高级英语Lesson4-背景知识讲解

InauguralAddressJohnF.Kennedy(January20,1961)ThesocialbackgroundofKennedy’saddressColdwarissth.whichmarksthesituationin1960's.Theworldismainlydividedintotwohostilecamps.1)socialistcamp--headedbytheSovietUnion2)capitalistcamp--headedbytheUSContradictionbetweensocialismcountriesandcapitalismstatesisstillsharp.VS资本主义阵营社会主义阵营ThestructureofthisaddressPart1（Para1~5）ThispartsummarizesthefundamentalpoliticalaimsofAmerica.Part2(Para6~9)ThispartisthepromiseKennedymadetotheallianceofAmerica.Part3(Para10)ThispartisthepromiseKennedymadetoUN.Part4(Para11~19)ThispartisthethreatandsummonthatKenneysenttotheenemy.Part5(Para20~27)This

partisthesummonKennedysenttotheAmericansangtheworldatlarge.CompositionGreetings问候语PresentationoftheTopic提出话题

DiscussionoftheTopic论述话题ConclusionoftheTopic结束话题AppealtoAction呼吁行动ClosingRemarks结尾语Whatisaspeech?PublicspeechisthetransmissionofamessageinEnglishfromonepersonwhoaddressestoanaudiencewhoisphysicallypresent,whichisaskillthateveryoneneedstolearn.Evenifyouarenevercalledupontovocalizeyourownideasinfrontofothers,learninghowtoeffectivelyspeakinpublicwillincreaseyourconfidence,andmakeyoumorecomfortablewithotherpeople.informativespeech信息型演讲persuasivespeech劝说型演讲entertainingspeech娱悦型演讲stimulatingspeech

激励型演讲CategoryofspeechDefinitionofapoliticalspeech

Politicalspeechissuchapublicspeechwhichbelongstoapersuasivespeechthatstatesaperson'sstandpoint,clarifieshisview,andadvocateshisideasconcerningnationalaffairsanddiplomaticrelations,foracertainpoliticalpurposeorsomepoliticalmotivation,includingdiplomaticspeechmilitaryspeech,thegovernmentworkreport,politicalpropagandaetc.Thepurposeofpoliticalspeechismainlymanifestedintwoaspects:oneistomakepeopleknow,makepeoplebelieve,makepeopleinspiredandmakepeopletouched;theotheristomakeinterpersonalrelationshipofpoliticiansharmoniousthroughthespeech

Thepurposeofapoliticalspeech1.The

isclear.---Eachparagraphhasitsowntopic.3.The

isrigid(精确的).--Itismadebeforehand.Soitisasortofwritten

language.2.The

isappropriate.---

Use

differenttonetodifferentpeople.

4.The

isrhetorical(修辞的).

parallelism,metaphor,antithesis,balanced

structure,repetitionofwordsandphrases---for

force,vividnessandemotionalappeal.ordertonestylelanguageFeaturesofapoliticalspeechInauguralAddress

Washington

inhissecondInauguration(onMarch4，1793)

gave

onrecord—just135wordsWilliamHenryHarrison

delivered

,

at8,445

words,

onMarch4,1841

thelongestInauguraladdresstheshortestInauguraladdressMemorablewordshavebeenutteredininauguraladdress.Itisaspeech,lectureofficiallymadebyapersonontakingoffice.

LanguagefeaturesofKennedy’saddress

一、词汇层面

形容词:在肯尼迪的演讲中,形容词数占到了总字数的7·8%,也接近于美国总统就职演说辞中形容词的平均含词量:7·4%。且其中绝大多数都是表主观判断和感情色彩的如:fruitful,

peaceful,great,

powerful,

solemn,

hard,

steady,等·第一人称复数代词的使用在肯尼迪的演说中也颇具特色。他的演讲中,使用得最多的是第一人称代词,尤其是第一人称复数代词“we”,及它的变体:“us,

our,

me”等。不少情形下,第二人称代词“you”的使用都由第一人称代词所代替了。例如:

(1)

We

dare

not

…

revolution·(para2)

(2)

Nor

will

it

be…

us

begin·(para20)另外,第一人称复数代词还可以唤起一种团体意识,使团体内部的差异最小化,而强调团体内外的差异如:”Let

…

the

success

of

liberty·”

(para4)该句的第一人称复数代词:”we,

us”将美国人与其他各民族区别开来,唤起了美国人的民族自豪感及责任感,使演讲具有了强烈的煽动性。

二、句法层面

句子结构的多样性从句子类型来看,肯尼迪的演说辞中,句子以主从复合句为主,其次为简单句,并列复合句含量较少。

演讲中句式的复杂性主要源于名词的后置现象。肯尼迪的演讲中名词有282个,其中有92个带有后置修饰语,占总数的32·6

%。几乎没有所有格’s来替代后置修饰的现象。相反往往有本来可以用前置修饰却用后置修饰代替的现象。后置修饰语的增多,使限定更加精确,能提供更多信息,还可以使语言更加庄重,使内容更加严肃,并能起到强调的作用。

另外,肯尼迪的演讲中,祈使句的使用也颇具特色。演讲中,祈使句共有14句,占总句数的26·9%。其中大多数都采用“Let···”的形式。祈使句的作用就是向听众进行直接呼吁,激起他们的热情,让他们按照演讲人的意图办事。三、修辞特征

1·排比(parallelism)肯尼迪的演说不足1500字,排比却被用了20次之多如:

(1)

We

observe

…

change·(para1)

(2)···the

torch

has

been

…

to

witness···(para3)

(3)···that

we

shall

…

oppose

any

foe···(para4)

(4)

Let

us

never..

negotiate·(para

14)

(5)···a

struggle

…

war

itself·(para22)

2.反复(repetition)例如第6,7,8,10,11段的开头用了这样构:”To

those

old

allies···”,”To

those

new

states···”,”To

those

peoples···”,”To

our

sister

republics···”,”To

that

world

assembly···”and”to

those

nations···”。这些句子中既用了排比有用了反复。

3.层进(climax)是指在排列句子成分时,根据由浅入深,从小到大,从轻到重,由少到多,从低到高的原则,选择恰当的词语,使语义层层递增,起到加强语义的作用。

如:”Nor

will

it

be

…

on

this

planet·”(

para20)

4.对偶句(antithesis)如:”United,there

is

…

can

do,···”(

para

6)·)”And

so,

my

fellow

…

do

for

your

country·”(

para25)

5·隐喻(metaphor)

在肯尼迪的就职演说中隐喻被用了8次。

例如:(1)···those

who

…up

inside·(有些人为了追逐权力,不惜骑在虎背上,追后落得个丧命虎口的下场。)

(2)

But

this

peaceful

…

of

hostile

powers·(这场充满希望的和平革命,决不能够变成敌对势力的猎物。)

(3)And

if

a

beachhead

of

co-operation

…

of

suspicion

(如果合作的滩头

阵地能够逼退猜忌的丛林)

6.头韵

(Alliteration)头韵法是一种语音修辞手段,它是指相邻的词首出现相同的辅音。肯尼迪的演说中头韵法被用27次之多。

例如:(1)

Let

every…

of

libert