySamuelAvoian,agraduatestudentatCentralMissouriStateUniversity,tellshowmisinterpretingeye-contactcustomscanhaveanegativeimpactwhenwhitefootballcoachesrecruitAfricanAmericanplayersfortheteams.

Hereportsthat,whenspeaking,whitecommunicatorsusuallylookawayfromthelistener,onlyperiodicallyglancingatthem.Theydotheopposite,whenlisteningtheyareexpectedtolookatthespeakerallthetime.

ManyAfricanAmericascommunicateinanoppositeway.Whenspeaking,theytendtoconstantlystareatthelistener;whenlistening,theymostlylookaway.Therefore,ifwhitesportsrecruitersarenotinformedaboutthesesignificantdifferences,theycanbemisledaboutinterestandattentivenesswheninterviewingprospectiveAfricanAmericanballplayers.

InmulticulturalAmerica,issuesofeyecontacthavebroughtaboutsocialconflictsoftwodifferentkindsinmanyurbancenters;non-KoreancustomersbecameangrywhenKoreanshopkeepersdidnotlookatthemdirectly.Thecustomerstranslatedthelackofeyecontactasasignofdisrespect,ahabitblamedforcontributingtotheopenconfrontationtakingplacebetweensomeAsiansandAfricanAmericasinNewYork,Texas,andCalifornia.ManyteacherstoohaveprovidedstoriesaboutclassroomconflictsbasedontheirmisunderstandingAsianandLatinAmericanchildren’lackofeyecontactasbeingdisrespectful.

Ontheotherhand,directeyecontacthasnowtakenonanewmeaningamongtheyoungergenerationandacrossethnicborders.Particularlyinurbancenters,whenoneteenagerlooksdirectlyatanother,thisisconsideredaprovocation,sometimescalledmad-dogging,andcanleadtophysicalconflict.

Mad-dogginghasbecomethesourceofmanycampusconflicts.Inonehighschool,itresultedinafightbetweenCambodiannewcomersandAfrican-Americanstudents.TheCambodianshadbeenstaringattheotherstudentsmerelytolearnhowAmericansbehave,yettheothersmisinterpretedtheCambodians'intentionsandthefightbegan.

Mad-doggingseemstobeconnectedwiththeavoidanceofeyecontactasasignofrespect.Thus,intheurbancontemporaryyouthscene,ifonelooksdirectlyatanother,thisdisrespects,or"disses"thatperson.Muchlikethearchaicphrase"Idemandsatisfaction”，whichbecametheoverturetoaduel,mad-doggingmaybecomeapreludetoaphysicalencounter.AttheentrancestoUniversalStudio’s"CityWalk"attractioninLosAngeles,theyhavepostedCodeofConductsigns.Thesecondrulewarnsagainst"physicallyoverballythreateninganyperson,fighting,annoyingothersthroughnoisyorboisterousactivitiesorbyunnecessarystaring..."

1.ManyAfricanAmericansfromtheSouth（

）.

2.Whenlisteningtotheothers,whitecommunicatorstendto

（

）.

3.ManycustomersinAmericancitiesareangrywithKoreanshopkeepersbecause（

）.

4.Mad-doggingrefersto

（

）.

5.Thearchaicphrase,"Idemandsatisfaction"（

）.

问题1选项

A.adoptatypicallyAmericanopenstyleofcommunication

B.oftenmisinterpretthemeaningofeyecontact

C.avoideyecontactasasignofrespect

D.aretaughttoavoideyecontactwhenevertellingtotheothers

问题2选项

A.lookatthespeakerallthetime

B.glanceatthespeakerperiodically

C.lookawayfromthespeaker

D.stareatthespeaker

问题3选项

A.Koreanshopkeepersdonotlookatthemdirectly

B.theyexpectamoreenthusiasticreflectionfromtheshopkeepers

C.therearesomesocialconflictsinmanyurbancenters

D.theyarenotinformedaboutdifferencebetweencultures

问题4选项

A.thesourceofmanycampusconflictsacrossethnicbordersinurbancenters

B.physicalconflictamongtheyoungergenerationinurbancenters

C.alackofeyecontactasasignofrespect

D.aprovocationfromoneteenagertoanotherofadifferentethnicbackground

问题5选项

A.wasconnectedwiththeavoidanceofeyecontact

B.oftenledtoafight

C.wasasignofdisrespect

D.oftenresultedinsomekindofmisinterpretation

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。题干询问‘许多非洲裔美国人来自南方…。’由第二段中第一句“PeoplefrommanyAsian,LatinAmerican,andCaribbeanculturesalsoavoideyecontactasasignofrespect.ManyAfricanAmericas,especiallyfromtheSouth,observethiscustom,too.很多亚洲、拉丁美洲和加勒比海文化的人也通过避开眼神来表示尊敬。很多非裔美国人，尤其是来自南部的那些人，也遵守这个风俗。”确定C选项“避开眼神接触作为尊敬的表示”正确。

2.细节事实题。题干询问‘当听到别人说话时，白人交流者倾向于…’。由第三段第二句“Theydotheopposite,whenlisteningtheyareexpectedtolookatthespeakerallthetime.他们做的正好相反，当他们在听的时候，他们总是要看着说话的人。”确定A选项“一直看着讲话者”正确。

3.细节事实题。题干询问‘许多美国城市的顾客对韩国店主感到愤怒，因为…’。由第五段中第二句“non-KoreancustomersbecameangrywhenKoreanshopkeepersdidnotlookatthemdirectly.当韩国人店主没有直视他们时，非韩国顾客会变得生气。”确定A选项“韩国人店主没有直视他们”正确。

4.细节事实题。题干询问‘Mad-dogging指的是…’。由倒数第四段第二句"Particularlyinurbancenters,whenoneteenagerlooksdirectlyatanother,thisisconsideredaprovocation,sometimescalledmad-dogging,andcanleadtophysicalconflict.尤其是在城市中心，当一个青少年直视另一个青少年时，这被认为是一种挑衅，有时被称为“疯狂跟踪”，并可能导致身体冲突。”确定D选项“一个青少年对另外一位来自不同文化背景的青少年的一种挑衅”正确。

5.推理判断题。题干询问‘古老的短语“我要求满足”…’。由倒数第二段第三句“Muchlikethearchaicphrase"Idemandsatisfaction",whichbecametheoverturetoaduel,mad-doggingmaybecomeapreludetoaphysicalencounter.就像古老的短语“我要求满足”(Idemandsatisfaction)成为决斗的序曲一样，冷眼盯着可能成为身体接触的前奏。”确定B选项“经常导致打架”正确。

11.单选题

Since1813reactiontoJaneAusten’snovelshasoscillatedbetween（

）andcondescension;butingenerallaterwritershaveesteemedherworksmorehighlythandidmostofherliterary（

）.

问题1选项

A.dismissal...admirers

B.disapproval...readers

C.adoration...contemporaries

D.approbation...challengers

【答案】C

【解析】名词词义辨析题。A选项的dismissal“解雇，不予考虑，驳回（诉讼），不予受理”；admirer“钦佩者，仰慕者”；B选项的disapproval“不赞成”；reader“读者，阅读教材”；C选项的adoration“崇拜，爱慕，受崇拜（或爱慕）的对象”；contemporary“同时代的人，同时期的东西”；D选项的approbation“批准，赞成，认可”；challenger“挑战者”。根据句意‘自从1813年以来，人们对简•奥斯汀小说的反应在崇拜和轻慢两种态度之间摆动，但一般而言，后世的作家们，比她的绝大多数文学同代人，对其作品推祟的程度要来得更高’确定C选项正确

12.单选题

Despitethefactthatthetwocouncilmembersbelongedtodifferentpoliticalparties,they（

）theissueofhowtofinancethetowndebt.

问题1选项

A.agreedon

B.complicated

C.attestedto

D.avoided

【答案】A

【解析】动词和词组辨析。句意‘尽管两位委员会成员属于不同的政党，但他们就如何为该镇的债务融资达成一致’A选项“对…取得一致意见”；B选项“使复杂化”，原型是complicate;C选项“证明，证实”；D选项“躲开，避免”；根据关键词despite和belongedtodifferentpoliticalparties可以推断出填入空白处的词是要和前面的意思形成对比或转折，所以A选项正确。

13.单选题

ThereceptiongiventoKimura’sradicaltheoryofmolecularevolutionshowsthatwhen（

）fightsorthodoxytoadraw,thennoveltyhasseizedagoodchunkofspacefromconvention

问题1选项

A.imitation

B.reaction

C.dogmatism

D.invention

【答案】D

【解析】名词辨析。句意‘对于Kimura激进的分子演化理论的介绍表明了当创新和正统斗争到一个结论，创新就从传统中得到了大块的空间。’通过观察分析题目的结构可知orthodoxy对应的是题目最后一部分中的convention,都是表示“传统”，而空白处对应的是题目最后一部分中的novelty,都表示“创新”，四个选项中只有选项invention能表示“创新”，所以D选项正确。

14.单选题

Natural’senergyefficiencyoften（

）humantechnology:despitetheintensityofthelightfirefliesproduce,theamountofheatisnegligible;onlyrecentlyhavehumansdevelopedchemicallight-producingsystemswhoseefficiency（

）thefirefly’ssystem.

问题1选项

A.engenders;manipulates

B.reflects;simulates

C.outstrips;rivals

D.inhibits;matches

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析。首先看第一个空，engender“产生，引起（某种感觉或情况）”；reflect“反映，反射（声、光、热等）”；outstrip“超过，胜过”；inhibit“禁止，抑制”，根据句意第一个空应该填“outstrip”；再看第二个空，manipulate“（暗中）控制，（熟练地）操作”；reflect“表明，显示”；rival“堪比某人/某物竞争，比得上某人/某物”；match“相配，与……不相上下”；根据句意‘自然界的能量效率常常超过人类的技术：尽管莹火虫所发出的光亮极为强烈，但其热量却微乎其微。人类也是在近期才研制出能量效率能与萤火虫的发光体系相媲美的化学发光系统。’最适合填入第二个空的是“rival”，C选项正确。

15.单选题

ThespectacularauroralightdisplaysthatappearintheEarth'satmospherearoundthenorthandsouthmagneticpoleswereoncemysteriousphenomena.Now,scientistshavedatafromsatellitesandground-basedobservationsfromwhichweknowthattheaurorabrillianceisanimmenseelectricaldischargesimilartothatoccurringinaneonsign.

Tounderstandthecauseofauroras,firstpicturetheEarthenclosedbyitsmagnetosphere,ahugeregioncreated