目的论视角下的《绝望主妇》的字幕翻译研究

-10-ChapterOneIntroductionSinceitsinception,movieshavebecomeanimportantmeansofcommunicationandculturalcarrierforhumanity.WiththedeepeningofChina’sopennessandtheaccelerationofeconomicdevelopment,culturalchangesbetweenChinaandothercountriesarebecomingincreasinglysignificant,andmovieshavebecomeanimportantcomponentofthem.Withthecontinuousdeepeningofculturalexchange,manytraditionaltranslationtheoriesonlyfocusonthelanguagelevelandcannotmeettheneedsoftranslation,makingitdifficulttomeettherequirementsoftranslation.TheFunctionalismtranslationtheory,whichoriginatedinGermanyinthe1970s,interpretstranslationactivitiesfromanewperspective,andregardssubtitletranslationasapurposefulbehavior,withtheaimofmakingiteasierfortheaudiencetounderstandandabsorbforeigncultures,andultimatelyachievingthegoalofculturalexchange.TheguidingtheoryoffilmsubtitletranslationinthisthesisistheGermanFunctionalismskopostranslationtheory.Accordingtothistheory,determiningtranslationisagoal.Thepurposeoftranslationistodeterminethemethodoftranslation.Themainprincipleofthetranslationprocessisthepurposeoftheentiretranslationactivity.Unlikeothertranslationtheories,agoodtranslationisnotnecessarilyequivalenttotheoriginaltext,butratheratranslationthatcanachievethetranslationpurpose.Translatorscanfreelychooseanexecutabletranslationstrategytoachievetheirowntranslationgoals.Thisispossible,anditalsoreflectsthebasicprinciplesofteleologyregardingthemeansofdeterminingthepurpose.SkopostheorytranslationwasproposedbyRiessandVermeerofGermanyinthelate1970sandearly1980s.Withinthistheoreticalframework,oneofthemostimportantfactorsdeterminingthepurposeoftranslationisthetranslator.Thetargetrecipientoraudienceofthetargettexthasaglobalunderstandingofaspecificculture,theirexpectations,andtheircommunicationneeds.Alltranslationsaretailoredtospecificclients,andskopostheoryhasbeendevelopedasthefoundationofgeneraltranslationtheory,whichcanincludetheoriesdealingwithspecificlanguagesandcultures.InKatharineReissandVermeer(1984),Reiss’sconceptoftherelationshipbetweentexttypesandtranslationtechniqueswasintegratedintospecifictheorieswithinVermeer’sgeneraltheoreticalframework.Skopostheoryincludesthreeprinciples:skopos,coherence,andfidelity.Therelationshipbetweenthesethreeprinciplesistofollowtheprincipleofconsistencyinaccordancewiththeprincipleofconsistency.DesperateHousewivesisapopularAmericantelevisionseriesthatbeganairingonhigh-definitiontelevisiononABCin2004.ThisperformancetookplaceonastreetcalledWisteriaLaneinthesuburbantownofFair-view.Thedramaquicklyreachedthetopoftheratingschartfromitsfirstepisode,andthetermDesperateHousewifeimmediatelybecameaculturalphenomenon.ThisTVdrama,broadcastbyABC,wasagreatsuccessduringtheseasonandreceivedmanycriticalreviews.ThetitleofthisTVdramaDesperateHousewiveshasbecomeaphenomenon,showcasingAmericancultureandlife.ThisTVdramareflectsculturalphenomenaandlanguagecharacteristics.AmericanmoviesandTVdramasarebecomingincreasinglypopularinChina.Therefore,thereisanurgentneedforthequantificationandqualityofsubtitletranslation.ThetitleofthisTVdramaDesperateHousewiveshasbecomeaphenomenon,showcasingAmericancultureandlife.ThisTVdramareflectsculturalphenomenaandlanguagecharacteristics.AmericanmoviesandTVdramasarebecomingincreasinglypopularinChina.Therefore,thereisanurgentneedforthequantificationandqualityofsubtitletranslation.ChapterTwoOverviewofSubtitleTranslation2.1IntroductiontoSubtitleTranslationSubtitletranslationisanactivityandproductthatprovidessimultaneoussubtitlesforaudiovisualproductssuchasmoviesandtelevision.Subtitletranslationreferstothetranslationoforiginallanguagedialoguesinmoviesortelevisionintosubtitlesasthetargetlanguage.Usuallyatthebottomofthescreen,subtitletranslationhasbecomeincreasinglypopularinChinainrecentyearsbecausecomparedtotranslatingmovies,subtitletranslationcannotonlygreatlysavecosts,butalsosaveproductiontime,acceleratemoviereleasespeed,andachieveglobalsynchronousreleaseassoonaspossible.subtitletranslationishard.Whileachievingtheeffectofeliminatingenemies,allowingthetargetlanguageaudiencetoexperiencethemostauthenticexoticatmosphereandlanguagecharm,subtitlesnotonlyremindtheaudienceofwatchingthemovie,butalsoremindthemofthedualexperienceofreadingmeaning.2.2BasicPrinciplesofSubtitleTranslationFidelityprincipleFidelityisthemostimportantprincipleintranslation.Ofcourse,loyaltyisnotacompleteequalityofallwords,butafaithfulrepresentationofinformationandtransmissionofmeaning.Onlythefaithfulcancompletethetranslationprocess.Becauseitisfaithful,theexistenceofthetranslationisguaranteed.However,loyaltyisnecessaryinprinciple,andthedegreecanbeadjustedandcontrolled.PrincipleofconcisenessFilmsubtitlesaresubjecttovariouslimitationsoftimeandspace.Therefore,intermsofexpression,itisnecessarytoconciseandabstractandnomodification.Fromtheviewpointoftranslationitself,itisalsoimportanttoavoiddelay.Inthesubtitletranslation,thishasbecomeaprinciplethatmustalreadybeprotected.Thesubtitletranslationisverydifferentfromtheliterarytranslationinthegeneralmeaning.Thevisualeffectsandsubtitlesofthemovieappearsimultaneously,soifthecontentofthecaptionisdifficultanddifficulttounderstand,theviewer’sattentionisdistributed.Theappearanceofthecaptionisnotonlydisadvantageoustotheviewer’sunderstanding,butitalsobecomesanobstacletotheaudienceappreciationofthemovie,andtheconceptionappearsnotonlyinthestructureofthesentencebutalsointheselectionoftheword,andthefactisdescribedbeforethecommentiswrittenasfaraspossible.Trytoputtheattributeinfrontandstatethefactsbeforedescribingthecriticaltext.PrincipleoflessannotationBecauseoftheculturaldifferencesbetweentheoriginalobjects,manytranslatorsinthetranslationliketohelpreadersunderstandinthewayofannotations,andtheuseofannotationsisincreasinglyrespected,forexample,submissionofannotationrelatedtheories.Inrecentyears,posttranslationshavereceivedwidespreadattentionfromtheliterarytranslationcommunity,andmoreandmoretranslatorsandresearchershavegenerallyacceptedthistranslationtheory.Thismethodcanprovidelimitedinterpretationandinterpretationofthetext,enablingreaderstobetterunderstandtheoriginalcontentandbreakculturalbarriers.Itisnotrecommendedtousetoomuchexplanatorytext.Advocateusingconciselanguagetofullyexpressmeaning.2.3CharacteristicsofSubtitleTranslationTimelinessThenatureofamoviedeterminesthatthelanguageofsubtitletranslationmustbesufficientlyimmediate,thatis,thesoundsandimagesinthemovieappearinstantaneouslywiththeplot.Andsubtitletranslationwilldisappearinaveryshorttime.Asaresult,viewershavealmostnotimetothinkaboutanyissuestheydon’tunderstand,letalonecomebackandreadthemtwice,likereadingliterarybooks.Therefore,thesubtitlesofamovieorTVprogramcannotbetoolongortooshort,whichmeansthatitshouldleaveenoughtimefortheaudiencetobrowseallthesubtitleswithoutfeelingleftbehind.Therefore,thetranslatorshoulduselimitedlanguagetoconveytheintentionofthecharacters,anduseappropriateandconcisetargetlanguagetomatchrapidlychangingscenes.PopularityThetargetaudienceforfilmswithdifferenteducationalbackgroundscomesfromalllevelsofsociety,sosubtitletranslationshouldconformtotheculturallevelofthepublic.Thespecificlanguagerequirementsarevividenoughandeasytounderstand,whichareusuallycloselyrelatedtopeople’sdailylife.Therefore,asasubtitletranslator,hemustdohisbesttoconveythemeaningoftheoriginalworktodifferenttargetaudienceswiththemostconcisetranslation,helpingthemenjoythefilmwithoutdifficulty,andultimatelyachievingthegoalofculturalexchange.SynchronizationSynchronizationreferstothefactthatsubtitlesmustbesynchronizedwiththeimagesandsoundsappearinginmoviesorTVprograms,whichrequiresmatchingthedialogueandtheimagesduringthetranslationprocess.Toputitanotherway,thesubtitletobeappliedmustbesynchronizedwiththeimageassociatedwiththeconversionofcolloquialandwrittenlanguagesandproperdeletionoftheoriginalconversation.Inthiscase,informationlossisinevitable.Therefore,themaintaskofthesubtitletranslatoristofindbalancebetweenthesetwoproblemsandminimizethedeleteriouseffectofdeletion.ComprehensivenessInabroadsense,theartoffilmandtelevisionprogramsisnotonlyanaudio-visualart,butalsoacomprehensiveart.Thecombinationoffilm,sound,actorperformance,andbackgroundmusic.Dialogueplaysanimportantroleintheelaboration,modification,andpresentationofperformances.Inreturn,theperformanceenhancesthepowerandmeaningofthedialogue.Soforsubtitletranslator,theyshouldattachimportancetotheinfluenceofmouthshape,pauses,orbodymovementsinthedialogue,whichhelpstheaudiencefullyappreciatethefilm.ChapterThreeAnalysisofSubtitleTranslationofDesperateHousewivesundertheGuidanceofSkoposTheory3.1AnalysisofSubtitleTranslationofDesperateHousewivesBasedonthePrincipleofSkoposTheprincipleofskoposisthecoreprinciple.Inotherwords,thepurposeoftranslationdeterminestheentireprocessoftranslationbehavior.Thepurposeoftranslationisalsotherequirementsoftranslation,includingthepurpose,time,location,context,media,andfunctionoftranslation.BasedonSkopostheory,thepurposeoftranslationdeterminestranslationstrategiesandmethods.Forthisreason,thetranslatorfirstgraspsthetranslationmissionandanalyzesthepurposeofthetranslationactivitiessuchasthepurposeoftranslation,theviewerandthetranslationmedium,andrequeststhetranslationmethodfromtheaspectofthetext.Thepurposeofthetranslationistoprovidetheviewerthemostrelevanttargetlanguageinformationtotheoriginalsentencetounderstandtheconversationbetweenthestoryandthecharacters.Toaccomplishthisgoal,thetranslatorneedstomakeatranslationinanappropriateflexiblemanner.3.1.1DomesticationIntheprocessofsubtitletranslation,itisveryimportanttoconveythesymbolicinformationoftheoriginaltextwhilecompilingatargetlanguagetextthatconformstotheculturalbackgroundoftheaudience.Therefore,thetranslatormustcomprehensivelyanalyzeandunderstandthecharactersintheplay,imaginehowthesecharactersareportrayedintheculturalbackgroundofthetargetlanguage.Thatistosay,thesettingandstyleoftheoriginalplaylargelydependontheoriginallanguage.Thatistosay,inordertomakethelanguagemorenaturalandcloselytothetargetaudience,itisnecessarytoappropriatelylocalizeordomesticatethesubtitles.ManytraditionalidiomsandlocalexpressionscanbefoundinthesubtitlesoftheAmericandramaDesperateHousewives,aseriesoffourcharactersexpressions,andsoon.Ingeneral,DesperateHousewivesisasatiricalcomedy.Usingdomesticationstrategies,subtitlescanachievetheirduefunctions,namely,informative,expressive,andinfectious.ConsideringthefinalpurposeofthesubtitletranslationistomaketheviewerunderstandtheplotandthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternculturalbackgroundsandlanguageexpressionhabits,inordertomaketheaudienceeasilyunderstandandacceptthetranslation,itisadvisabletoadoptadomesticationtranslationstrategy.Domesticationreferstoapproachingthetargetlanguageculture,processingunconventionalexpressionsintheoriginaltextforthetargetlanguageaudienceandtransformingthemintofamiliarexpressions,makingthetranslationmoreconsistentwiththetargetlanguageexpressionhabitsandeasierforthetargetlanguageaudiencetounderstand.Inthetranslationprocess,thetranslatormustthinkabouttheculturalbackground,customs,andtraditionsofthetargetlanguagerecipienttoreducethedifficultyofunderstandingthemeaningofthesourcelanguage.Adoptingadomesticationstrategy,whichcanbeexpressedinone’snativelanguage,makestheaudiencemorefamiliarwiththetranslatedtext,andminimizesculturaldifferencesbetweenthesourcelanguageandthetranslatedtext.Thiswillmakethetranslatedtextsoundsmootherandmorenatural.Thetranslationstrategyofdomesticationisbasedonthecultureofthetargetlanguage,usethelanguageformtomaketheaudienceunderstandthedeepmeaningofcultureandusethewaytoexpressthedesiredlanguagecultureasmuchaspossible,andusinglanguageformsthatconformtotheexpressionmethodsofthetargetlanguage,sothatthetargetlanguageaudiencecanexperiencethesameaestheticfeelingandexperienceasthesourcelanguageaudience.Eg1.Juanita:Allmothersknowtheyhavetoprotecttheirchildren.译文:可怜天下父母心。Eg2.Gabriel:Honey,itwasonlyasmallneighborhoodgame.Carlos:Butitdoesnottakemuchforhertofalloffthewagon.译文:Gabriel:亲爱的，不过是邻居间的小赌怡情。Carlos:但是江山易改本性难移。Analysis:Intheaboveexample,thetranslatortranslatedtheoriginaltextintoanidiomknowntoYuHu:Pitytheworldforparents,littleaffection,Mountaindifficulties,andachievedmeaningequivalence.Moreover,becauseChineseaudiencestheseidiomsareveryfamiliarandcanbequicklyunderstoodbywatchingsubtitles,theydonotneedtodiverttheirattentionfromthescreen.Asweanalyzedearlier,thescreenisanimportantcomponentofthemultisymbolsystemoffilmandtelevisiondramas,andoneframeofscreenmaybebetterthanathousandwords.Eg3.Lynette:0h,youdidnothaveagoodtime?Tom:Okay.Youknowwhat?Droptheact.Iknowyougavethemcookies.译文:这么说你过得不好喽?一边去，你别装蒜了，我知道你给他们吃了饼干。Analysis:InordertogiveTom,herhusband,whooftentravelsonbusiness,atasteofthehardshipsoftakingthreenaughtychildrenwithher,Lynettespecificallyallowedthechildrentoeatcookiesthatwereoriginallyprohibited(whichcanleadtohyperactivity).Afterattendingadinnerparty,LynettereturnedhomeandpretendedtobecasualandaskedTomaboutthechildren’ssituationatnight,butTomspotteditataglance.Itturnedoutthathehadlearnedfromhislittleson,Porter,abouthismother’scunningbehavior.ThesubtitleDon’tpretendtobegarlicissemanticallycorrespondedtotheoriginaldroptheact.Thislocalizedexpressionalsoreproducesthedailynatureofthedialogue,andismoreeasilyacceptedbytheaudiencebecauseitconformstotheirculturalbackgroundandtraditionalconcepts.3.1.2ForeignizationThetranslationstrategyofforeignizationisbasedonthecultureofthesourcelanguageandmaximizingrespectfortheculturecharacteristicsandlanguageofthesourcelanguageduringthetranslationprocess.Therebyreproducingtheexpressionoftheoriginaltextandenablingtheaudiencetounderstandmoreaboutthecultureofothercountries.Eg:TheEightRouteAmyandNewFourthAmyarethornintheflesh.Mao:蒋先生视八路军、新四军为眼中钉，肉中刺。TranslatorshavetranslatedtheEighthRouteArmyandNewFourthArmyintoTheEightRouteAmyandNewFourthAmyusingadissimilatoryapproach,deepeningtheunderstandingofChinesehistoryamongforeignaudiencesanddisseminatingChineseculture.3.2AnalysisofSubtitleTranslationofDesperateHousewivesBasedonthePrincipleofCoherenceTheprincipleofcoherencereferstointerlingualcoherence,consistencyisthelinguisticconsistencythathelpstranslatorschoosetranslationstrategiesunderconsistentguidance,achievingtranslationconsistency.Translationhaspracticalsignificanceinthetargetlanguageandculture,andthetranslationaudiencemustunderstandit.Becausethetranslatedworkprovidesaboutsourcetext,mustbeassociatedwiththesourcetext.ThisrelationshipisreferredtobyHansVermeerasinterlingualcoherenceorfidelity,sometimesreferredtoastheruleoffidelity.Interlingualcoherenceisthemostfaithfulimitationofthesourcetext,requiringcoherencebetweenthetranslationandtheoriginaltext.Theformofinterlingualcoherencelooktotheauthor'sinterpretationoftheoriginaltextandtheprincipleoftargetedtranslation.3.2.1SupplementandExplanationWhenpeoplewatchforeignmovies.Sometimesculturallyrestrictedplotsaredifficultforpeopleunfamiliarwiththesourceculturetounderstand.Thegoalofachievingsubtitleinformationfunctionsistoprovidesufficientinformationtothetargetaudiencewithinthetimeandspaceconstraintsofsubtitles.Subtitlesshouldbeconcise.That’sthepoint.Andfully,thisisverycommon.TherearesomeimplicitthingsintheoriginaltextthatneedtobeexpandedintheChineseversion.Itisnecessarytoaddthenecessaryinformationtothesubtitletranslation,andtheviewershouldacquiresufficientknowledgeandunderstandtheimplicitmeaningbetter.Therefore,inthiscase,addingandexplainingbecomesverynecessary.Byaddingafewwords,thesubtitletranslatorcanmaketheobscurityclear.Additionreferstoprovidingthenecessarywordsinthetranslationtomaketheexpressioncorrectandclean,buttheprovidedwordsmustbeaddedinsyntaxorsemantics.Eg1：Bree:Orson,meetChrisandRon.Nowlknowyouwon’tlistenedtome,butyoumightlistentothem,sinceyouhavesomethingincommon.布瑞:Orson,见见Chris和Ron。我知道现在你听不进我的话，但你可以听听他们说的。因为你们有共同之处。Orson:Really?AreyouGilbertandSullivanfans,too?奥森:是吗?你们也是Gilbert和Sullivan的粉丝?Forthisexample,whentranslatingwhatOrsonsaid,thetranslatoraddedsupplementaryexplanationsinparenthesestoillustratethatGilbertandSullivaninthedialoguearewell-knownBritishwriters,facilitatingtheaudience’sunderstandingoftheplotandalsogainingknowledgeofBritishculture.Whenambiguityarisesduetoinsufficientinformation,additionalstrategiescanachieveaclearpurpose.Thus,iftherearesomecontradictionsandambiguities,thetranslatorwilladdnecessaryinformationtothesubtitles.Eg2.Susan:Yougottobekidding.Shewashedhercaryesterday.0h,no,she’snot.译文:搞什么，她昨天才洗过车。不是吧，真不要脸。Analysis:Whenthishappened,SusanandherdaughtersawEdieoutsidethewindowwashingthecarinrevealingclothesandprovocativemovements,Mikejustworkedinfrontofhishouse.SusanimmediatelynoticedthatEddiewastryingtoseduceherheartnaked.UntilthenSusanwasthinkinghowtodateofficiallywithMike.Shewasfuriousatthesight,0h,she’snot.Thesubtitleteamaddedthephrasereallyshamelesstothesubtitle,showingSusan'sstrongangeratEdie’sexcessivebehavior.IntheAmericandramaDesperateHousewives,wecanfindthatingeneral,translatorsdonotwanttheindistinctintheoriginaltextmayconfusetheviewer.Iftheoriginaltextistranslatedliterallywithoutsufficientexplanation,contradictionsandambiguitiesmayarise.Thus,translatorscaneliminatecontradictionsorambiguitiesthatmayarisefromtheoriginaltextbyaddingcreateasubtitlethatmatchestherequiredinformationorthecontentsofthescreen.Translationstrategyofmatchinginformbyaddingnecessarywordsandsentencesarerequiredfortranslationtotheexpressionhabitsofthetargetlanguage.Usingthisstrategyintranslation,youcanincreasetheamountofinformationtounderstandtheideasandintentionsoftheperformermoredeeply.Eg3.Bree:Fortherecord,Ididn’tpunchmyson.Islappedhimwithanopenpalm.Andrew:Yeah,but,mom,thethingis,whendrink,youdon’tknowyourownstrength.Bree:我事先声明，我绝对没有打我的儿子。我只是抽了他一耳光。Andrew:但是，妈妈，你都喝醉了，就不知道下手有多重了。Analysis:Andrewwantedtousehistrustfundtobuyacar,butBreetoldhimhecouldn’tuseituntilhereallygrewup.WhenAndrewcalledBreeameanolddrunk,Breewasangryandwantedtoslaphim.Afterthat,AndrewaskedJustintohithimintheface,convincinghislawyerSamthatBreehaddoneit.ThetranslatortoexpressBree’shopethatSamtrustsher,wehaveaddedabsoluteandjust.Ifwhendrinkistranslatedasyoudrink,itcannotshowthatBreedrinksfrequently.AddingdrinktoomuchAndrewwantsSamtoawarethatBreehasdrinktoomuch,andhecanalsosaythatBreedidn’tadmititbecausesheforgotwhenshewasdrunk.Thistranslationcanbettershowthebadrelationshipbetweentheirmotherandson.Alloftheseexamplesprovidethetargetaudiencewithappropriatebutsufficientinformationtobetterunderstandthefilm.Thus,theinformationfunctionofmoviesubtitlesisrealized,whichmeetstherequirementsofteleology.Atthesametime.Theuseofinterpretationembodiesthespiritofmeaningandconformstotheprincipleoffaithfulness.IntheAmericandramaDesperateHousewives,wecanfindthatingeneral,translatorsdonotwantthepossibleambiguityintheoriginaltexttoconfusetheaudience.Literallytranslatingtestwithoutsufficientexplanationwillresultincontradictionsandambiguities.So,translatorscaneliminatecontradictionsorambiguitiesthatmayarisefromtheoriginaltextbyaddingwritesubtitlesbasedonthenecessaryinformationandcontentofthescreen.3.2.2OmissionDuetothedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese,translatorsneedtoappropriatelydeletesomewordsorsentencesduringthetranslationprocess,soastoavoidunnecessaryorlengthyrepetitiveinformationwhileensuringthattheaudienceaccuratelyacceptsthecontenttobeconveyedbythesourcelanguageinformation.Subtitlesappearingonthescreenmustbereadinafewseconds,sothespaceanddwelltimeofsubtitlesonthescreenareverylimited.Therefore,omissiontranslationisoftenusedtomakeiteasierforthetargetlanguageaudiencetoobtainthemostrelevantinformationabouttheoriginaltextintheshortestpossibletime.Secondly,mostaudiencesreadmoreslowlythanactorsspeak,whichalsodeterminesthatomissionisinevitable.Finally,withthesupportoftelevisionimages,music,andsoundeffects,itisalsopossibletoreducetranslation.Inpractice,duetothecolloquialcharacteristicsofthedialogueandthelimitationsoftimeandspace,ellipsisrechargewords,conjunctions,greetings,andunnecessaryrepetitionmakesthetranslatedsubtitlesmoreconciseandaccurate,withoutaffectingtheaudience’sunderstanding.Herearesomeexamples:Eg1：Bree:It’sjustthat,um,Ican’thelpbeingcautious.Bree:只是，不由自主地有点谨慎。Eg2：Edie:Yeah,ifwefindtheguywiththerightplan,youcouldhaveashamwaitingonaMondaynight,andbefullycoveredTuesdaymorning.Edie:如果我们找到了合适的人选，你就可以周一结婚，周二就有医保了。Therearemanyinterludesintheseexamplesthatarejustusedtoconveytheactor’sfeelings.Abovetheseexamples,thetranslatordeletesumandyeahbecauseitdoesnotchangethemeaningofthesourcetextandaffecttheaudience’sunderstanding.Shorterandmoreconcisesubtitletranslationiseasierfortheaudiencetounderstand.Eg1：Susan:ThisisanowabadJackieCollins’novel.译文:你言情小说看多了吧。Analysis:JackieCollinsisaBritishromanticnovelistandnotfamousinChina.Inthetranslation,thespectatorwillwonderwhoisJackieCollins.Astheythink,thesubtitleshavealreadyflashedby,andthislineiscompletelyincomprehensible.Therefore,thetranslatoradoptstheabovetranslationmethods,whicharehighlyrelevanttotheoriginalinformationandeasyfortheaudiencetounderstand.3.3AnalysisofSubtitleTranslationofDesperateHousewivesBasedonthePrincipleofFidelityTheprincipleoffidelityreferstothefactthatthepurposeoftranslationandthetranslator’sunderstandingofthesourcetextdeterminethattheremustbecontextualcoherencebetweenthetranslationandtheoriginaltext.Thedegreeandformofloyaltyandunderstandingoftheoriginaltextdependonthepurposeofthetranslation,andthepurposeofthetranslationisdifferent.Accordingtothisprinciple,fidelityandformdependonthetranslator’sunderstandingoftheoriginaltext,whichmayvarydependingonthepurposeoftranslation.3.3.1LiteralTranslationLiteraltranslationreferstothewayinwhichthetranslatortriestoretainthevividandconventionalexpressionintheoriginalEnglishtextduringsubtitletranslation.IfyouhavenoEnglishculturevocabularyoridiomaticintranslation,usethetranslationasusualinthefollowingsubtitletranslationexamples:Eg1：Bree:NowIknowyouthinkthere’snoreasontogoonliving,becauseyouareparalyzed...布瑞:我知道你觉得没什么活下去的理由，因为你残疾了Orson:Soyouthought,Hey!Youknowwhatmightcheerhimup?Twomoreparalyzedguys.奥森:所以你觉得:嘿，该怎么鼓励他呢?这儿还有两个残废在。Theliteraltranslationmethod,asitdoesnotrequireanytranslator’sparticipation,canessentiallyreducethecostofautomatictranslation.Itcanevenbeappliedtoautomatictranslationofsearchenginesliketextsearchengines,allowinguserstoobtaintranslationresultsforfreeandquicklytomeettheirmultilingualapplicationneeds.Inshort,literaltranslationisanimportanttechnologyinthefieldofInternetautomatictranslation,whichcanquickly,accurately,andlow-costperformtranslationwork,andisaneffectivesupplementtocurrentmultilingualapplicationtechnology.Intheabovedialogue,therearenoEnglishculturalwordsorcolloquialexpressions,sothetranslatoradoptsaliteraltranslationapproachtopresentthestyleoftheoriginallanguage.3.3.2FreeTranslationDuetothesignificantdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishlanguages,inordertoholdontothecharacteristicsoftheoriginallanguage,sometimesliteraltranslationunabletomeetallrequire.Therefore,sometimesfreetranslationisoftenusedinsubtitletranslation.IfthereareEnglishculturalvocabulary,idioms,taboos,etc.Intheconversation,thismethodisusuallyused.Belowaresomeexamplesofsubtitletranslation:Eg1：Parker:Secretidentity?Art:Oh,great,nowthecat’soutofthe