全国卷高考英语四选一阅读考点突破-理解主旨要义课件

理解主旨要义

最近三年，三套全国卷中的每一套都有1～2题考查主旨要义，且每套题都有一道题要求考生给短文选择一个恰当的标题。这类题包括段落大意、短文大意和短文标题三类。其中大意类的题干中常含mainidea或mainlyabout，标题类含title。如：

1.大意类：Whatisthemainideaofparagraph1?(2012年全国课标卷)Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?(2019年全国Ⅱ卷)Whatisthemainideaofthetext?(2020年全国Ⅰ卷)Whatisthetextmainlyabout?(2020年全国Ⅲ卷)2.标题类：Whatis/canbe/mightbethebesttitleforthetext?(2020年全国Ⅱ卷)Whichofthefollowingcan/mightbethebesttitleforthetext?(2019年全国Ⅰ卷)Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?(2020年Ⅰ卷；2020年全国Ⅲ卷)

解答主旨要义题的主要方法是寻找主题句。寻找主题句的方法是略读法，即快速浏览首尾段、每段的首尾句，以及表达句段关系的连接性词语，特别是but,however,though(adv.然而),infact,therefore等。有时，没有体现段落或文章主旨的主题句，我们就要根据文章所述内容进行归纳和概括。

(1)Now（如今）…暗示本文即将要讲的事很有可能与以往不同。

(2)表转折的词。段落中出现but,however,actually,while,infact,onthecontrary,incontrast等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正要表达的观点。(3)表总结的词。如therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等词后内容也可能是主题。(4)多次重复的词。如果一篇文章中多次出现某个词，该词往往是体现文章主旨的关键词。寻找主题句的6个微技能：

核心步骤：一读(略读)二找(寻找主题句)三比较(将主题句或主要内容同各选项比较)。(5)若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章的主旨。(6)说明实验结论或调查结果的句子。如theirstudiesshowthat…，theexperimentshowsthat…，scientists/researchershavefoundthat…或thereisevidencesuggestingthat…中that从句的内容通常就是主旨。段落大意[典型例题]2020年全国Ⅱ卷·32 We’veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence. What’stheproblem?It’spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It’smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecause...

Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?A.Addictiontosmartphones.B.Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C.Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrangers.D.Impatiencewithslowservice.√

点拨：本题要求考生归纳段意。有没有能体现第一段段落大意的主题句呢？如果有，请在文中标出来；如果没有，请自己概括。

本段无主题句，描述的情况是：在公共场合，人们只是专注地盯着自己的手机，甚或苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默之中。据此可归纳为，陌生人之间缺少交流。故选C项。[对点练习]

1.(2019全国Ⅱ卷·28)TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition—hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.△Whatistheparagraphmainlyabout?A.ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B.Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C.Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.D.ThedesignersoftheTransition.

A段落大意题。本段没有表达段落大意的主题句，需要自己归纳。第一句是导语，扼要地提示全文的核心内容。第二句简要介绍了该汽车的构造；第三、四句占了本段大部分篇幅，主要是介绍了这种汽车的基本数据，仅阿拉伯数字就达5处。对比各选项，只有选项A正确。本段并没有指出其优缺点，更未提及其潜在市场和设计者，故排除选项B、C和D。遇到“难题”可用排除法。

√2.(2012年全国课标卷·67)Grown-upsareoftensurprisedbyhowwelltheyremembersomethingtheylearnedaschildrenbuthaveneverpracticedstilleversince.Amanwhohasnothadachancetogoswimmingforyearscanstillswimaswellaseverwhenhegetsbackinthewater...△Whatisthemainideaoftheparagraph1?A.Peoplerememberwellwhattheylearnedinchildhood.B.Childrenhaveabettermemorythangrown-ups.C.Poemreadingisagoodwaytolearnwords.D.Storiesforchildrenareeasytoremember.√A段落大意题。略读找到主题句：第一段第一句“Grown-upsareoftensurprisedbyhowwelltheyremembersomethingtheylearnedaschildrenbuthaveneverpracticedstilleversince.”，比较各选项，只有A项(人们清楚地记得他们在童年时学到的东西。)正确。

3.(浙江卷)Homestodaycouldbebuilttolastjustaslongasthoseoldhomesifpeoplewerewillingorabletopaytheprice.Forexample,morepeoplecannolongeraffordsolidoakstairways,althoughtheywereoncefairlycommoninolderhomes...Andnotonlywouldthesecarpentersknowhowtobuildthem,theywouldprobablydoabetterjobthancarpentersofold.△Whatdoesthethirdparagraphmainlydiscuss?A.Peopleinthepastpreferredtouseoaktobuildstairways.B.Itisnowexpensivetoemployacarpenter.C.Modernhouseslastaslongastheoldones.D.Goodcarpentersstillexistinmoderntimes.√D段落大意题。略读找到主题句：第三段第一句“Homestodaycouldbebuilttolastjustaslongasthoseoldhomesifpeoplewerewillingorabletopaytheprice.”和最后一句“Andnotonlywouldthesecarpentersknowhowtobuildthem,theywouldprobablydoabetterjobthancarpentersofold.”，比较各选项，只有D项正确，好的木匠在现代仍旧存在。

[典型例题]2020年全国Ⅰ卷·31文章大意Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother...

Whatisthemainideaofthetext? A.Newlanguageswillbecreated. B.People’slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages. C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages. D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.√点拨：本文要求考生概括短文大意。主题句是第____段第____句，请在文中标出来，对比各选项，只有_____项正确。主题句是第一段第一句“Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.(语言的产生或消失已有几千年了，但是在当代，产生的少，失去的更多。)”，其中but后的内容是作者要说明的重点：失去的更多。接着讲随着社会的发展，许多语言都消失了。对比各选项，只有C项正确，人类的发展导致语言的减少。[对点练习]1.(2020年全国Ⅲ卷·27)Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness(荒野)...

DawsondidnothaveanyofthenaturalconveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthereforgold.…Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.Butnomatterhowrichtheywere,Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon…whentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgotoseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.TourismisnowthechiefindustryofDawsonCity-itspresentpopulationis762.

Whatisthetextmainlyabout? A.Theriseandfallofacity. B.ThegoldrushinCanada. C.Journeysintothewilderness. D.TourisminDawson.1.

A文章大意题。无主题句，需概括。作者重点阐述内容在第一段的But的内容，讲述加拿大的道森(Dawson)因发现金旷，两年成为西部最大的城市(兴)；第二段指出人为只是为金而去，而那里的自然环境恶劣，生活不便；第三段，金完人走(衰)，如今只有762人。因此，本文是道森这一城市的兴衰史，故选A项。

√2.(2019年全国Ⅲ卷·28)Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopulationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.

Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.B.PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.C.Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.D.ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark.

√2.D文章大意题。由主题句，第一段第一句“Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.”可知，选D项(再次将狼引入黄石公园)。3.(2009年浙江卷·56)InancientEgypt,thepharaoh(法老)treatedthepoormessagerunnerlikeaprincewhenhearrivedatthepalace,ifhebroughtgoodnews.However,iftheexhaustedrunnerhadthemisfortunetobringthepharaohunhappynews,hisheadwascutoff.…OnceafriendandIpackedupsomepeanutbutterandsandwichesforanouting.Aswewalkedlight-heartedlyoutthedoor,picnicbasketinhand,asmilingneighborlookedupattheskyandsaid,“Ohboy,baddayforapicnic.Theweathermansaysit’sgoingtorain.”Iwantedtostrikehimonthefacewiththepeanutbutterandsandwiches.Notforhisstupidweatherreport,forhissmile.SeveralmonthsagoIwasracingtocatchabus.AsIbreathlesslyputmyhandfulofcashacrosstheGreyhoundcounter,thesalesagentsaidwithabroadsmile,“Ohthatbusleftfiveminutesago.”Dreamsofhead-cutting!It’snotthenewsthatmakessomeoneangry.It’stheunsympatheticattitudewithwhichit’sdelivered.Everyonemustgivebadnewsfromtimetotime,andwinningprofessionalsdoitwiththeproperattitude.…Bigwinnersknow,whendeliveringanybadnews,theyshouldsharethefeelingofthereceiver.Unfortunately,manypeoplearenotawareofthis…Hadmyneighbortoldmeoftheupcomingrainstormwithsympathy,Iwouldhaveappreciatedhiswarning…

Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Deliveringbadnewsproperlyisimportantincommunication.B.Helpingotherssincerelyisthekeytobusinesssuccess.C.Receivingbadnewsrequiresgreatcourage.D.Learningancienttraditionscanbeuseful.√3.

A文章大意题。前三段只是为了引出话题，第四段前三句和最后一句才是作者要表明的观点：让人生气的不是坏消息本身，而是传达消息时那种冷漠的态度，成功的专业人士会用恰当的态度来传达坏消息。故选A项（恰当地传达坏信息在交流中是很重要的）。

[典型例题]2020年全国Ⅲ卷·35文章标题

Adultsunderstandwhatifitfeelsliketobefloodedwithobjects.Whydoweoftenassumethatmoreismorewhenitcomestokidsandtheirbelongings?ThegoodnewsisthatIcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemorewithless.

Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TakeitorLeaveitB.ALessonfromKidsC.LiveMorewithLessD.ThePleasureofGiving√点拨：本题要求考生选择恰当标题。主题句是第____段_____句，请在文中标示出来，然后对比各选项，只有____项正确。

略读找到主题句：第一段最后一句“ThegoodnewsisthatIcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemorewithless.”，对比各选项，只有C项正确。[对点练习]1.(2020年全国Ⅰ卷·27)GoodMorningBritain’sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole–showingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.

Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.KeepingFitbyEatingSmartB.BalancingOurDailyDietC.MakingYourselfaPerfectChefD.CookingWellforLess√1.D

标题选择题。主题句是首段第一句中的but后的内容，再结合末段末句，不难看出，四个选项中只有D项正确，“用较少的钱做出好吃又有营养的食物”。2.(2020年全国Ⅱ卷·35)What’stheproblem?It’spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It’smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseit’sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit’sannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssayit’saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.

Whatisthebesttitleforthetext? A.ConversationCounts B.WaysofMakingSmallTalk C.BenefitsofSmallTalk D.UncomfortableSilence√2.C标题选择题。主题句在第二段But后，为该段最后一句“Expertssayit‘saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.(专家说闲谈是会带来巨大益处的好习惯。)”，接下来便通过引用专家的言论以及实验结果来证明闲谈的益处及重要性，因此选项C（闲聊的好处）正确。

3.(2019年全国Ⅰ卷·31)Someoftheworld’smostfamousmusiciansrecentlygatheredinParisandNewOrleanstocelebratethefirstannualInternationalJazzDay.UNESCO(UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization)recentlysetApril30asadaytoraiseawarenessofjazzmusic,itssignificance,anditspotentialasaunifying(联合)voiceacrosscultures.Despitethecelebration