merits and demerits

1、merits and demerits【Abstract】InthispaperIwillintroducetheAmericanpoliticalsystembriefly，theninterpretitsadvantageanddisadvantage.ThispaperwillfocusontheincrediblepoliticalcapitalcontributionandthePoliticalLobbyingIndustry，mainlyinKstreetofWashington，whichthegeneralpublicisnotfamiliarwith.【Keywords】A

2、mericanpoliticalsystem；fundingsystem；lobbyingindustry；WashingtonKstreet【作者簡介】蔡帅，南京师范大学国际文化教育学院。I.IntroductionAmericanpoliticalsystemisasystemofchecksandbalancesestablishedbytheConstitution，whichismeanttopreventanyofthethreebranchesfromhavintoomuchpower.Eachbranchhascertaincontrolsovertheoverbranches

3、.1.ThebackgroundofAmericanpoliticalcultureThefirstandthemostimportantdifferencebetweenAmericanandothercountriesisthatitisanIdeaStatewhilemostcountriesintheworldareNationState.Aswecanseeinthemovies，aslongasyouagreewiththeideaofthiscountry，youcanbecomeanAmerican.onlyyouagreewiththeideaofthiscountry，yo

4、uwillbeanAmerican.TheUnitedStatesisaverydiversecountry.Peoplefromdifferentnationsgatheredinnewland，havinthesamedreamoridea.Therefore，thedemocraticcultureoftheUnitedStatessproutedfromtheMayflower.AfterAmericawonitsindependencefromGreatBritain，theyfoundthekingandthegovernmentarebothbad.SointheAmerican

5、politicalculture，thereisanativedistrustofgovernmentpower.2.TheseparationofthethreepowersConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesestablishedthecountryspoliticalsystemthatisamodelofseparationofthethreepowers.Withinthenationalgovernment，powerisdividedamongthreebranches：thelegislativebranch-Congress，theexecutivebr

6、anch-President，andthejudicialbranchFederalcourts.Constitutionmadesurethateverypoweroperatesinacageandthesebranchesholdthekeysofthecagetoeachother.Aspicture1shows.II.MeritsanddemeritsofAmericanpoliticalsystemDecentralizationmakesjudicialthecourts，legislationparliament，executiveadministrationaremutual

7、lyindependentintheUnitedStates.1.Thebestthing-checkandbalancesSeparationofpowersistorestrictpower，preventtheabuseofpowerandpreventastateorganorpersonaldictatorship，thusensuringnationalpoliticalstability.Montesquieuthoughtthatallpowerfulpeopleareeasytoabuseofpower，thisisadifficultexperienceofallages.

8、Ifweletthesamepersonorthesameorganexercisethethreepowers，namelytherighttomakelaws，implypublicrightandprivatecriminalsanctionsdecision，everythingwillbecomeconfused.Wecantakeasafeandbriefconclusionfromabovethattheseparationofthreepowerscanestablishamutualsupervisionandensurethesystemofcheckandbalances

9、，showingthesuperiorityofcollaboration.Aspicture2shows.2.Theworstthing-lowefficiencyHowever，thethreepowersisnotcompletelycleardividingline.Thejudicialauthoritiescanusethepowerofinterpretationoftheconstitutiontochangetheactualjudicialrules，soastorealizethefunctionsoftheso-called“secondlegislature，orth

10、eso-called“shadowlegislation.Asaresult，theAmericanlegalrulescanbecarriedoutbyanunelectedinstitutionchanges.Sometimes，thisisagoodthing，suchastheSupremeCourthadruledsegregationisillegal，acceleratingthesocialdevelopment.Butthisisnotalwaysgood.TheCourtalsooncedeterminedblackmaynotmarrywhites.Actually，th

11、elegislativepowerisbelongtotheparliament.However，this“secondlegislationbehaviorharmstheparliamentsgeneralworkefficiency.ThisisatypicalexampleofAmericanpoliticalsystemslowefficiency.Theoriginalmodelofseparationofpowersis：thelegislatureforthepeopleandadministrativeauthoritiesdefinedboundaries，andtheju

12、dicialauthorityischargeofthisline.However，duetotheimportanceofthecasesinAnglo-Americanlawsystem，andthefuzzinessoftheconstitution，thejudiciaryinterferenceofexecutiveandlegislativemeanshavealreadybeenabused.Bythesametoken，thelegislativebranchcanalsointerferewiththeexecutivebranch.Fortheprincipleofchec

13、kandbalance，thelowertheefficiencyofabranch，stakeholderswilltrytoseekanotherbranchto“quicklytosolvetheproblem.oncethelatterformedpractice，thepowerofbrancheswillcrosseachothersaspect，hinderingtheirwork.Aspicture3show，thegearscancooperatewitheachother，alsocanblockeachother.III.oliticalcapitalcontributi

14、onPoliticalcapitalcontributionisauniquephenomenoninwesterndemocracypoliticalsystem.1.BackgroundknowledgePoliticalcontributions，referringtoprovidefreeofmovableproperty，realestate，notquiteforpayment，debtrelief，orothereconomicinterestsforthecampaignorotherpoliticalactivitiesengagedinbyindividualsorgrou

15、ps.2.sthepoliticalcontributionequaltopublicbribery？Ifwethinkcontributionsanddonationsinrepresentativedemocracyaslegalcorruption，thenitistooshallowunderstandingofacomplexsystem，andperhapsevensomekindodmisunderstanding.Onthisissue，opinionssuchas“Itisatraditionfordecades.or“moneypointofviewactuallysimp

16、lifythiscomplexsystemwhichhasgottenalong-termevolution.Thepoliticalcontributionsanddonationswhichcandidateswhoarerunningforofficeacceptedwillunderthestrictregulation.Andmustmakepublic.Inaddition，theacceptingdonationsisonlyusedfortheelection，whichcannotbeprivate.Actually，Americanpoliticalcontexttrade

17、herpowerformoneyisnotlimitedinthepoliticalcontributions.Infact，contributionsaretospecifications，canbeopenandtransparent，butlegislativerestricted.Amoreseriousproblemisoftendifficulttospecificationlimits.Suchastheso-called“revolvingdoor，thatis，seniorAmericanofficialsoftenbecomebigbusinessexecutives，ge

18、ttinghighsalaryafterretirementordefeat.Andtheyalwaysquitsoon，thenre-backtoelection.Aspicture4shows.IV.PoliticalLobbyingLobbyingalsolobbyistheactofattemptingtoinfluencedecisionsmadebyofficialsinthegovernment，mostoftenlegislatorsormembersofregulatoryagencies.1.Thebackgroundknowledgeofpoliticallobbying

19、Lobbying，whichderivesfromthe“lobbywiththerestspace，describingthelobbyistswhoaretherepresentativesofinterestgroupswaitingforpoliticiansingovernmentbuildinghall，toselltheirownpositionandattitude.Inthe1970s，lobbyingexpandedasahugeindustry.KstreetformedtheindustryclusterinWashington，lettingthestreetbeca

20、measynonymforlobbyingindustry.Asshows.2.Thelobbying：legalcorruptionorinformationexchange？Lobbyisnotbriberyandcorruption.Theinterestgroupsshallnotprovideanymaterialbenefitsforitslobbyingpoliticians，evenagift.Thepurposeofthelobbyingindustryisforpoliticianstofillthegapontheinformation.Takethecongressas

21、anexample，lawmakersoftenonlyspecializinginspecificfieldswhileneedtocommentonvariousissues，voteandbargaining.Thisrequiresthemwithexternalsourcesofinformation.Althoughlobbyinggaveopportunitytoeachgroupsellingnarrowinterests，butitisfarfromananti-democraticsystem.Ifdonothavealobbyingcampaigntoprovideprofessionalknowledge，thelegislaturecanonlydevelopandbillcaseswhichislack