SOC1013 Introduction to Sociologybolendersoc1013社会学概论博朗

1、Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender1SOC1013 Introduction to SociologyWeek OneTuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender2Week OneCompiled by:Ronald Keith Bolender, Ed.D. (1996)Nova Southeastern UniversityTuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald

2、 Keith Bolender3Week OneImportant Copyright NoteThis set of PowerPoint slide may only be used in sections of SOC1013 Introduction to Sociology where each student owns a copy of The Meaning of Sociology (Charon & Vigilant, 2009).Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender4Week One

3、ReferencesCharon, J. M., & Vigilant, L. G. (2009). The meaning of sociology (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Coser, L. A. (1971). Masters of sociological thought: Ideas in historical and social context. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Denisoff, R. S., Callahan, O., & Lev

4、ine, M. H. (1974). Theories and paradigms in contemporary sociology. Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock Publishers.Hoult, T. F. (1974). Dictionary of modern sociology. Totowa, NJ: Littlefield, Adams & Company.Kornblum, W., Julian, J., & Smith, C. D. (1998). Social problems (9th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Pr

5、entice Hall. Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Mooney, L. A., Knox, D., & Schacht, C. (1997). Understanding social problems. New York: West Publishing.Perdue, W. D. (1986). Sociological theory: Explanation, paradigm, and i

6、deology. Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company.Rapoport, A. (1953). Operational philosophy: Integrating knowledge and action. New York: Harper & Brother Publishers.Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender5Week OneDevotionsTuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald K

7、eith Bolender6Week OneIntroduction of the Facilitating InstructorTuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender7Week OneReviewing the syllabus for SOC1013 Introduction to SociologyTuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender8Week OneSince this course does not have

8、 tests, participation in class is expected. Participation does not include:SleepingListening to musicReading (even the textbookexcept for note taking)Writing anything not pertaining to this courseTalkingEtc. Lack of participation will negatively impact your final grade for this course. Tuesday, Sept

9、ember 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender9Week One:ICA 1-1 Writing AssignmentICA 1-1 In-class writing assignment over HWA 1-1, HWA 1-2, HWA 1-3, and HWA 1-4Purpose: To illustrate a basic understanding of sociological concepts introduced in the reading assignments for Week One. Grade: This a

10、ssignment is worth a maximum of 25 points. Content (maximum of 20 points): In addition to the quality of the concepts and analysis presentedthe minimum length is 250 words. Grammar, Spelling, and Sentence Structure (maximum of 5 points)Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender1

11、0Week One:ICA 1-1 Writing AssignmentInstructions: Answer this question from Chapter 2 Sociology as a Perspective: How Sociologists Think. Human beings are socialized. Can you explain this process? Give specific examples in how you were/are socialized. PLEASE PRINTTuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 20

12、09 by Ronald Keith Bolender11Week One:ICA 1-2 Introduction to the Socio-Autobiography ProjectSocio-Autobiography ProjectHWA 5-1 Socio-Autobiography ProjectDue at the beginning of Week FiveMust be word processedminimum of 20 pages using #12 font sizedouble-spaced. ICA 5-1 Socio-Autobiography Presenta

13、tionTo be given during Week FiveTuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender12Week OneThe lecture for Week One will be comprehensive. Many sociological concepts will be introduced in this class session that will be expanded upon in future class sessions. The other class sessions w

14、ill not be as comprehensive. Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender13Week One:Pre-Sociological InfluencesThe fundamental foundations of sociology have been gleaned (as all things seem to be) from the ancient Greeks.(Denisoff, Callahan, & Levine, 1974)Tuesday, September 13, 2

15、022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender14Week One:Pre-Sociological InfluencesEven though Plato is not considered the “father” of sociology-he is probably the first person to systematically study society in a “sociological” way. In other words, he thought like a sociologist. Tuesday, September 13, 20

16、22 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender15Week One:Pre-Sociological InfluencesThe basic notion of natural law is found in Platos Republic. There is an order to society-a universalism, urged the Greek philosopher. The essence of this universal, unfortunately, was not totally clear. On the one hand, soc

17、iety was characterized as an organism, an enclosed, total, holistic unit. This was the Platonic “is” of society.Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender16Week One:Pre-Sociological InfluencesThe entire state of nature, however, was not yet known. Consequently, man was in a posi

18、tion to use logic-”the act and method of correct thinking”-to posit an “ought” of what society could be. This inherent contradiction between the Platonic “is” and the “ought” is fundamental to the processes of random fact gathering in Western thought.Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald

19、Keith Bolender17Week One:Pre-Sociological InfluencesPlatos Six Basic Assumptions of SocietyMan is an organism.Organisms tend toward survival.Man survives in groups.Man is a social animal.Man lives in an ordered society.The order of society is knowable.A note from Dr. Bolender: If the order of societ

20、y is unknowable, then the discipline of sociology would not exist. (Rose, 1967 and Carroll, 1972 in Denisoff, Callahan, & Levine, 1974, pp. 4-5)Note: For more information about Platos six basic assumptions, go to . Click on “Sociological Theorists,” then click on the “Pre-Sociological Influences” li

21、nk.Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender18Week One:The Father of SociologyAuguste Comte1798-1857The new social science that Comte sought to establish was first called social physics but he later found the term stolen by another intellectual so he coined the word sociology,

22、a hybrid term compounded of Latin and Greek parts (Coser, 1971, p. 3).Comte first used the term sociology in print in 1838 (Perdue, 1986, p. 37).Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender19Week One:The Father of SociologyThe “father of sociology;” French philosopher who asserted

23、 . . . that the fate of mankind depends in many respects upon the development of a science of human social relationships, that established scientific disciplines have progressed only to the degree that they have been grounded in facts and experience, and that therefore the needed new science of huma

24、n social relationships (a science which Comte suggested naming sociology) should adopt the study and experimental techniques of the physical sciences.(Hoult, 1974, p. 76)Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender20Week One:The Father of SociologyAugust Comtes philosophy based on

25、 his conclusion that an intellectual discipline progresses only to the degree that it is grounded in facts and experience, i.e., rests on information about which one can reasonably make positive statements. . . (Hoult, 1974, pp. 243-244)Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender

26、21Week One:The Father of SociologyPositivism . . . seeks to describe only what “obviously” is, what one can really be positive about, that is, sense data. A strict positivist, seeing a black sheep on a meadow could not say, “There is a black sheep.” He could only say, “I see a sheep, one side of whi

27、ch is black.”(Rapoport, 1953, p. 74)Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender22Week One:The Father of SociologyIn other words, Comte saw a need for a scientific approach toward studying structures of and interactions within society. While many aspects of society are “obvious” t

28、o us in a vague manner, the scientific method uncovers sociological phenomena that are not always so obvious. One primary purpose of SOC1013 Introduction to Sociology is to learn about these sociological phenomena. Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender23Week One:Introductio

29、n of the TextbookThe Meaning of Sociology (Charon & Vigilant, 2009)Of course, sociology is also a discipline that has accumulated lots of facts. There are textbooks filled with these facts. There are scientific journals filled with studies of the human being never mentioned in this short introductio

30、n. The purpose here is to introduce only the core; there is much more if you are interested in pursuing it. Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender24Week One:Introduction of the TextbookNoteYour instructor would be overjoyed guiding you toward sources containing sociological

31、facts. One place to begin is to go to . Next, click on “Academics” then click on the “Sociology” link. This Web site contains many sociological sources that have been organized by the curriculum writer for this course, SOC1013 Introduction to Sociology. This is not a requirement for this course. Tue

32、sday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender25Week One:Chapter 14: The Meaning and Uses of SociologyHuman Beings Are Social and SocializedWe are born dependent on others. We survive because of them; we learn how to survive from them; we are socialized by them. Socialization is no sma

33、ll matter. Through socialization, we take on the ways of society and become members of society. We learn to control ourselves through the rules and perspective of society, thus making society possible. Through socialization, we develop symbols, self, and mind, qualities that make us both human and t

34、o some extent, free. Finally, either because of socialization or because of our nature, humans come to live their whole lives around others, subject to the rules that dominate all social life. Compare these thoughts to Platos Six Assumptions of SocietyTuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald

35、 Keith Bolender26Week One:Chapter 14: The Meaning and Uses of SociologyHumans Are Social Actors: We Interact and We Create Social PatternsBecause we act around others, they become important influences on what we do. We consider them as we act; we are social actors in almost every situation. Interact

36、ionmutual social actionsocializes us, influences our actions and ideas, and, over time, influences the development of social patterns. Social patterns, once created, take on a life of their own, influencing actors in interaction. It is such patterns that form the basis of social organization.Tuesday

37、, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender27Week One:Chapter 14: The Meaning and Uses of SociologyHumans Live Their Lives Embedded in Social OrganizationWe are in the center of many organizations, most of which we had no part in creating. Dyads, groups, formal organizations, communitie

38、s, and society are, to some extent, the walls of our prison. Each represent rules we are expected to follow.Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender28Week One:Chapter 14: The Meaning and Uses of SociologySocial Structure Is an Important Social Pattern in All Social Organizatio

39、nIt positions each actor, tells each actor what is expected (role), gives the actor an identity and perspective, distributes power, privilege, and prestige. What we do, what we are, and what we believe are linked to our positions in many social structures. Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by R

40、onald Keith Bolender29Week One:Chapter 14: The Meaning and Uses of SociologySociety Is a System of InequalityThis system of inequality includes class, gender, and racial/ethnic group positions. These social structures are far-reaching, are very hard to change, and place us in positions that are very

41、 important for our entire lives. Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender30Week One:Chapter 14: The Meaning and Uses of SociologyAll Social Organization Has CultureCulture, too, is a social pattern. It is what people share as they interact: their ideas, values, goals, and norm

42、s. Our actions are influenced by what our social organizations teach us. What may seem to us like free choice often proves to be products of the culture we have learned. Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender31Week One:Chapter 14: The Meaning and Uses of SociologyInstitution

43、s Are Social Patterns That Exist in SocietyWe are all born into a society that has developed certain ways of doing things. Although these ways appear to be natural or right, they are always alternatives. Institutions are what we inherit from our ancestors. Societies generally have political, economi

44、c, military, kinship, educational, health care, and recreational institutions. Institutions are necessary for the continuation of society; institutions control individual choice. Traditionally, sociologists consider politics, education, religion, family, and economics as the primary institutions of

45、society (Bolender).Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender32Week One:Chapter 14: The Meaning and Uses of SociologySocial Order Is Necessary for All Social OrganizationsOrder is achieved through controlling the human being. Control is achieved through social structure, culture

46、, institutions, socialization, feelings of loyalty, and social controls. Social controls include the designation of certain people to be outside the acceptable: the condemnation of some as deviant. The human being is part of a world that demands a certain degree of order and control. Although we all

47、 do not conform, and although no one conforms completely, society has many ways to encourage conformity. Without order and control, organization would be impossible and the human being would also be impossible. Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender33Week One:Chapter 14: The

48、 Meaning and Uses of SociologySocial Power Is Part of All Human RelationshipsAs people act in relation to one another, they exert resources in order to achieve their will. Some win; some lose. Some influence; some are influenced. In general, sociologists see society as a system of unequal power, usu

49、ally with an elite in control. Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender34Week One:Chapter 14: The Meaning and Uses of SociologyHuman Beings Develop Symbols, Self, and Mind in Interactions with OthersSymbols, self, and mind are qualities that change our relationship with our en

50、vironment, including other people. Instead of simply responding to stimuli, instead of simply being conditioned by others, we become active, thinking, self-directing, problem-solving, free beings. These qualities are central to what we are; they are also qualities we develop only through our interac

51、tion. Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender35Week One:Chapter 14: The Meaning and Uses of SociologySocial Organization Is Always in the Process of ChangeIt is easy to get lost in the permanence of organization; in fact, change is as much a part of organization as permanence

52、 and stability. There is no one reason organization changes. Change is complex and many faceted. Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender36Week One:Chapter 14: The Meaning and Uses of SociologyThe Family Exists in Every SocietyIt is diverse across societies. Its structure and

53、its functions have changed dramatically in the twentieth century as modern society has emphasized individual choice. The family remains important in modern society, but it is no longer a fixed entity. More and more people are making choices about whether or not to marry, whether or not to have child

54、ren, what kind of gender roles to follow, and what should be done if a marriage is not satisfying.The family is one of the five primary institutions of social structure. Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender37Week One:Chapter 1: The Discipline of SociologyWhat Is Sociology?

55、Sociology is an academic disciplineSociology focuses on our social worldSociology begins with the idea that humans are to be understood in the context of their social life, that we are social animals influenced by interaction, social patterns, and socialization.Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009

56、 by Ronald Keith Bolender38Week One:Chapter 1: The Discipline of SociologySociology asks three questionsWhat are we anyway?Emile DurkheimHuman beings are socialized into societySociety gets into our very beingWe take on societys rules, its morals, its truths, its valuesIn a sense, the individual bec

57、omes societySociologists have uncovered a host of ways that human beings are, by their very nature-SocialSocializedForever changing in social interactionTuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender39Week One:Chapter 1: The Discipline of SociologyWhat holds society together? (What

58、is the very nature of order? Why are humans able to cooperate?)Order is developed through the social patterns we establish, through the rules, truths, and structure we createOrder is maintained through families, media, schools, political leaders, and religionTraditional sociology states that the fiv

59、e major social patterns that maintain order are religion, politics, education, economics, and familyOrder is aided byRitualsRulesPunishmentContinuous interactionTuesday, September 13, 2022 2005, 2009 by Ronald Keith Bolender40Week One:Chapter 1: The Discipline of SociologyWhy is there inequality in

60、society and what are its consequences? (Is it inherent in the nature of organization? How does it arise? How is it perpetuated? What are the problems it brings, and how does it affect the individual?)Karl Marx saw inequality inherent in all class societiesMax Weber saw inequality inherent in the nat