尼克松简介(英语)

RichardMilhousNixon(1913.1.9--1994.4.22)

RichardMilhousNixon----the37thPresidentoftheUSA(1969.1.20-1973.1.20,1973.1.20-1974.8.9)NixonwasbornonJanuary9,1913,California.Hisfatheristheownerofadepartmentstores.HegraduatedfromWhittierCollegeandDukeUniversity(惠蒂尔学院和迪克大学).Firstheworkedasalawyer,thenjoinedtheNavy,whenhedemobilized(复员),hewaselectedtotheSenate.In1946,NixonwaselectedRepublicanU.S.HouseofRepresentatives(美国众议院共和党议员)asthebeginningofthecareerinpolitics.In1952,he,asEisenhower(艾森豪威尔)'srunningmate（竞选伙伴）,waselectedVicePresident,diditfor4years.In1960,1964,Nixonranforpresidenttwice,butfailed.Afterhisdefeat,NixonworkedasalawyerinLosAngelesandNewYork.Nixonreturnedtopoliticsin1968,theyearofU.S.presidentialelection,hebeattheothers,waselectedthe37thpresidentoftheUnitedStates.InJanuary1973hewasre-electedthepresident.Aftertheruling,internally,Nixon’sobjectiveistopreventinflation,torevivetheU.S.economy.Externally,heproposedtheNixonDoctrineandtodirectcontactwithChina.Nixon’sfirstvisittoChinawasinFebruary1972,openedthedoortobilateralrelations(双边关系）.DuringhisstayinChinatheU.S.Governmentissuedthefamous“ShanghaiCommunique（公报）.”NixonopenedthedoorforSino-USrelations(中美关系）.In1974,becauseof"Watergate,"Nixonresigned,becomingthefirstU.S.presidenttoresign.

1.ElectionNixon,alawyer,servedastheNavy,thehighestrankisjustamajor(少校).Butheisaverypoliticallymindedperson,thesecondyearaftertheendofWorldWarIIwaselectedasmembersofCongress.In1952,he,asEisenhower'srunningmate,waselectedVicePresident.Hewasonly39yearsoldatthetime,becomeoneoftheyoungestVicePresidentinthehistory!In1959hewaselectedRepublican（共和党)presidentialcandidate.Hetookasteptothepresidency,unfortunately,hewasdefeatedbyJohnF.Kennedyinanarrowvoteinthepresidentialcampaign,sothatstepwasforcedtowithdraw.Afterhisdefeat,NixonworkedasalawyerinLosAngelesandNewYork.Butthesurgingheartisnotwillingtobeordinary,Afternineyears,Nixonreturnedtopolitics,andinthatyear'sU.S.presidentialelection,hedefeatedDemocrat(民主党)Humphrey(汉弗莱）andindependentcandidatesWallace(华莱士),electedthe37thPresidentofUnitedStates,welcomedthepeakofhispoliticalcareer.Fromtheaboveprofile,wecanknow:Nixonwasborninapoorfamily.ItcanbesaidthatNixonwasapooryoungmanwithoutanybackground,suchapersontogoinpolitics,atthetimewasnotfavored.However,Nixongaveusamiracle(奇迹)!WhatcanwelearnfromthehistoryofNixon'sstruggle?Fromapoorboytothepresident,fromanordinarypersontoaruler…………2.NixonDoctrineSpeakingoftheNixonDoctrine,weshouldfirstmentionthe"TrumanDoctrine（杜鲁门主义）."AfterWorldWarII,Germany,Italy,Japan-thethreefascist(法西斯)countriessuffercompletefailure,whileBritainandFranceweakenseverely,onlytheUnitedStates,reliesonthewardevelopedintheeconomicandmilitarypower.Ithasachieveddominanceintheworld.Therefore,onMarch12,1947,theUnitedStatesproposedthe"TrumanDoctrine",infact,tointerfereintheinternalaffairsofothercountries,markingthe"coldwar"begin.Thisisacontraction（方针）toshrinktheworld‘sobligationoftheUSA(收缩美国的全球义务）toadjustthenewpolicyofinternationalrelationsanddiplomacy.Themid-20thcentury,US-SovietColdWarintensified,thegrowthofpowerofthesecondworld,especiallytheriseoftheThirdWorld,theUnitedStatesgetintotheVietnamWar（越南战争）,andthebreakoutofthedomesticvarietyofthecrisis,theNixonDoctrinecameintobeing.ThecentralpointofitistodefendtheUnitedStateswillnolongerbearthefullresponsibilityfortheworld'sfreecountriesHowever,totheNixonera,facingnewcircumstances,theNixonDoctrinewasputforward.194770sEuro-centricstrategyforglobaloffensive（欧洲为中心的全球性进攻战略）Tostrategicdefenseonthedefensive（转为战略防御处于守势）"TrumanDoctrine”and“NixonDoctrine”3.Sino-USrelations(中美关系)"Createaworldofpeace,"the37thpresidentoftheUnitedStatesRichardNixon•WithoutChinaandits750millionpeopletoparticipate,therecanbenotstableandlastingpeace.

-<<NixonBiography>>P.244Nixon'svisittoPakistan（巴基斯坦）,healsosaid:"ChinaandtheU.S.Ahavebeenrecriminated(反责),hostilebetweeneachotherfor20years,Iwouldliketoendthissituation."-<<NixonBiography>>P.208Background

USA

China

ThebreakdownofSino-Sovietrelations,ChinafacespressureChina'snationalstrength,enhancetheinternationalstatusTheUnitedStatesboggeddown(陷入困境)intheVietnamWarWesternEuropeandJapanchallengetheUnitedStatesTheyweredefensiveintheSovietpowerSovietUnionProcess1.Exploratorytrip------"ping-pongdiplomacy"Sino-USrelations“thaw(解冻)”isinneedofanopportunityatthattime.MaoZedongandZhouEnlaiattachgreatimportance(重视）totheping-pongplayers’exchangebetweenChinaandUSA,sotheyinvitedtheU.S.tabletennisteamtovisitChina,whichbeganthe"pingpongdiplomacy."a"smallballtopromotethebigball"2.Whirlwindtour（旋风之旅）---Kissinger（基辛格）'ssecretvisittoChina

3.Icebreakingtrip–Nixon’svisittoChina"Mr.President,youreachedacrossthemostvastoceantoshakemyhand.22yearsofnocontactbetweenus!"---ZhouEnlai"Whenweheldhands,oneeraendedandanothererabegin."

-"MemoirsofRichardNixon"ThetoastchangestheworldAhandshakeacrossthemostvastocean;Atrip,getridofthemostsolidice;Abulletin(公告),shockedtheworldpattern.

Itallhappenedinjustsevendays

February21,1972to28

Sevendaystochangetheworldhistory.------Nixon’svisittoChina4.WatergateTheso-called"Watergate"referstotheheadquartersoftheDemocraticNationalCommittee(民主党全国委员会总部)foundthewiretapping（窃听）incidentonJune17,1972,theWatergateapartmentsinWashington.ThecauseoftheincidentwasduetoNixontoldCharlesColson（查尔斯·科尔森）togetLarryO'Brien's（拉里·奥布赖恩）personsofintelligence（情报）,theCommitteewhoengagetheDemocraticPartyheadquartersinthemainresponsibility,.However,astheDemocraticPartyhaslongbeenwary(谨慎的),andtheCIA（中央情报局）hasconsistentlymonitor(监听)thewhereabouts(在什么地方)oftheeavesdropper（窃听者）,theeavesdropper’salleffortshadbroughttolight.Atthattime,fivepeoplewerearrested,Thishappenedduringthepresidentialcampaign,Involvedtheofficialsofthe"president'sre-electioncommittee（总统竞选连任委员会）,"sosomegovernmentofficialsresigned.Nixondeniedtheincidenthasanythingtodowithhim.Butthecourtforcedhimtohandoverthoserecordingtapes,astheresult,hehadtopayoutthetapes.OnJuly8,1974,theSupremeCourt（最高法院）madeunfavorable（不利的）ruling（裁决）toNixon.Atthesametime,newspaperssenttohimresignationpublicopinion,Congresshadconstantlycalledforhisimpeachment（弹劾）.SinceNixon'slackofpoliticalsupportofCongress,hehadtoresignfromthepresidency,becamethefirstU.S.presidenttoresign.DEEPTHROAT(深喉)MarkFelt(马克·费尔特)-------IntheWatergateprovideimportantinformationforthejournalistLeft:In1972,thehigh-spirited"WashingtonPost(《华盛顿邮报》)"reporterBernstein(伯恩斯坦)(whohaslonghair),andthenovice(新手)Woodward(伍德沃德).Right:onJune2002,"WashingtonPost"reportedthatyear,"Watergate,"WoodwardandBernsteinreceivedNBC(ABC)(美国全国广播公司(ABC))interview.UnitedStatespresidentialimpeachmentinhistoryIn1974,as"Watergate"PresidentRichardNixonwasimpeachedBillClintonAndrewJohnson（安德鲁·约翰逊）。5.OldageWhenNixonresignedin1974,hehasbeen61yearsold,however,heseemstodoanalmostimpossiblething-tochangehimselfintheAmericanpublicimage,restorehisreputation.Overthenext20years,theNixonconstantlyreflecton(反思）himselfandactivelyparticipateininternationalaf