自己总结的语法.doc

一 .时态几个时态的特殊用法及特殊情况1. 一般现在时的特殊用法（1） 以here ,there 开头的句子，说明正在发生的动作，谓语动词不用现在进行时，而用一般现在时。Get it ready. Here comes a taxi.Look! Here comes your boy friend.Hey, there goes the last bus.（2） 既定的时间，如生日喜庆，日历，或按时刻表进行的动作，以及表示计划好的即将发生的动作或情况。常用一般现在时表示将来时，适用这种范围的动词有begin, start, go, leave, arrive, stop, return, open, close, sail end等。My train leaves at ten, so I think well take No. 15 Bus at once.Class begins at ten.The plane takes off.（3） 在时间或条件状语从句中，用一般现在时或现在完成时代替将来时。Ill stand here till he comes out.If the manager doesnt agree to this plan, we wont carry it out.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.注意：will 作情态动词表示意愿时，if 引导的从句仍保留will.If he wont listen to me, I cant help him.If you will take off your clothes, well fit the new clothes on you.2. 现在进行时态的特殊用法(1) 用位移动词或瞬间动词的进行时表示将来，这类动词常见有come, go leave, move, fly, start等Im leaving for Wuhan.-Its time for lunch.-Im coming.注意：一般现在时代替将来时与进行时态代替将来时的区别：前者表即将发生的动作或情况；后者表近期要发生的动作。Tomorrow is your birthday.When are you starting your trip?(2) 进行时与always, constantly continually连用，并不表示进行的意义，而是表示说话人强烈的感情色彩，如厌恶或喜欢，焦虑，赞扬，厌烦等。Dont be always translating everything into your own language.Mother is always thinking of what she could do for others.Some people are always complaining about their work.(3) 表示目前这段时间内正在进行的动作。He is writing a book this week.Is my daughter working hard this term?(4) 用进行时表示变化的过程。Its getting warmer and warmer in spring.She is finding that chemistry is much more difficult than biology.3. 过去完成时态（1） 表示愿望，打算的词，如hope, expect, mean suppose, want, intend用过去完成时表示过去没能实现的愿望，打算。（2） 表示一.就.hardly .when No sooner than前一动作用过去完成时， 后一动作用一般过去时。Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.No sooner had the murderer come back home than he was arrested.4. 一般过去时态(1) Its high time .I would rather.后的从句谓语动词一般用一般过去时态。Its time we had a rest.I would rather you went there tomorrow.(对现在，将来的宁愿用一般过去时；对过去的宁愿用过去完成时)(2) 表示说话人始料未及的事情时，用一般过去时。I didnt know it was you. I didnt notice you were reading.5. 现在完成时态It is the first time+that 从句，从句的谓语动词用现在完成时态。Its the first time that I have visited this city.总结：如何学好时态1. 要注意时态呼应的两个条件：A 当主句的谓语动词为现在时或将来时态时，从句中的动词可（根据句意）用任何时态。I know that Jane left for London last week and she wont be back until next Sunday.B 如果主句谓语是过去时态，从句中的时态就要作相应的调整，以求主句和从句的时态保持一致。-Mr. Smith is talking with Jane there.-Really? I thought he was in his office.2. 时态与语境相结合，根据句子或单词提供的信息，来正确判断行为动作发生的时间。Your address again? I didnt quite hear you.二语态：使用被动语态的几点特殊情况：1. 系动词（look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove）不能用于被动语态。His explanation sounds reasonable.The soup tastes very nice2. 当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, wear等用作不及物动词时，可用主动形式表示被动意义，表示主语的某种属性。The door wont shut.The book sells well.This sweater washes well.The window wont open.The door locks easily.3. 主动句中省去to的， 被动句中要加上。The boss make the workers work 14 hours a day.The workers were made to work 14 hours a day.4. be seated, dressed, drunk, lost , caught等为系表结构。She is dressed in red today.He was seated at the back of the lecture hall.I was lost in thought.I was caught in the rain.注意：若用主动形式时，宾语为反身代词。He can dress himself.5. be(get)+过去分词表被动He was caught in a big fire and got burnt.He was knocked down by a car and got killed.6. 有些词或词组不用被动语态。Happen, last, exist, take place, belong to, break out 等。三非谓语动词（一）、非谓语动词的一般性意义：不定式表将来现在分词表主动，表进行，或表主动表进行过去分词表被动，表完成，或只表完成动名词相当于名词进行式表其行为在谓语动词所表示的行为发生时正在进行完成式表其行为发生在谓语动词所表示的行为之前发生例句：1. Im glad to meet you.2. To know the meaning of the word, you should look it up in the dictionary.3. China is a developing country.4. The man sitting at the desk is his secretary.5. This is the book recommended by the professor.6. I saw the thief arrested.7. He is said to have written a new book about workers.8. Several of our customers complain of having been treated very rudely.9. He pretended to be listening attentively.（二）、对不定式的特殊情况详解 1. 不定式作定语与所修饰词的三种位置关系不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： The next train to arrive is from Washington. Have you anything to be taken to your sister? Do you have anything to say on the question? Would you please give me some paper to write on? My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： (1)表示将来的动作（例）。 (2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例）。 (3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态（例）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例）。 (4) 与被修饰词之间有同位关系（例） (5)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例to arrive=that will arrive。 2. 疑问词+不定式 在consider, decide, explain, tell, advise , show, teach, find out, learn, understand, know后接疑问词+不定式 I wonder how to get in touch with him. He will teach us how to repair the machine. Have you decided when to hold a meeting?3. 不定式 有些词 + 作宾语表不同的含义动名词Forget/remember/regretstoptrymean不定式表未发生停止原来的做另一件事努力做某事意欲，打算，主语是人动名词已经发生停止做某事试着用另外一种方法做某事意味着，主语多是事物例句：I remember seeing her once somewhere.You must remember to take your notebook.She stopped to have a look at her watch.They stopped readingI was trying to do a good deed.He tried writing a letter with a brush.I mean to finish the work on time.Revolution means liberating the productive force.4. 形容词+不定式当不定式作表语形容词的状语时，多用主动语态表被动意义。He is not easy to convince.The book is difficult to read.The question is impossible to answer.5.only +不定式表没有预料到的结果I rushed to the station as fast as I could, only to find the train already gone.I tried to lift the glass , only to drop it with a thud.6.不定式的省略在口语中，为了避免重复，不定式可以省去和句子前部重复的动词而只留下不定式符号to-Will you join me in a walk?-Ill be glad to.注意：如果不定式是完成式to have done 或有be动词，则have , be 通常保留。-Arent you the manager?-No and I dont want to be.-He hasnt finished it yet.-Well, he ought to have.（三）、非谓语动词的其他情况1. 非谓语作状语与句子的主语保持一致 分词作状语=连词引导的状语从句句子的主语是分词的动作的执行者用现在分词，承受者用过去分词分词作状语可表示时间，原因，伴随，条件，结果，让步为了表示强调，作状语时可以加上从属连词，when , while, if , once, unless, though, even ifWhen I arrived at the station, we found the train had left.If water is heated, it will become steam.Because he was born into a poor family, he had only two years of schooling._2.下列短语时约定俗成的，没有必要考虑与句子的主语保持一致。Judging from 根据.判断Generally speakingTalking of 谈到，谈起Considering 就 . . 而言，考虑到Honestly speakingTo tell you the truthGiven 考虑到3.一些固定句型* There is no +need/use/harm/hurry/point +(in) doing sth.There is no use making an excuse for this.*It is no use/good doingIt is no use arguing with them.Its no good smoking.（四）、哪些词后接动名词作宾语Appreciate, avoid, admit, advise, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, mind, miss, permit, forbid, stop, suggest, risk, imagine四形容词和副词1. 倍数表达法：（适用于倍数，百分数，分数）*A is +倍数+as .as +B 是几倍*A is+倍数+比较级+than B 大几倍*A is +倍数+the +名词+of B 是几倍（使用该句型时，要掌握length, width, depth ,height, weight, size）练习你的包时我的四倍。Ann is _ than I.A. a head shorter B. taller a head C. shorter a head D. a head tall2. 用比较级的形式表达最高级（1）否定词+比较级表示最高级的含义，表“非常，最，没有比.再”。We couldnt have got better results.-how is everything.-It cant be better.The book is so interesting. I have never read a more interesting one.(2) 比较级+than + any other +单数名词 all the other +复数名词 anyone else any of the other+复数名词Tom is taller than any other student in our class.3.比较级前的修饰语一点点，稍微a little(bit) slightly 得多much a lot far by far更甚.even stillIts much warmer today.The problem is a lot more difficult than that one.4. 最高级前的修饰语Much, by far, nearly, almost和序数词表程度The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.5. 都是副词，但有区别Close接近地Closely仔细地，密切地Free免费地Freely自由地Hard努力地Hardly几乎地Late晚，迟Lately近来Most极，非常Mostly主要地Wide广阔地Widely广泛地High高Highly高度地Deep深Deeply深深地Near邻近Nearly几乎总结：比较级的特点1. 比较的一致性The radios produced in Guangdong are better than those produced in Shenzhen.2. 同一范围的排他性（通常用other/else）China is bigger than any other country in Asia.China is bigger than any country in Africa.(不属于同一范畴，则不用other/else)五主从复合句主从复合句名词性从句主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句1. 连接词：that, if ,whether(在从句中只起连接作用)2. 连接代词:who whoever, what, whatever（在从句中作主，宾，表语）3. 连接副词:when, where , why, how（在从句中作状语）形容词性从句定语从句1. 关系代词（在从句中作主语，宾语，表语）2. 关系副词（在从句中作状语）副词性从句时间状语从句，地点，原因，目的，结果，条件，方式，让步，比较1. 名词性从句几点注意事项：*名词性从句一律用正常语序I dont know when he will come.That is what I want to tell you.*that在主语，表语，同位语从句中不可省略That he was right was quite clear.The hope that he may recover still exists.*表语从句的两个句型The reason is that.（表原因）原因是.It is why. （表结果）那就是的原因He failed to meet the important customer that day.（表结果）He was caught in a traffic accident.(表原因)He failed to meet the important customer that day. The reason was that he was caught in a traffic accident.He was caught in a traffic accident. That was why he failed to meet the important customer that day.*that 引导同位语从句与定语从句的区别：同位语从句是对中心词内容作进一步解释和说明，that在从句中不作任何成分，且不能省略。而that引导的定语从句是对名词的限定，that 作为关系代词，在从句中充当主语，宾语（可以省略），或表语。The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing.2. 形容词性的定语从句注意事项：*先行词指物，在定语从句中作定语，用whose引导定语从句。此时还有如下等式关系：whose=the+ n. +of which=of which +the+ n.This is a book whose cover is blue.This is a book of which the cover is blue.This is a book the cover of which is blue.*先行词是way表示方式，方法是，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式：I dont understand the way in which/that/省略 they worked out the problem.*关系代词as 引导限制性定语从句，通常是固定搭配,在从句中作主，宾，表：such.asas.asthe same.asso.asI have as interesting a book as you do.He is not the same man as he was.*as 引导非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别：位置含义as灵活，主句之前，插入在主句之中，主句之后正如，正像which只能位于主句之后这，那He is a newcomer, as we know.As we know, he is a newcomer.He , as we know, is a newcomer.The scientist discovered a new element, which made him famous.总结：如何选关系词-要把先行词放在从句中，看它在从句中作什么成分，在从句中作主，宾，表用关系代词；在从句中作状语则用关系副词。The way _he explained to us was simple.The park is the most beautiful place _was built about 300 years ago.He makes good use of time _he can spare.This is the reason-_ he explained.3. 状语从句注意事项：*immediately, directly, the moment, the minute, once =as soon asThe moment I heard the voice, I knew father was coming.*every time, each time, next time, the first time any tine,等名词短语用来引导状语从句，表示每当每次.下次.Every time I was in trouble, he would come to help me out.*on condition that(条件是)，so /as long as(只要)引导条件状语从句As long as you understand the rule, you will have no further difficulty.*for fear that in case“唯恐，免得，以防 ”引导状语从句Jim did not answer back for fear that his mother should be angry with him.*一段时间+before的用法，要注意它的两套时态。“多久之后才”It will be half a year before I come back.(主将来，从现在)It was half a year before I came back.（都用过去时态）*代词+ever与副词+ever引导的从句（一） 代词+ever既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导状语从句（1） 引导名词性从句=先行词+that Who Whatever=anything that Whoever=anyone who(2)引导状语从句Whatever=no matter whatWhoever=no matter who（二） 副词+ever只能引导状语从句=no matter+副词You can eat whatever you like.Whoever says that is a liar.Whoever wants to speak to me on the phone, tell them Im busy.Whichever you