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杭州师范大学
会色_年招收攻读硕士研究生考试题
考试科目代码:211
考试科目名称:翻译硕士英语
说明:考生答题时一律写在答题纸上,否则漏批责任自负。
I.Vocabularyandgrammar(3(F)
SectionAMultiplechoice(20')
Directions:BeneatheachsentencetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.
Choosetheanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER
SHEET.
1.Mr.Jeffreyhadjusttheshelloftheboiledcrabandwasstartingtopeelitoff.
A.crackedB.burstC.fracturedD.clanked
2.Lastweekthebishoppreachedafarewellsermontoa(n)thathaveknownhim
verywellsincehemovedhere.
A.congregationB.audienceC.progressionD.population
3.Idon'tdoubttheplanwillbewellimplemented.
A.howB.thatC.whichD.whether
4.Theoldwomanhadanhabitofemptyingashtraysoutofherupstairswindow
ontomydoorstep.
A.offendingB.offensiveC.uneducatedD.objectionable
5.ThephysicianreassuredmethatthepaininmylegwouldonehourafterItook
themedicineasIwastold.
A.wearawayB.wearoffC.weardownD.wearout
6.Thephonecallmyparentsjustgavemearouseda(n)feelingofhomesickness
inme.
A.intenseB.intensiveC.hopelessD.forceful
7.TheprofessorsaidthathewouldtranslateaChinesefictionifhecouldfinda(n)
tohelphimproof-readhistranslation.
A.collaboratorB.accompliceC.allyD.confederate
8.AlthoughWildAidhasbeentryingtostoptheslaughterofsharksfortheirfins,current
regulationsrarelycurtailtothedegreeneededtorestoresharkpopulation.
A.sharksarehuntedB.thehuntingofsharks
C.tohuntsharksD.sharkshunted
9.Themereprospectofaperformanceofoneoftheiroperaswasenoughtosetthemtorunning
upbillsamountingtotheirprospectiveroyalties.
A.tentimesthenumberofB.tentimestheamountof
C.thenumberoftentimesD.astentimesastheamountof
10.Theofplasticcontainersisoneoftheproblemsthatthelocalenvironmental
agencyhastodealwith.
A.dispositionB.dispersalC.disposalD.dissolution
11.Theforecastpredictedweatherwithrain,sunshine,thunderandwindandthat
isjustwhattheyhavehad.
A.fluctuatingB.differingC.rangingD.variable
12.Theresearchinvolvesastudyofthehumanheartwhichleadsusthroughdeviousmazesof
passion,itisdifficulttofindaway.
A.ofwhichB.fromwhich
C.outofwhichD.throughwhich
13.Themiserablefamilyhavehadaofmisfortunes.
A.continuationB.successionC.repetitionD.contingency
14.Mr.Whitewouldhavebeenmoreamicableandcivilizedifhehadchangedalittlebit,
?
A.wouldn,theB.hasn'theC.didn'theD.hadn'the
15.InJapanesecities,trafficjamsarebecausecitizensinsuburbhavetodrive
everydaytocentralbusinessareastowork.
A.propagatedB.activatedC.aggravatedD.irritated
16.Asanexperiencedpolitician,hehastohavetheofinspiringconfidenceinhis
listeners.
A.flukeB.frenzyC.museD.knack
17.YouhadthesituationinwhichFloridahadmorelistedpublicbathingbeaches
thanthewholeoftheUnitedKingdom.
A.luminousB.luculentC.lubricantD.ludicrous
18.Muchofwhatthelecturersaidwasbeyondhercomprehensionbutshemanagedto
understandtheofhisremarks.
A.tactB.tenorC.tannerD.manner
19.Littleabouthisownsafety,thoughhehimselfwasingreatdanger.
A.hecaredB.hemaycareC.mayhecareD.didhecare
20.Onewomanwasfeareddeadlastnightafterahelicopteroffcourseintoanoil
platformandditchedintothesea.
A.veeredB.instigatedC.falsifiedD.blandished
SectionBProofreadinganderrorcorrection(10')
ThepassagecontainsTENerrors.EachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofONEerror.In
eachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Youshouldproofreadthepassageandcorrectitinthe
followingway:
Forawrongwordunderlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectonein
theblankprovidedattheendoftheline
Foramissingword
markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha"A”sign
andwritethewordyoubelievetobemissinginthe
blankprovidedattheendoftheline.
Foranunnecessarywordcrosstheunnecessarywordwithaslash"/"andputthe
wordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.
EXAMPLE
Whenartmuseumwantsanewexhibit,(1)WhenAart-an
Itneverbuysthingsinfinishedformandhangs(2)Itflevefbuysfnever
themonthewall.Whenanaturalhistorymuseum
wantsanexhibition,itmustoftenbuildit.(3)exhibitionexhibit
Sciencewasonceseenasthestuffydomainofpalemale
scientistsspentfartoomuchoftheirtimeinthelaboratory⑴
concoctingpotionsintesttubeswhileavoidingsunlightand
humaninteraction.Occasionallytheywouldventureoutofthe
labtogivelecturesandimparttheirwisdomwithsciencestudents.⑵
Buttheywouldrarelyconfrontwiththegeneralpublic.Now,⑶
thankstothegrowingnumberofsciencefestivals,scientists
areengagingwithpeopleinunique,innovative一andoften
surprising—way.
Sciencecommunicationhasevolvedinrecentyears,broken(4)
theage-oldtraditionoftheelitescientistimpartingknowledgeto
theinterestedlayman.Thankstotheincreasingemphasisin
academiaonpublicengagement,itisnowexpectedthatlearning
aboutscienceinanopen,democraticprocess—somethingshaped⑸
byprofessionals,butledbythepublic.
Todaythelanguageofsciencecommunicationisrepleted(6)
withwordssuchascreate,experience,participateandjourney.
Itallmakesparticipationinpublicsciencefeelmorelikeafun
dayoutasaclassroomchore.⑺
PublicscienceeventsdatebacktothedaysoftheAncient
GreekswhenthelikeofPlatoandAristotlewouldspeakinpublic⑻
abouttheirtheoriesofscienceandphilosophy.Itwasthe
EdinburghInternationalScienceFestivalwhichcoinedtheterm(9),
"sciencefestival"atitsinceptin1989.(10)
II.Readingcomprehension(40,)
Section1Multiplechoice(20‘)
Directions:Inthissectiontherearetwopassagesfollowedbymultiplechoicequestions.Read
thepassagesandthenmarkyouranswersontheanswersheet.
PassageA
AScottishnovelist,poet,essayist,andtravelwriter,RobertLouisStevensonwasbomat8
HowardPlace,EdinburghScotland,on13November1850.Ithasbeenmorethan100yearssince
hisdeath.Stevensonwasawriterwhocausedconflictingopinionsabouthisworks.Ononehand,
hewasoftenhighlypraisedforhisexpertproseandstylebymanyEnglish-languagecritics.On
theotherhand,potherscriticizedthereligiousthemesinhisworks,oftenmisunderstanding
Stevenson'sownreligiousbeliefs.Sincehisdeathacenturybefore,criticsandbiographershave
disagreedonthelegacyofStevenson'swriting.Twobiographers,KFandCP,wroteabiography
aboutStevensonwithaclearfocus.TheychosenottocriticizeaspectsofStevenson'spersonal
life.Instead,theyfocusedonhiswriting,andgavehighpraisetohiswritingstyleandskill.
Theliterarypendulumhasaswungthesedays.Differentcriticshavedifferentopinions
towardsRobertLouisStevenson'sworks.Thoughtoday,Stevensonisoneofthemosttranslated
authorsintheworld,hisworkshavesustainedawidevarietyofnegativecriticismthroughouthis
life,itwaslikeacompletereversalofpolarityfromhighlypositivetoslightlylesspositiveto
clearlynegative;afterbeinghighlypraisedasagreatwriter,hebecameanexampleofanauthor
withcon*uptethicsandlackofmoral.Manyliterarycriticspassedhisworksoffaschildren's
storiesorhorrorstories,andthoughttohavelittlesocialvalueinaneducationalsetting.
Stevenson'sworkswereoftenexcludedfromliteraturecurriculumbecauseofitscontroversial
nature.Thesedebatesremain,andmanycriticsstillassertthatdespitehisskill,hisliteraryworks
stilllackmoralvalue.
OneofthemainreasonswhyStevenson\literaryworksattractedsomuchcriticismwasdue
tothegenreofhiswriting.Stevensonmainlywroteadventurestories,whichwaspartofa
popularandentertainingwritingfadatthetime.Manyofusbelieveadventurestoriesare
exciting,offersengagingcharacters,action,andmysterybutultimatelycan'tteachmoral
principles.Theplotpointsareone-dimensionalandrarelyofferadeepermoralmeaning,instead
focusingonexcitingandshockingplottwistsandthrillingevents.Hisworkswereevencriticized
byfellowauthors.ThoughStevenson'sworkshavedeeplyinfluencedOscarWilde,Wildeoften
jokedthatStevensonwouldhavewrittenbetterworksifhewasn'tborninScotland.Other
authorscametoStevenson\defence,includingGalsworthywhoclaimedthatStevensonisa
greaterwriterthanThomasHardy.
DespiteWilde'scriticism,Stevenson\Scottishidentitywasintegralpartofhiswriting
works.AlthoughStevenson'sworkswerenotpopularinScotlandwhenhewasalive,many
modernScottishliterarycriticsclaimthatSirWalterScottandRobertLouisStevensonarethe
mostinfluentialwritersinthehistoryofScotland.WhilemanycriticsexaltSirWalterScottasa
literarygeniusbecauseofhistechnicalability,othersarguethatStevensondeservesthesame
recognitionforhisnaturalabilitytocapturestoriesandcharactersinwords.ManyofScott's
worksweretakenmoreseriouslyasliteraturefortheirdepthduetotheirtragicthemes,butfans
ofStevensonpraisehisuniquestyleofstory-tellingandcaptureofhumannature.Stevenson9s
works,unlikeotherBritishauthors,capturedtheuniquedaytodaylifeofaverageScottish
people.Manyliterarycriticspointtothisasaflawofhisworks.Accordingtothecritics,truly
importantliteratureshouldtranslatelocalcultureandstories.However,manycriticspraisethe
localtasteofhisliterature.Tothisday,Stevenson'sworksprovidevaluableinsighttolifein
Scotlandduringthe19thcentury.
DespitemuchdebateofStevenson9swritingtopics,hiswritingwasnottheonlysourceof
attentionforcritics.Stevenson'spersonallifeoftenattractedalotofattentionfromhisfansand
criticsalike.Someevenarguethathispersonallifeeventuallyoutshonehiswriting.Stevenson
hadbeenplaguedwithhealthproblemshiswholelife,andoftenhadtoliveinmuchwarmer
climatesthanthecold,drearyweatherofScotlandinordertorecover,sohetookhisfamilytoa
southpacificislandSamoa,whichwasacontroversialdecisionatthattime.However,Stevenson
didn'tregretthedecision.Theseaairandthrillofadventurecomplimentedthethemesofhis
writing,andforatimerestoredhishealth.Fromthere,Stevensongainedaloveoftravelling,and
fornearlythreeyearshewanderedtheeasternandcentralPacific.Muchofhisworksreflected
thisloveoftravelandadventurethatStevensonexperiencedinthePacificislands.Itwasasa
resultofthisbiographicalattentionthatthefeelinggrewthatinterestinStevenson'slifehad
takentheplaceofinterestinhisworks.Whethercriticsfocusonhiswritingsubjects,his
religiousbeliefs,orhiseccentriclifestyleoftravelandadventure,peoplefromthepastand
presenthavedifferentopinionsaboutStevensonasanauthor.Today,heremainsacontroversial
yetwidelypopularfigureinwesternliterature.
1.Stevenson9sbiographersKFandCP__.
A.underestimatedtherolefamilyplayedinStevenson'slife.
B.overestimatedthewriter'sworksintheliteraturehistory.
C.exaggeratedStevenson\religiousbeliefinhisworks.
D.elevatedStevenson'sroleasawriter.
2.Themainpointofthesecondparagraphis.
A.thepublicgiveamorefaircriticismtoStevenson9sworks.
B.recentcriticismhasbeenjustified.
C.thestyleofStevenson'sworksoverweighhisfaultsinhislife.
D.Stevenson'sworks'drawbackislackofethicalnature.
3.Accordingtotheauthor,adventurestories.
A.donotprovideplottwistswell.
B.cannotbeusedbywriterstoshowmoralvalues.
C.aremorefashionableartform.
D.canbefoundinother9sworksbutnotinStevenson's.
4.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutStevenson'sworks?
A.TheydescribethelifeofpeopleinScotland.
B.Theyarecommonlyregardedasrealliterature.
C.TheywerepopularduringStevenson'slife.
D.Theytranscendthelocalcultureandstories.
5.ThelifestyleofStevenson.
A.madehisfamilyenvyhimsomuch.
B.shouldberesponsibleforhisdeath.
C.gainedmoreattentionfromthepublicthanhisworks.
D.didn'twellpreparehislifeinSamoa.
PassageB
InBritainoneofthemostdramaticchangesoftheIndustrialRevolutionwastheharnessing
ofpower.UntilthereignofGeorgelll(1760-1820),availablesourcesofpowerforworkand
travelhadnotincreasedsincetheMiddleAges.Therewerethreesourcesofpower:animalor
humanmuscles;thewind,operatingonsailorwindmill;andrunningwater.Onlythelastofthese
wassuitedatalltothecontinuousoperatingofmachines,andalthoughwaterpoweraboundedin
LancashireandScotlandandrangrainmillsaswellastextilemills,ithadonegreat
disadvantage:streamsflowedwherenatureintendedthemto,andwater-drivenfactorieshadto
belocatedontheirbankswhetherornotthelocationwasdesirableforotherreasons.
Furthermore,eventhemostreliablewaterpowervariedwiththeseasonsanddisappearedina
drought.Thenewageofmachinery,inshort,couldnothavebeenbomwithoutanewsourceof
bothmovableandconstantpower.
Thesourcehadlongbeenknownbutnotexploited.Earlyintheeighteenthcentury,apump
hadcomeintouseinwhichexpandingsteamraisedapistoninacylinder,andatmospheric
pressurebroughtitdownagainwhenthesteamcondensedinsidethecylindertoformavacuum.
This"atmosphericengine”,inventedbyThomasSaveryandvastlyimprovedbyhispartner,
ThomasNewcomen,embodiedoutsidethecoalminesforwhichithadbeendesigned.Inthe
1760s,JamesWattperfectedaseparatecondenserforthesteam,sothatthecylinderdidnothave
tobecooledateverystroke;thenhedevisedawaytomakethepistonturnawheelandthus
convertreciprocating(backandforth)motionintorotarymotion.Hetherebytransformedan
inefficientpumpoflimiteduseintoasteamengineofathousanduses.Thefinalstepcamewhen
steamwasintroducedintothecylindertodrivethepistonbackwardaswellasforward,thereby
increasingthespeedoftheengineandcuttingitsfuelconsumption.
Watt'ssteamenginesoonshowedwhatitcoulddo.Itliberatedindustryfromdependenceon
runningwater.Theengineeliminatedwaterintheminesbydrivingefficientpumps,whichmake
possibledeeperanddeepermining.ThereadyavailabilityofcoalinspiredWilliamMurdoch
duringthe1790stodevelopthefirstnewformofnighttimeilluminationtobediscoveredina
millenniumandahalf.Coalgasrivaledsmokyoillampsandflickeringcandles,andearlyinthe
newcentury,well-to-doLondonersgrewaccustomedtogas-lithousesandevenstreets.Iron
manufacturers,whichhadstarvedforfuelwhiledependingoncharcoal,alsobenefitedfrom
ever-increasingsuppliesofcoal:blastfurnaceswithsteam-poweredbellowsturnedoutmoreiron
andsteelforthenewmachinery.Steambecamethemotiveforceoftheindustrialrevolutionas
coalandironoreweretherawmaterials.
By1800morethanathousandsteamengineswereinuseintheBritishIsles,andBritain
retainedavirtualmonopolyengineproductionuntilthe1830s.Steampowerdidnotmerelyspin
cottonandrolliron;earlyinthenewcentury,italsomultipliedtentimesovertheamountof
paperthatasingleworkercouldproduceinaday.Atthesametime,operatorsofthefirstprinting
pressesrunbysteamratherthanbyhandfounditpossibletoproduceathousandpagesinanhour
ratherthanthirty.Steamalsopromisedtoeliminateatransportationproblemnotfullysolvedby
eithercanalboatsorturnpikescouldcrossthehills,buttheroadbedscouldnotstandupunder
greatweights.Theseproblemsneededstillanothersolution,andtheingredientsforitlaycloseat
hand,insomeindustrialregions,heavilyladenwagons,withflangedwheels,wherebeinghauled
byhorsesalongmetalrails;andthestationarysteamenginewaspuffinginthefactoryandmine.
Anothergenerationpassedbeforeinventorssucceededincombiningtheseingredients,byputting
theengineonwheelsandthewheelsontherails,soastoprovideamachinetotaketheplaceof
thehorse.Thustherailroadagesprangfromwhathadalreadyhappenedintheeighteenth
century.
6.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthefirstpassage?
A.Runningwaterwasthebestpowersourceforfactoriessinceitcouldkeepmachinesoperating
continuously,butsinceitwasabundantonlyinLancashireandScotland,mostmillsandfactories
thatwerelocatedelsewherecouldnotbewaterdriven.
B.Thedisadvantageofusingwaterpoweristhatstreamsdonotnecessarilyflowinplacesthat
arethemostsuitableforfactories,whichexplainswhysomanywater-poweredgrainandtextile
millswerelocatedinundesirableplaces.
C.Sincemachinescouldbeoperatedcontinuouslyonlywhererunningwaterwasabundant,grain
andtextilemills,aswellasotherfactories,tendedtobelocatedonlyinLancashireandScotland.
D.Runningwaterwastheonlysourceofpowerthatwassuitableforthecontinuousoperationof
machines,buttomakeuseofit,factorieshadtobelocatedwherethewaterwas,regardlessof
whethersuchlocationsmadesenseotherwise.
7.Accordingtoparagraph2,the"atmosphericengine“wasslowbecause.
A.ithadbeendesignedtobeusedincoalmines
B.thecylinderhadtocoolbetweeneachstroke
C.itmadeuseofexpandingsteamtoraisethepistoninitscylinder
D.itcouldbeoperatedonlywhenalargesupplyoffuelwasavailable
8.Inparagraph3,theauthormentionsWilliamMurdoch'sinventionofanewformofnighttime
illuminationinorderto.
A.indicateoneoftheimportantdevelopmentsmadepossiblebytheintroductionofWatt'ssteam
engine
B.makethepointthatWatt'ssteamenginewasnottheonlyinventionofimportancetothe
IndustrialRevolution
C.illustratehowimportantcoalwasasarawmaterialfortheIndustrialRevolution
D.provideanexampleofanothereighteenth-centuryinventionthatusedsteamasapowersource
9.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutsteamenginesistrue?
A.Theywereusedfortheproductionofpaperbutnotforprinting.
B.By1800,significantnumbersofthemwereproducedoutsideofBritain.
C.Theywereusedinfactoriesbeforetheywereusedtopowertrains.
D.Theywereusedintheconstructionofcanalsandturnpikes.
10.Accordingtoparagraph4,providingamachinetotaketheplaceofthehorseinvolved
combiningwhichtwopreviouslyingredients?
A.Turnpikesandcanals
B.Stationarysteamenginesandwagonswithflangedwheels
C.Metalrailsinroadbedsandwagonscapableofcarryingheavyloads
D.Canalboatsandheavilyladenwagons
Section2Answeringquestions(209)
Directions:ReadthefollowingtwopassagesandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthe
questionswhichfalloweachpassage.Useonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhavejustread
andwriteyouranswersontheanswersheet.
Questions1-3
Americanstodaychooseamongmoreoptionsinmorepartsoflifethanhaseverbeen
possiblebefore.Toanextent,theopportunitytochooseenhancesourlives.Itisonlylogicalto
thinkthatifsomechoicesaregood,moreisbetter;peoplewhocareabouthavinginfiniteoptions
willbenefitfromthem,andthosewhodon'tcanalwaysjustignorethe273versionscerealthey
havenevertried.Yetrecentresearchstronglysuggeststhat,psychological,thisassumptionis
wrong,with5%lowerpercentageannouncingtheyarehappy.Althoughsomechoicesare
undoubtedlybetterthannone,moreisnotalwaysbetterthanless.
Recentresearchoffersinsightintowhymanypeopleendupunhappyratherthanpleased
whentheiroptionsexpand.Webeganbymakingadistinctionbetween"maximisers”(thosewho
alwaysaimtomakethebestpossiblechoice)and"satisfiers”(thosewhoaimforgoodenough
whetherornotbetterselectionmightbeoutthere).
Inparticular,wecomposedasetofstatementstheMaximisationScale-todiagnose
people'spropensitytomaximize.Thenwehadseveralthousandpeopleratethemselvesfrom1to
7(fromcompletelydisagreetocompletelyagree)onsuchstatementsas“Ineversettleforsecond
best.^Wealsoevaluatedtheirsenseofsatisfactionwiththeirdecisions.Wedidn'tdefineasharp
cutofftoseparatemaximisersfromsatisfiers,butingeneral,wethinkofindividualswhose
averagescoresarehigherthan4(thescale'smidpoint)asmaximisersandthosewhosescoresare
lowerthanthemidpointassatisfiers.Peoplewhoscorehighestonthetestthegreatest
maximisers-engageinmoreproductcomparisonsthanthelowestscorers,bothbeforeandafter
theymakepurchasingdecisions,andtheytakelongertodecidewhattobuy.Whensatisfiersfind
anitemthatmeetstheirstandards,theystoplooking.Butmaximisersexertenormouseffort
readinglabels,checkingoutconsumermagazinesandtryingnewproducts.Theyalsospendmore
timecomparingtheirpurchasingdecisionswiththoseofothers.
Wefoundthatthegreatestmaximisersaretheleasthappywiththefruitsoftheirefforts.
Whentheycomparethemselveswithothers,theygetlittlepleasurefromfindingoutthattheydid
betterandsubstantialdissatisfactionfromfindingoutthattheydidworse.Theyaremoreproneto
experiencingregretafterapurchase,andiftheiracquisitiondisappointsthem,theirsenseof
well-beingtakeslongertorecover.Theyalsotendtobroodorruminatemorethansatisfiersdo.
Doesitfollowthatmaximisersarelesshappyingeneralthansatisfiers?Wetestedthisby
havingpeoplefilloutavarietyofquestionnairesknowntobereliableindicatorsofwell-being.
Asmightbeexpected,individualswithhighmaximisationscoresexperiencedlesssatisfaction
withlifeandwerelesshappy,lessoptimisticandmoredepressedthanpeoplewithlow
maximizationscores.Indeed,thosewithextrememaximizationratingshaddepressionscoresthat
placedthemintheborderlineofclinicalrange.
Severalfactorsexplainwhymorechoiceisnotalwaysbetterthanless,especiallyfor
maximisers.Highamongtheseare"'opportunitycosts.,9Thequalityfanygivenoptioncannotbe
assessedinisolationfromitsalternatives.Oneofthe"costs“ofmakingaselectionislosingthe
opportunitiesthatadifferentoptionwouldhaveafforded.Thusanopportunitycostof
vacationingonthebeachinCapeCodmightbemissingthefabulousrestaurantsintheNapa
Valley.EarlyDecisionMakingResearchbyDanielKahnemanandAmosTverskyshowedthat
peoplerespondmuchmorestronglytolossesthangains.Ifweassumethatopportunitycosts
reducetheoveralldesirabilityofthemostpreferredchoice,thenthemorealternativesthereare,
thedeeperoursenseoflosswillbeandthelesssatisfactionwewillderivefromourultimate
decision.
TheproblemofopportunitycostswillbebetterforasatisfiesThelatter"goodenough^^
philosophycansurvivethoughtsaboutopportunitycosts.Inaddition,the"goodenough^^
standardleadstomuchlesssearchingandinspectionofalternativesthanthemaximiser9s“best”
standard.Withfewerchoicesunderconsideration,apersonwillhavefeweropportunitycoststo
subtract.
Justaspeoplefeelsorrowabouttheopportunitiestheyhaveforgone,theymayalsosuffer
regretabouttheoptiontheysettledon.MycolleaguesandIdevisedascaletomeasureproneness
tofeelingregret,andwefoundthatpeoplewithhighsensitivitytoregretarelesshappy,less
satisfiedwithlife,lessoptimisticandmoredepressedthanthosewithlowsensitivity.Not
surprisingly,wealsofoundthatpeoplewithhighregretsensitivitytendtobemaximisers.Indeed,
wethinkthatworryoverfutureregretisamajorreasonthatindividualsbecomemaximisers.The
onlywaytobesureyouwillnotregretadecisionisbymakingthebestpossibleone.
Unfortunately,themoreoptionsyouhaveandthemoreopportunitycostsyouincur,themore
likelyyouaretoexperienceregret.
Inaclassicdemonstrationofthepowerofsunkcosts,peoplewereofferedseason
subscriptionstoalocaltheatrecompany.Somewereofferedtheticketsatfullpriceandothersat
adiscount.Thentheresearcherssimplykepttrackofhowoftentheticketpurchasersactually
attendedtheplaysoverthecourseoftheseason.Full-pricepayersweremorelikelytoshowupat
performancesthandiscountpayers.Thereasonforthis,theinvestigatorsargued,wasthatthe
full-pricepayerswouldexperiencemoreregretiftheydidn'tusetheticketsbecausenotusingthe
morecostlyticketswouldconstituteabiggerloss.Toincreasesenseofhappiness,wecandecide
torestrictouroptionswhenthedecisionisnotcrucial.
1.WhatistheaimoftheMaximisationScalecomposedbytheresearchers?Whotendtobe
leasthappywhenmakingchoices?
2.Whywerethefull-priceticketpayersmorelikelytoshowupattheperformances?
3.Accordingtothepassage,whatcanbedonetoincreasethesenseofhappinesswhen
makingabetterchoice?
Questions4-5
TheragingbattleoverSOPAandPIPA,theproposedanti-privacylaws,islookingmoreand
morelikelytoendinfavorofInternetfreedom-butitwon'tbethelastbattleofitskind.
Although,etherealasitis,theinternetseemsdestinedtosurviveinsomeformoranother,experts
warnthattherearemanythreatstoitsstatusquoexistence,andthereismuchaboutitthatcould
beruinedorlost.
Physicaldestruction
Av
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