专题04阅读理解体裁之应用文（精讲）

专题04阅读理解体裁之应用文（精讲）考点考点精讲【题型概述】阅读理解之应用文包含广告、招聘、咨询和建议、通知等类型的文章。【命题解读】文体特点:中考英语中的应用文，命题特点显著，以搜寻直接信息为主，往往涵盖人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等的考查。因此，学生在备考应用文阅读时，应重点掌握寻读策略，带着问题有针对性地到文中快速寻找答案。细节理解题主要考查对文章(或某一段落)中某特定事实信息的捕捉和理解能力，通常包括直接细节理解题和间接细节理解题。直接细节理解题在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who，what，when，where，why和how等提问。间接细节理解题需要通过有关词语和句子的转换，依靠主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系进行加工或整理后方能得出结论，此类试题在中考试题中占大多数。抓住文章或段落中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其他类型题的基础。命题规律:1.特殊疑问句形式。以when，where，what.which，who，howmuch/many等疑问词开头引出问题。2.填空题形式。通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节。3.题型和考查角度：1.高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题。2.中频考点：数字计算题；3.低频考点：细节排序题；正误判断题。【应试技巧】应用文的设问一般按照文章段落的顺序依次设置,设问内容一般以细节题为主,兼有询问出处和写作意图的题目。解答应用文，离不开下面方法。快速定位法：在试题中寻找题干关键的线索词,如名词、动词、形容词或副词等实义词,带着问题和它们去阅读短文,要标明其出处,为迅速、准确地选择正确的答案作好充分准备;选项排除法：根据题干提供的信息，把一眼就能看出的干扰项排除，缩小选择范围，然后将剩余选项依据原文辨别真伪。数字计算法：对文章中提到的数据进行简单的加减乘除运算，以得出符合题目要求的数据。忠实于原文：该类题源于短文,在解题时要紧扣原文,在短文中找到相应出处,以此为中心展开进行答题。快速浏览法：回答文章出处和写作意图题时，要理解文章的主旨大意。一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心展开的,所以只有通过阅读掌握该短文的主旨大意,才能正确理解短文,进而根据短文的事实、细节推断作者的观点和写作意图。通过寻找短文的主题句，而主题句通常在段首(最常见)、段中、段尾，段道和段尾或隐含在段落中。解答主旨大意题时采用快速浏览法,即可找到主题句或主题线索。 关注长难句：文章的长难句处常会设问题，必须学会拆分理解长难句。关注转折词：文中however,but,instead,rather等表达转折意义的逻辑词，这类词后常命题。关注同义替换：原句重复出现，一般都是干扰项，正确选项一般都是有改动的。课堂课堂典例一、应用文细节理解题型方法和技巧方法1：线索句定位法（直接信息题）所谓线索句，就是为我们提供正确答案的线索，对线索句的精准定位，是阅读高分的秘诀。首先，英语阅读的试题顺序往往对应着段落顺序，按照出题顺序，依次往下找，就能迅速定位到段落；其次，定位到段后，粗略对比，迅速找到与试题所给句子中单词/短语重复较多的目标句；最后，将目标句与试题选项的句子仔细比对，找出区别，逐个排除错误项，定位答案。【示例】ThisistheschooltimetableofClassOne,GradeThree,SunshineSchoolonMonday.8:00—10:00amTechnologyInthislesson,studentslearnhowtosurftheInternetsafelyandeffectively.10:00—11;00amDramaDuringthislesson,studentswillhavethechancetoactoutroleswithotherstudents.11:00—11:45amPaintingStudentslearnhowtousewatercolorsproperly.Iftheweatherisgood,thelessonmaytakeplaceoutdoors.LUNCH1:00—2:00pmScience(Biologyorchemistry)Studentscanchoosewhichclasstoattend.Inbiologythisweek,studentswilllearnaboutthebonesinhumans.Inchemistry,thesubjectisHowexplosionshappen.2:00—3:45pmSPORTS2:00pmTheory(理论)Studentslearnabouttheskillsusedinacertainsport.Weseerealactionfrompastgamesonvideos.3:00pmPracticeStudentswillplayashortmatchlasting45minutes.Thisweek,thesportsaresoccer(theboys)andvolleyball(forgirls).HomeworkTechnology—theteacherwillgivestudentswebsitestolookup(about20minutes)Drama—studentshavetolearnapartforthenextlesson(3060minutes)Biology/chemistry—studentshavetowriteareportofthelesson(about40minutes)1.Whattimedoesthedramalessonbegin?A.At8:00am. B.At10:00am. C.At1:00pm. D.At2:00pm.【文章大意】这是阳光学校三年级一班星期一的时间表。【答案】B【解析】.细节理解题。根据文中10:0011;00amDramaDuringthislesson,studentswillhavethechancetoactoutroleswithotherstudents.可知是10点开始；故选B。方法2：间接信息法第一步：审读题干，提取关键信息；第二步：速读定位原文信息句，将试题信息与原文信息进行语义转换；第三步：逐一核对选项，仔细辨别，得出答案。解题原则：对原文多处相关信息进行整合转换。【示例】TheCoffeePotRestaurantWe’relookingforSaturdayassistants(帮手)inourbusytowncentrerestaurant.Thejobwillincludesettingandclearingtables,servingcustomersandhelpinginthekitchen.We’relookingforpoliteandpatientpeoplewhocanworkunderpressure.Hours:10am4pmincludingahalfhourlunchbreak.Pay:£5anhour+lunchFilmExtrasWantedHaveyoueverwantedtobeinthemovies?Areyouinterestedinacting?We’remakingafilminthelocalareaduringJulyandAugustandwe’llneedseveralyoungpeopleasextras(临时演员).We’relookingforactiveandsocial1418yearolds.Pay:£50aday+meals.Pleaseincludearecentphotographinyourapplication.NewspaperBoys/GirlsWe’relookingforhonestyoungpeopletodeliver(投递)newspapersandmagazines.Weneedonepersonformorningdeliveries(78)andtwopeopleforeveningdeliveries(56).Youmustbeatleast13yearsoldandhaveyourownbicycle.Formorningdeliveriesyouneedtobegoodatgettingupearly,too!Pay:£30aweekWhenyouapply(申请),pleasesaywhetheryouprefermorningsorevenings.PARTTIMEASSISTANTSWANTEDShop’n’SaveSupermarketneedstwoyoungpeople(1418)foreveningandweekendwork.Thejobincludeshelpingcustomers,puttingthingsontheshelves,collectingtrolleys,etc.Hours:57eveningsor105SaturdaysandSundays.Pay:£4anhourandfreelunchforweekendhours13.AparttimeassistantatShop’n’SaveSupermarketneedsto_________.A.setandcleartables B.provideaphoto C.delivernewspapers D.helpcustomers【文章大意】这篇短文由四个广告组成，第一个广告是某餐馆在寻找帮手；第二个广告是招聘临时演员；第三个广告是找送报纸和杂志的男孩或女孩；最后一个是某超市招聘兼职的工作人员。【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。根据第四个广告中Thejobincludeshelpingcustomers,puttingthingsontheshelves,collectingtrolleys,etc.可知，Shop’n’Save这个超市招聘工作人员来帮助顾客、把东西放到架子上，收集手推车等等。由此可知应选D。方法3：数字计算法第一步：审读题干，提取关键信息；第二步：速读定位原文中包含该信息的相关段落；第三步：进行推算，得出答案。解题原则：文章中直接给出来相关数据，要经过具体的对比、分析、计算才能够得出答案。【示例】Areyouinterestedinanimalsandnature?Wanttoenjoyyoursummerholidayandlearnsomethinginterestinganduseful?Hereesyourchance!StudentExplorehasprovidedyouwithaTHREEDAYsummerprogram!Youcantakepartinmanyhandsonactivitiesandmeetwithliveanimals—giraffes,pandas,tigersandsoon!Moreinformationabouttheprogramisasfollows.ProgramADates:17—19July,2022Days:SundaytoTuesdayTime:10:00a.m.—4:00p.m.ProgramBDates:8—10August,2022Days:MondaytoWednesdayTime:10:00a.m.—4:00p.m.Age:Studentsaged9—16Programcost:$200foramember;$230foranonmemberGroups:Thereare2programsforyoutochoosefrom.Eachprogramneedsatmost15students.Howtodoit:Simplyetoourcentertogetanapplicationform(申请表).Sendyourpletedformonorbefore13thJuly,2022(Wednesday).Notes:1.Nofreelunchesareprovidedbecauseofpersonalfoodpreferences(喜好).Youmayeitherbringalunchboxorpayforlunchatourrestaurants.2.Bothprogramswillstartin2daysifthereisawarningofrainstorms.12．Twomembersandtwononmembersshouldpay________fortheprogram.A．$400 B．$630 C．$660 D．$860【答案】D【导语】本文介绍了两个为期三天的暑期项目，介绍了这两个项目的参加人员、人数、费用等事项。【解析】细节理解题。根据“Programcost:$200foramember;$230foranonmember”可知，会员200美元，非会员230美元。两名会员和两名非会员需要花$860。故选D。方法4：细节排除法第一步：审读题干和四个选项的内容；第二步：利用首尾，排除掉部分选项，缩小范围；第三步：如排序内容较多，再查看剩余选项的异同处，缩小范围；如排序内容较少，一般即可快速得出答案。解题原则：采用“首尾定位法”，先根据第一个事件和最后一个事件缩小范围，再根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。【示例】From:PEteacherTo:GradeThreeparentsSubject:Dearparents,ThistestofPEwillbeafterthevacation,swimmingandgymgroupsinourPElessonswillswap(交换)again.Childrenwhowereswimminglasttermwilldogymandchildrenwhowerehavinggymwillhavetheirswimminglessons.Thegroupswillremainlikethisuntiltheendofnextterm.Forthechildrendoingswimminglessons,thefollowingthingsarenecessary:●Swimmingclothes●Swimminghat●Flipflops(人字拖鞋)●Goggles(护目镜)Pleaselabel(贴标签)everythingwiththechild’snameandclasssothatweavoidlostandmixedthings.Pleasefindthegroupsbelow.Iwouldkindlyaskthatyoushouldfollowthelistbelowandmakesureyourchildattendsthegroupinwhichtheyareput.Swimminggroup1Swimminggroup2Gymgroup1Gymgroup2MichaelLeeHerryWhiteTonySmithPeterSamuelJacksonMaryHunanSuaieMarksDavidMillerJoanBrownTimRobinsonRosieThompsonEricMaxwellNedHardyThankyouMrHudets2．Whatshouldchildrenprepareforswimminglessons?①Swimmingclothes②Swimminghats③Flipflops④Bottledwater⑤GogglesA．①②④ B．①④⑤ C．①②③⑤ D．②③④⑤【答案】C【导语】本文是体育老师写给三年级家长的邮件，介绍了下学期体育课的安排。【解析】细节理解题。根据“Forthechildrendoingswimminglessons,thefollowingthingsarenecessary:●Swimmingclothes●Swimminghat●Flipflops●Goggles”可知要准备游泳服、游泳帽、人字拖、护目镜，故选C。二、应用文推理判断题型方法和技巧所谓推断就是从已知的事情中推测。这里所说的未知是指文章或作者没有直接说明但已暗示出来，或者根据作者提供的信息，可能引出的必然性结论。所以推断类题目尽管不能在文章中直接找到答案，但我们可以在文章中找到可供推论的依据。还有一个重要的技巧就是排除法的适当运用。很多错误选项的排除要靠我们对于文章事实和细节的准确把握。因此我们也要相应加强对于文章事实细节的训练。应用文的推理判断有几种：方法1：.文章出处或应用文类型判定法就是根据文章的语言、用词、格式、内容等推断出文章的出处，如杂志、报纸、网络等。主要考查学生对各种文章出处的特点和常识的掌握能力，以及对文章的体裁和题材的准确把握能力。【示例】TheLatestBooksMyABCsby:DisneyBookGroupReleased:April3,2018Pages:14AgeRange:0–2SantaBruceby:RyanT.HigginsReleased:September4,2018Pages:48AgeRange:3–5Solo:StarWarsby:LucasfilmPressReleased:September4,2018Pages:32AgeRange:6–8MagicBook:Spellsby:AmberBenson,DaronNefcyDominicBisignanoReleased:September11,2018Pages:288AgeRange:9–1222.Thepassagemaybe_____________.A.astory B.anadvertisement C.anovel D.apoem【文章大意】这篇短文给我们介绍了四本最新的书，包括他们的作者、发行时间、页数以及适合哪个年龄段的孩子阅读等信息。【答案】B【解析】推理判断题。astory一个故事；anadvertisement一个广告；anovel一个小说；apoem一首诗。根据文章标题TheLatestBooks以及文章结构可知，这篇短文给我们介绍了几本新书，包括书名、作者、发行时间、页数以及适合哪个年龄段的孩子阅读等信息。这样的短文具有告知读者相关信息的作用，应该是一个广告，故应选B。【示例】SummerCulture"Whatisyourteendoingthissummer?"WeleastudentfromFranceorSpainintoyourfamily!HostastudentfromSpainorFranceandexperiencehis/herlifeandculture.ExchangestudentsfromSpainandFrancearelookingforwelingwarm,funandlovinghostswhowillsharelifeandculturewiththemforafewweeksinJune,JulyandAugust.Stayscanbefrom3to6weeks.WhattodowithyourexchangestudentMovies/Museums/Beach/Cooking/Baking/munityprojects/Volunteering/Hangingout/Shopping/Disneyland/anythingyoucanthinkof.Requirementstohost:Loving,active,outgoingfamilyOnestayathome.OrparttimehostparentTeeninthehomewithin4yearsofageoftheexchangestudentWillingtotakestudentstoplacesorinterestonceaweek(maybevisitingthemnextsummerattheirhomecountries)Ifyouareinterestedandwouldlikemoreinformation,pleasecontact:ShirleyWentzell9099186715Email:Shirley@uceus17.Thetextaboveisprobablya_____________.A.letter B.notice C.poster D.diary【文章大意】这是一个海报，内容是关于来自西班牙或法国的交换生要找寄宿家庭，以及对寄宿家庭的一些要求，也许有机会明年暑假去他们的国家。【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据这是一个海报，内容是关于来自西班牙或法国的交换生要找寄宿家庭，以及对寄宿家庭的一些要求，也许有机会明年暑假去他们的国家。根据文章内容，可知是一个海报；故选C。方法2：.逻辑推理法根据上下文及其相互间的关系，对文章片段或全文进行深层理解来解答题目。常以时间关系、条件关系、因果关系、比较关系、转折关系等作为推理根据，有时甚至还得联系作者的意图、态度等弦外之音。主要考查学生对文章细节的理解和逻辑思维的推断能力。【示例】SchoolholidayactivitiesatthelibraryActivityWhenCostWhoCartooningwithEvaLeungTuesday7June,9—11a.m.﹩3.00to.coverthecostofartpaperandpencils5to8yearoldsActivityWhenCostWhoCartooningwithEvaLeungWednesday8June,9—11a.m.$3.00tocoverthecostofartpaperandpencils9to10yearoldsEvaLeungisfamousforhercartoonspublishedregularlyinKIDStimemagazineActivityWhenCostWhoKitemakingWednesday8June,2—4p.m.$3.00tocoverthecostofpaper,stringandothermaterials5to10yearoldsActivityWhenCostWhoKitemakingThursday9June,2—4p.m.$3.00tocoverthecostofpaper,stringandothermaterials5to10yearolds6.Whyaretheretwocartooningclassesontheprogram?A.Becausetheclassesarefordifferentagegroups.B.BecausemoretimeisneededtolearncartooningC.Becausethereisastrictlimitonnumbersforeachclass.D.Becausesomechildrenmightwanttodoboththeclasses.【文章大意】本文是广告类阅读，介绍了图书馆针对少年儿童的活动信息：主题、时间、费用（材料）和活动对象。【答案】A【解析】题意：为什么计划中有两个卡通班?考查细节判断。前面两则都是卡通课，根据第一则Who:5to8yearolds和第二则Who:9to10yearolds可知对象不一样，Becausetheclassesarefordifferentagegroups.符合题意，故选A。【示例】MISSINGCATWecannotfindourcat!Wemisshimverymuch.Pleasehelpus!HowheLooks：Heisbrownandwhite.Hisfrontpawsarewhitelikeboxinggloves.HisnameisBoxer.Howhesounds：Boxerisbig,butthecrieslikeakitten(幼猫).Ifyouhearatinymeowandseethatitisingfromabig,strongcat,thenyouhavefoundBoxer!IFyouseeHIM：Pleasecall555555orbringhimtoourhouseat10CherryLane.Wewillgiveyouareward.23.Whatisthepurposeofthematerialabove?A.Tosellacat. B.Tobuyacat. C.Toshowalovelycat. D.Tofindamissingcat.【文章大意】这是一个寻猫启示，介绍了猫的外貌特征，它叫的声音是什么样子，以及联系。【答案】D【解析】考查细节判断。根据Wecannotfindourcat!Wemisshimverymuch.Pleasehelpus!可知这个内容是关于寻找猫的；故选D。_____仿真仿真演练Passage1Amy:Ihavealwaysadmiredstudentswhohandtheirhomeworkinontimeandneverforgettodoit.SoIwaswondering,whatareyourtipsforgettingorganized?Pleasepostyourideasbelowtohelpme!Hana:Goodquestion,Amy.Ialwaysspendaboutfiveminutestidyingupthedesktoponmyputer.Imakeabackup(备份)ofimportantdocuments.IdeletethingsIdon’tneedanymoreandputeverythingintothecorrectplace.Gloria:Themostimportantthingistostartstudyingafewweeksbeforetheexamsandnotleaveituntilthenightbefore!That’sjustmonsense,Ithink.Lou:Hi,Amy.Mytipistohaveabignoticeboardinyourbedroom,dividedintodifferentareas.I’vegotanareaforeachsubjectandanotheroneforotherwork.IuseboardpenstowriteremindersandImakesureIlookatiteveryday.ThebestpartiswhenIclearsomethingofftheboard!1．Whostartsstudyingafewweeksbeforetheexams?A．Any. B．Hana. C．Gloria. D．Lou.2．WhydoesAmypostthispassage?A．Tomakefriendswiththethreepeople. B．Togethelpfromthosewhoareorganized.C．Tocallonpeopletobeanorganizedstudent. D．Tosharesomeexperiencesofgettingorganized.3．WhatisthebestpartforLou?A．Todividethingsintodifferentareas. B．Tofinishtheworkontheboard.C．Touseboardpenstowritereminders. D．Totakealookatthelisteveryday.【答案】1．C2．B3．B【导语】本文讲述了艾米不善于组织自己和三个学生给她的建议。1．细节理解题。根据“Gloria:Themostimportantthingistostartstudyingafewweeksbeforetheexamsandnotleaveituntilthenightbefore!”可知，Gloria在考试之前学习。故选C。2．细节理解题。根据“SoIwaswondering,whatareyourtipsforgettingorganized?Pleasepostyourideasbelowtohelpme!”可知，艾米想从那些有组织的人那里得到帮助。故选B。3．细节理解题。根据“ThebestpartiswhenIclearsomethingofftheboard!”可知，对于Lou，最好的部分是完成黑板上的工作。故选B。Passage2Doyouwanttomakeourcityabetterplace?Joinusandvolunteertogether.PlantingtreesPlantingtreesisagreatwaytomaketheairfresherandmakeourcitygreener.Ifyou’reover12yearsold,eandhelpustoplantmoretreesinWestLakePark.Let’smeetatthecastgateoftheparkat8:30a.m.thisSaturday.You’dbetterwearsportsshoes.RepaintingwallsThebuildingscoveredwithgraffiti(涂鸦)areterrible.ThisSunday,wearegoingtorepaintthewallsofLuguStreetandmakethemcleanagain.Anyonewhoisovertencanjoinus.PleasearriveatNo.18,LuguStreetat9:30a.m.Youneedn’tbringanytools.Justremembertowearoldclothes!CollectingrubbishYoucanhangoutwithyourfriendsintheparkandcleanupourcityparksatthesametime!WearegoingtocollectrubbishatYueluMountainfrom9:00a.m.to11:30a.m.nextSaturday.Nomatterhowoldyouare,eandjoinus!Anyonewhocollectsthemostrubbishcangetagiftforfun.4．Volunteersneedto________iftheyplantorepaintwallsaccordingtothepassage.A．bringpaintingtools B．wearoldclothes C．wearsportsshoes5．Howlongwillvolunteersspendcollectingrubbish?A．2hours. B．2.5hours. C．3hours.6．Whatcanweknowfromthepassage?A．Thetwelveyearoldcanplanttreestoimprovetheenvironment.B．Wecanmakebuildingscoolandinterestingwithgraffiti.C．Anyonecangetagiftifheorshehelpstocollectrubbish.【答案】4．B5．B6．A【导语】本文主要介绍了一些志愿者活动，呼吁人们参与。4．细节理解题。根据“Repaintingwalls...Justremembertowearoldclothes!”可知去重新粉刷墙壁要穿旧衣服。故选B。5．细节理解题。根据“WearegoingtocollectrubbishatYueluMountainfrom9:00a.m.to11:30a.m.nextSaturday.”可知九点到十一点半收集垃圾，一共2.5小时。故选B。6．细节理解题。根据“Ifyou’reover12yearsold,eandhelpustoplantmoretreesinWestLakePark.”可知12岁的孩子可以种树来改善环境。故选A。Passage3SusanSinceIenteredmiddleschool,Ihavealwayswantedtobeeatranslator.IcantranslateChineseintoEnglishsothatpeopleinothercountriescanenjoyChinesepoemsandstories.Beingatranslatorisn’teasy.Ittakesgreatpatienceandconfidence.IhopethatIwillbeabletogotocollegeandbeearealtranslatorsomeday.JackMydreamistobeeasuccessfuldoctor,helpingthosesickpeopleandsavingtheirlives.Ihopeeveryonecanhaveanopportunity（机会）toreceivewonderfultreatmentsfortheirillnesseswithouthavingtopaymuch.Itismychildhooddream.Inordertoachievemydream,Ineedenoughknowledgeandexperience,soIworkhardtoimprovemyself.AnnaIlovetobeeagreatFashionDesigner.Fashiondesigningissomuchoffunandcreative.IfIdesignacosturneandhavemysignature（签名）onit,therecognitionIachievewillgoworldwide.FashiondesigningdoesrequirelotsofstudyandresearchandIneedtobemyselfunique（独特的）.Imustworkhardtobereadyforthepetitionsandchallenges.DavidMydreamistobealawyer.Somepeoplethinklawyersaresimplyoutformoney,butIbelievelawyershaveadesire（愿望）tohelpothers,especiallythosewhoareunabletodefend（维护）themselves.Iknowbeingasuccessfullawyerwilltakemuchpreparationandhardwork.Iamwillingtodowhatittakestomakemydreametrue.7．Whosedreamistobeadoctor?A．Susan’s. B．Jack’s. C．Anna’s. D．David’s.8．WhatdoesDaviddesiretodo?A．Tohelpothersindefending. B．Tobeuniqueworldwide.C．Tosavepeople’slives. D．TospreadChineseculture.9．Susanneedstobe________tomakeherdreametrue.A．patientandconfident B．creativeandfunnyC．knowledgeableandexperienced D．helpfulandcareful【答案】7．B8．A9．A【导语】本文讲述苏珊、杰克、安娜和大卫四个人各自的梦想和为了梦想成真各自的努力。7．细节理解题。根据表格“Jack”及“Mydreamistobeeasuccessfuldoctor”可知，杰克的梦想是成为一位医生。故选B。8．细节理解题。根据表格“David”及“Ibelievelawyershaveadesiretohelpothers,especiallythosewhoareunabletodefendthemselves”可知，大卫认为律师渴望成为律师，帮助其他人辩护。故选A。9．细节理解题。根据表格“Susan”及“Ittakesgreatpatienceandconfidence.IhopethatIwillbeabletogotocollegeandbeearealtranslatorsomeday”可知，苏珊为了梦想成真需要有耐心要有自信。故选A。Passage4WeletotheChineseTraditionalArtworkWebsiteName:papercutting

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