Unit4FriendsForever基础知识导学案高中英语外研版

高一必修一Unit4Unit4—SectionA1.familiar&unfamiliar①(sb.)befamiliarwithsb.(某人)熟识某事物；②(sth.)befamiliartosb.(某事物)为某人所熟知；③bee/get/growfamiliarwith变得熟识；④beonfamiliartermswith...与...交情好。①besimilarto与...相像；②besimilarin在...方面相像。练习：1.Mygrandmagrewupinthecountryside,sosheisquitefamiliarallthecrops.2.Iamfamiliarhisstyleofdesign.=Hisstyleofdesignisfamiliarme.3.Sheisnotonlygiftedinmusicbutalso(熟识)allkindsofmusicalinstruments.4.Themusician(为...所熟识)almosteveryoneinChina.5.Areyou(与...交情好)Mr.Johnson?6.Herideas(和我的相像).2.prefer&preference①prefertodo/doing...更喜爱做....；②prefersb.todosth.宁愿某人做...；③preferAtoB喜爱A赛过喜爱B；④preferdoing...todoing...=prefertodo...ratherthando...=wouldratherdo...thando...=woulddo...ratherthando...宁愿做...而不愿做...。(2)preferencen.偏爱，优待①haveapreferencefor...对...偏爱；②developapreferencefor...养成对...的偏爱；③give(a)preferenceto...优先考虑...。练习：1.Theprofessorpreferred(give)lecturestostudentsto(invite)toattendmeetings.2.Ratherthandriveallthewayeveryday,heprefers(cycle)tohisoffice.3.我宁愿步行去那儿而不愿乘公交。==3.①losetrackof...与...失去联系，不了解...的状况/动态②keeptrackof...与...保持联系，了解...的动态；③getoffthetrack偏离正题，离题；④beonthetrackofsb./sth.追踪/追寻...；⑤beontrack稳步前进，做法对头。【拓展】其他表示“联系〞等的表述：表状态①stay/keepintouch/contactwithsb.与某人保持联系：表状态②beintouch/contactwithsb.与某人有联系；③beoutoftouch/contactwithsb.与某人失去联系；表动作④getintouchwithsb.与某人取得联系；表动作⑤makecontactwithsb.与某人取得联系；⑥losetouch/contactwithsb.与某人失去联系。练习：1.Lewisistrackforthegoldmedal.2.Hepreferstostayintouchhisfriendsbysendingemails.3.Clickonthesiteandpostmessagesonsocialmedia,anditwillenableyoutofindtherelativesyou(已经失去联系的).4.Tomakeiteasier(与...取得联系)us,you’dbetterkeepthiscardathand.5.我们已经失去联系几年了。4.①Whatif...?假如...怎么办？/要是...会怎么样？(≈Whatwouldhappenif...?)②What/Howabout...?...怎么样？〔用于提出建议或引出话题〕③Whatfor?为什么？④Sowhat?那又怎样？〔认为某事无关紧要，尤用于反对他人的职责时〕⑤Howe?怎么会呢？〔表示惊异〕⑥Whyme?为什么是我呢？⑦Whynot?为什么不呢？〔表建议〕⑧Whocares?有谁在乎呢？练习：1.theytalkedalongtimeaboutapaintingyouweren’tthatinterestedin?2.Jim,canyouworkthisSunday??I’vebeenworkingfortwoweeksonend.3.Lindadidn’tinviteustotheparty??Idon’tcare.4.playingjokesonLiMingtomorrow?’relookingtired.takeaholiday?6.Iwaswonderingwhowonthegamelastnight.?Idon’treallylikeeitherteam.5.deliver&delivery(1)delivervt.&vi.递送，传送，交付；vt.发表，给...接生，分娩，生产。①deliversth.tosb.把某物交给某人；②deliversb./sth.overtosb.把某人/某物移交给某人；③deliveraspeech/lecture发表演讲；④bedeliveredofababy=givebirthtoababy生孩子(2)deliveryn.递送，分娩①expressdelivery快递；②adeliveryroom产房。练习：1.Youpromisedtodeliverthegoodsus,butwehaven’tseenanyofthemyet.2.Youcaneitherpickupthegoodsorhavethem(deliver).3.Pleasepayforgoodson(deliver).4.Bothadultsandyoungstersaged13+arerequired(deliver)ournewspaper.5.Ourheadmaster(发表了一次鼓舞人心的长篇演讲)yesterday.6.thanksto归功于...，多亏...①thanksto...通常作状语，常指好的方面；②becauseof常作状语；③owingto常作状语和表语；④dueto常作状语、表语，一般不位于句首。练习：选词填空：thanksto，becauseof，owingto，dueto1.Hisgoodhealthsproperdietandregularexercise.2.yourhelp,Igotthepositionadvertisedintheschoolnewspaper.3.Davidsaidthatitwashisstronginterestinputersthathechosethecourse.7.advance&advanced(1)advancen.预先，提前，进步，进展，前进，推动(尤指士兵)；v.(使)进展，促进，开展，前进，提前。①inadvance提前，预先；②inadvanceof在...之前，超前于，比...先进；③makeadvancesin=makeanadvancein在...方面取得进步；④advanceon/towards朝...前进。(2)advancedadj.先进的，高级的。advancedtechnology先进的技术；练习：写出以下句中划线词的词性和词义1.TheyusetheInternetasatooltoadvancetheirresearch.2.Informationtechnologyhasgreatlyadvancedsincethe1960s.3.Weliveinanageofrapidtechnologicaladvance.4.IshouldwarnyouinadvancethatI’mnotaverygooddancer.单句语法填空5.Itwasaconfusingquestionformewhytheymovedoffadvance.6.Weareworkinghard(advance)thecauseofworldpeace.7.ThisscienceandtechnologybasedthemeparkinFranceusesthemost(advance)technology.8.significantly&significant&significance(1)significantlyadv.重大地，显著地，意义深远地；(2)significantadj.重要的，重大的；(3)significancen.意义，重要性。besignificant=beofsignificance重要的练习：1.Hisinehasincreased(significant)sincehebecamealawyer.2.Onlyafterhewentabroaddidherealizethe(significant)ofEnglish.9.maintainv.保持，维持，保养，维护，供给，扶养例：①maintainabalance保持平衡；②maintainafamily维持一家人的生活。练习：1.Weshould(保持平衡)betweenstudyandrest.2.Belowaresomewaysto(保持友情).3.Moresignificantly,asaprofessionalathlete,yououghttoalways(保持良好的心态).10.enablev.使发生，使可能enablesb.todosth.使某人能够做某事【拓展】：adj./n.+en→v.①sharpadj.→sharpenv.(使)变锐利；②deepadj.→deepenv.(使)变深；③broadadj.→broadenv.(使)变宽；④weakadj.→weakenv.(使)变弱；⑤strengthn.→strengthenv.(使)加强；⑥lengthn.→lengthenv.(使)加长。en+adj./n.→v.①richadj.→enrichv.使丰富；②largeadj.→enlargev.扩大；③couragen.→encouragev.鼓舞；④dangern.→endangerv.使处于险境。练习：1.Hisgoodhealth(使得他能够努力工作).2.Modernmunications(使越来越多的人能在家里工作).3.Ann(sharpen)herpencilandtookoutherhomework.4.Boredomcanactually(short)yourlife,accordingtoresearchers.5.Wehavealwaystriedto(broad)ourhorizons.6.Itisillegalandcan(danger)otherpeople’slives.11.unusual&usual&usually(1)unusualadj.特别的，不平常的It’sunusual(forsb.)todosth.(某人)做某事是不寻常的。(2)usualadj.通常的，平常的①asusual像平常一样；②thanusual比平常...。(3)usuallyadv.通常地，一般地练习：1.Itisnot(usual)formetoseethecrowdedtube.I’vegotusedtoit.2.Wouldyouliketodonateunusualgift?3.usual,thegenerousgentlemangavealotofnewbookstothisschool.4.He(usual)goestoworkbytubebuthetookataxitoday.12.①keepinmindthat...记住...=bearinmindthat...，是keep/bearsth.inmind的变式结构，that引导宾语从句。②keep/bear...inmind把...放在心里，把...记在心上；③makeupone’smind(todosth.)下定决心(做某事)；④changeone’smind转变办法；⑤etomind突然记起(或想到)；⑥with...inmind考虑到。练习：1.Ofcourse,repairworkisexpensiveandyouhavetokeepthatmind.2.Youmustkeepinmindheismuchyoungerthanyou.3.Always(记住)thatyourmaintaskistogetthispanyrunningsmoothly.4.Shegavemeadeterminedlookthekindthatsaidshewouldnot(转变办法).13.tend&tendency(1)tendv.往往会，常常就，趋向，走向，倾向等；①tendtodosth.易于做某事，往往会发生某事②tendto/towards...有...的趋势，倾向于...；③tendtosb./sth.照看...，照料...(to是介词且可以省略)。(2)tendencyn.趋势，倾向Thereisatendency(forsb.)todosth.(某人)有做某事的倾向。练习：1.Themodernfurnituredesigntendssimplicity.2.Whenfeelingstressed,mostpeopletend(breathe)short,shallowbreaths.3.Obviously,whenpeopleareunderpressure,they(往往会感到焦虑).4.(有上升的趋势)forwomentohavechildrenlaterinlife.14.theway(=that/inwhich)+定语从句thewaytodosth.=thewayofdoingsth.做某事的方式/方法；theway(方式，方法)作先行词后接定语从句时有以下三种状况：①关系词在从句中作状语，关系词用that，inwhich或省略；②关系词在从句中作主语，关系词用that或which；③关系词在从句中作宾语，关系词用that，which或省略。练习：1.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbutthewayinhesaidit.2.TheSmithsarepraisedfor(他们抚养孩子的方式).3.Idon’tknow(汤姆是怎样从这样的大火中幸存下来的).4.Isthisthewayyoucanimagine(削减空气污染)?15.acquirev.获得，得到①acquireknowledge获得学问；②acquireareputation获得声誉；③acquireatastefor开头喜爱。练习：1.Duringherfilmcareer,she(获得了...名声)asanoutspokenwoman.2.Ihavereally(喜爱上)olives.3.Onlythroughconstantpracticecantheabilityofusingaforeignlanguage(acquire).16.provev.证明，证明；linkingv证明是，被发觉是①provesth.tosb.证明某事给某人看；②Ithasbeenprovedthat...已经证明...；③provesb./sth.(tobe)+adj./n证明某人/某物...；④prove(tobe)+n./adj.证明...。练习：1.Thebusinessman(证明是)kindandgenerous.2.(已经得到证明)eatingvegetablesinchildhoodhelpstoprotectyouagainstseriousillnessesinlaterlife.3.Actuallythenewputersystem(证明白它的价值).4.ThestrengthofChina’seconomy(将被进一步证明).5.Itdoesn’timpresslikeGeorgeWashington’splantationonthePotomac,butLincoln’shomeindowntownSpringfield,Illinois,(prove)irresistibletovisitorssinceitopenedtothepublic.Unit4—SectionB1.inspiring&inspire&inspired&inspiration(1)inspiringadj.鼓舞人心的，启发灵感的(2)inspirev.鼓舞，鼓舞，使产生(某种情感)①inspiresb.todosth.鼓舞某人做某事；②inspiresb.withsth.=inspiresth.insb.用...激发某人，激发某人的某种情感。(3)inspiredadj.卓越的，冲动人心的；(4)inspirationn.灵感，鼓舞。练习：1.Hisspeechwasso(inspire)thathisstudentswereinspired(study)harderthaneverbefore.2.Thecaptain’sheroiceffortinspiredthemdetermination.3.(inspire)bymygoodfriend,Iintendedtostudyabroad.4.Thepossibilitythatthereislifeonotherplanetsintheuniversehasalwaysinspiredscientists(explore)outerspace.2.pourv.灌，注，倒，大量涌出，(雨)倾盆而下，不断涌向(或涌现)①o...把...投入/倒入...；②pourout倾吐，倾诉。练习：1.Igotoutofbedanddrewthecurtains,sowarmsunshinepouredthewindowsintotheroom.2.Shepouredhertroublestomeoveracupofcoffee.3.Aftertheshow,thecrowd(涌出)thetheatre.4.Therain(正倾盆而下).3fort&fortable&unfortable(1)fortn.抚慰，安慰，舒适，令人感到抚慰的人(或事物)；v.抚慰，抚慰①turntosb.forfort向某人寻求抚慰；②infort舒适地；③beagreatforttosb.是某人的巨大抚慰；④forfort为了舒适；⑤take/drawfortfrom...从...获得抚慰。(2)fortableadj.令人舒适的，感到舒适的；(3)unfortableadj.使人不舒适的。练习：1.Workingasatailorcanhardlyenablehimtolivefort.2.Whenevershewasupset,shewouldturntohermotherfortandadvice.3.Itakefortthefactthathisfriendsaretheretohelphim.4.Inmoderntimes,peoplehavetolearntolivewithallkindsofpressurealthoughtheyareleadinga(fort)life.5.Thissofaisso(fortable)thatshedecidestobuyanewone.4.patience&patient&patiently&impatient&impatiently①haveno/littlepatiencewith...不能容忍...；②lose/runoutofpatience(withsb.)(对某人)失去急躁；③withpatience=patiently急躁地。(2)patientadj.急躁的；n.[C]病人。bepatientwith...对...有急躁。(3)patientlyadv.急躁地；(4)impatientadj.不耐烦的。beimpatientwith...对...不耐烦。(5)impatientlyadv.不耐烦地。练习：1.Mymotherhasthe(patient)towaitforthechangeofmyattitude.2.Theteacherismakingcorrectionstomyposition(patient).3.ThoughIhavemanyquestions,Mary(对...有急躁)me.4.Heisagoodteacher,buthe(受不了)hisnaughtyson.5.passionn.剧烈的情感，激情，酷爱，喜爱，盛怒①withpassion布满激情地；②haveapassionfor...酷爱...；③flyintoapassion勃然大怒。练习：1.TheEnglish(酷爱)gardens.2.She(勃然大怒)ifanyoneevenmentionshisname.3.他发表了热忱洋溢的讲话。Hespoke.6.generosity&generous&generously(1)generosityn.慷慨，大方①actofgenerosity慷慨之举；②show(sb.)generosity(对某人)表现出慷慨；③one’sgenerosityto/towards...某人对...的慷慨。(2)generousadj.慷慨的，大方的①begeneroustosb.对某人慷慨；②begenerouswithsth.在某方面大方，不吝啬某物；③It’sgenerousofsb.todosth.某人做某事是慷慨的。(3)generouslyadv.慷慨地，大方地练习：1.Ishallneverforgetthe(generous)shownbytheChinesepeople.2.Thesevolunteersareverygeneroustheoldmen.3.Thegraduateisverygeneroushistimeinhelpingothers.4.Itisgenerousofyou(lend)yourdigitalcameratome.7.anxious&anxiously&anxiety(1)anxiousadj.焦虑的，担心的，渴望的，急迫的①beanxiousaboutsth./forsb.为...担忧；②beanxiousforsth.渴望得到某物；③beanxioustodosth.渴望做某事，急于做某事；④beanxiousthat...担忧...，渴望...。(2)anxiouslyadv.焦虑地，急迫地；(3)anxietyn.渴望，焦虑①withanxiety焦虑地；②anxietyfor...对...的渴望。练习：1.Mymotheralwaysgetsabit(anxiety)ifwedon’tarrivewhenwesaywewill.2.Mrs.Johnsonhasbeenanxioushersonsincehewentabroad.3.Thepanyisanxious(improve)itsimage.4.Shewasanxiousheshouldmeetherfather.5.Icanunderstandyour(anxious),butpleasetrynottoworry.8.distance&distant(1)distancev.使与...保持距离，撇清和...的关系；n.距离，遥远，(人际关系的)疏远。①inthedistance在远处；〔距离较近〕②at/fromadistance从远处，离开一段距离；〔距离较近〕③withinwalkingdistance在步行距离之内；④adistanceof......的距离；⑤keepone’sdistance(from...)(与...)保持距离；⑥keepsb.atadistance与某人保持肯定距离；⑦distanceoneselffrom...撇清自己与...的关系。(2)distantadj.要员的，冷淡的。练习：1.Theboywantedtodistance(him)fromtheaccident.2.Hedraggedaboxforlongdistanceandapproachedthestation.3.Mr.Smithiskindtotheworkersinhisstore,butafterworkhekeepsthemadistance.4.Therearelotsofrestaurantswalkingdistance.5.Itsnowsalltheyearroundinthat(distance)littlevillage.6.Thepicturelooksbetter(离开一段距离).9.postponev.使(大事、行动等)延期，延迟。①postponesth.until...将某事推迟到...；②postpone(doing)sth.推迟(做)某事；【拓展】其他表示“推迟〞或“提前〞的用法：①putoff推迟，延期；②delayv.推迟，延期；③putforward将...提前。练习：1.We(推迟)ourdepartureonaccountofthebadweather.2.Thenoticecamearoundtwointheafternoonthat(会议将被延期).’vedecidedtopostpone(deliver)aspeech.4.WedecidedtopostponethepartymyparentsreturnedfromAmerica.Unit4—SectionC1.ordinaryadj.一般的，平常的①intheordinaryway一般，通常；②outoftheordinary不寻常，出乎意料。【辨析】ordinary，mon，normal，usual①ordinary，指一般，无奇怪之处〔反义词：special〕；②mon，指常见〔反义词：rare〕；③normal，指标准正常；④usual，指惯例〔反义词：unusual〕。练习：选词填空：ordinary，mon，normal，usual1.Hereferredtothelifeofthepeopleinhisbook.’stofeeltiredaftersuchalongtrip.3.Somekindsofbirdswhichwereonceasightarenowbeingrare.4.As,IwasfocusingmyattentiononwritinganovelonSundaymorning.5.(通常),sheleaveshomeat7:30.6.Thetrafficisnow(恢复正常)aftertwodaysofheavyfog.2.fortune&misfortune&fortunate&fortunately&unfortunately&unfortunate(1)fortunen.[C]大笔的钱，巨款；n.[U]运气，机遇；①makea/one’sfortune发财；②seekone’sfortune外出查找发财时机；③beworthafortune值一大笔钱；④costafortune要花一大笔钱；⑤tryone’sfortune碰运气；⑥tellone’sfortune给某人算命；⑦havethegoodfortunetodosth.有幸做某事。(2)misfortunen.[C]不幸的世故；n.[U]不幸。①befortunateindoingsth.因做某事而感到幸运；②befortunatetodosth.有幸能做某事。(4)unfortunateadj.不幸的；(5)fortunatelyadv.幸运地；(6)unfortunatelyadv.不幸地.练习：1.Knowingthatiswaseasytofinddiamondinthedesert,hewentthereto(碰运气).2.I(足够幸运地遇到)theprofessorwhoappreciatedmypaintingsverymuch.3.Hefelt(fortune)thattheinterviewspokehighlyofhimduringtheinterview.4.(fortunate),shepromisedmeaninterviewchance.3.①couldn’thavedone过去不行能做过；②can’t/couldn’thavedone过去不行能做过；③couldhavedone过去本能够做〔而未做〕；④shouldhavedone过去本应当做〔而未做〕；⑤shouldn’thavedone过去本不该做〔却做了〕；⑥musthavedone过去肯定做过；⑦may/mighthavedone过去可能做过；⑧needn’thavedone过去本没有必要做〔却做了〕。练习：1.Tom,youaretoolazy.You(本该完成)theworkyesterday.2.I(本没有必要担忧)beforeIcametothenewschool,formyclassmateshereareveryfriendlytome.3.Harryisfeelingunfortable.He(肯定喝了太多)atthepartylastnight.4.Whyareyoureyessored?You(不行能睡好)lastnight.4.“nomatter+疑问词〞引导让步状语从句nomatter意为“不管，无论〞，与what，who，which，when，where，how等疑问词连用，引导让步状语从句，分别相当于whatever，whoever，whichever，whenever，wherever，however等。“nomatter+疑问词〞只能引导让步状语从句，而whatever，whoever，whichever除了可以引导让步状语从句外，还可以引导名词性从句。练习：1.(不管他在哪里),hemakesitaruletogoforawalkbeforebreakfast.选词填空：whatever，whoever，whenever，however’lldoIcantohelpyou.3.Iwilllendmyedictionarytowantstolookupwordsandpromisestotakegoodcareofit.4.Whencouldyouhaveamealwithme?I’dlikeyogoitisconvenienttoyou.5.hardItriedtothinkaboutit,whathesaiddidn’treallygetacrosstome.5.oughtto应当，应当oughtto是情态动词，没有人称、数和时态的变化，后接动词原形，用法与should根本相同；否认式：oughtnottodo.../oughtn’ttodo...；一般疑问句：Ought+主语+todo...?练习：1.Tobeatopstudent,we(应当)bestrictwithourselves.2.Oncelostintheforest,you(应当留在)whereyouarewaitingforhelp.3.We(应当敬重)thosewhohavesuchgoodqualitiesasgenerosityandpatience.4.You(不该开车)ifyou’retired.6.workout找到...的答案，解决，计算出；胜利地开展〔不及物动词短语〕；熬炼，健身(=exercise)。①workoutaproblem解决问题；②workouttheanswer计算出答案；③workon/at从事，致力于；④workas当...，做...工作；⑤workfor为...工作，努力促成。【拓展】其他“动词+out〞短语：①turnout结果是，证明是；②breakout爆发；③carryout执行，实施；④makeout理解，弄清晰；⑤runout用完，耗尽；⑥giveout分发，发出，用完，耗尽。练习：1.Ifyouwanttokeepfit,youcan(熬炼)inagymregularly.2.Teachersaresupposedtoteachteenager(如何解决)thepsychologicalproblems.’dbetterdiscusseverythingindetailbeforeweworktheplan.4.Weneedtoputinourtimeandworkourskills.7.correspond&corresponding&correspondence(1)correspondv.通信，符合，相全都；①correspondwithsb.与某人通信；②correspondwith/tosth.与...相符；(2)correspondingadj.相应的，相符合的(3)correspondencen.通信，信件练习：1.Wehavecorrespondedeachothersincewegraduatedfromcollege.2.Thewrittenrecordoftheconversationdoesn’tcorrespondwhatwasactuallysaid.8.worthadj.值得，值...钱①beworthdoing值得做(worth前常用well修饰)；②beworthit值得；③beworth+钱数值...钱【辨析】worth，worthy与worthwhile易混词固定搭配worthbeworth+n./doingworthy①beworthyof+n.；②beworthyofbeingdone；③beworthytobedone.worthwhileIt’sworthwhiletodo/doingsth.练习：1.TheSummerPalace(值得巡游).ThereforeIplantohavealookatitthissummerholiday.2.Thisarticleidwellworth(read),butitisnotworthyof(translate).3.Thenovelisworthy(read)asecondtime.4.Itmightbeworthwhile(consider)yourattitudetoaninsurancepolicy.5.Itisworthconsideringwhatmakes“convenience〞foodssopopular,and(introduce)betteronesofyourown.6.Thisjobisworth(do),butitisn’tworthwhile(spend)somuchtimedoingit.9.turnup(意外地或最终)消失，被找到，调大(音量等)【拓展】turn其他短语：①turnround/around转身；②turndown拒绝，低调；③turnout结果是，证明是；④turnto求助于，转向，翻到；⑤turnon翻开；⑥turnoff关掉；⑦turninto(使)变成；⑧turnover翻转，移交。练习：1.Despitebeingunwele,theunexpectedguestturned.2.Hisforecastturnedtobepletelywrong.3.Ifyoueacrossanydifficultyduringyourjourney,youcanturnme.10.appointed&appoint&appointment(1)appointedadj.商定的，指定的①attheappointedtime在指定时间；②attheappointedplace在指定地点。(2)appointv.任命，委派，商定，确定(时间、地点)①appointsb.as/tobe...任命某人为...；②appointsb.to...任命某人到...任职；③appointsb.todosth.委派某人做某事。(3)appointmentn.商定，约会，任命，委任①haveanappointmentwith...与...有约；②makeanappointment约时间；③keepanappointment准时赴约。练习：1.Tenminutesbeforethe(appoint)time,hesatnervouslyoutsideheroffice.2.Thoughopposedbymanymembers,hewasappointedheadofthemittee.3.IhaveanappointmentDr.Smith,butIneedtochangeit.4.AmieSalmon,disabled,isattendedthroughoutherschooldaysbyanurse(appoint)toguardher.5.Wewouldliketoannouncethe(appoint)ofJuliaLewisasheadofsales.6.Amitteewasappointed(consider)theplans.11.scenen.场景，场面，景色，景象，发生地点，现场，(戏剧中的)一场①on/atthescene到现场，在现场；②battlescenes战斗场面；③thesceneoftheaccident/crime事故/犯罪现场。练习：1.Thebandsangabeautifulsongthesceneandallthefanswereexcited.2.Theseasideremindsmeofmanyjoyful(scene)ofmyvacation.3.Thepolice(到现场)immediatelyandcaughtthosecriminals.4.Anewchapterinanovelissomethinglike(新的一场)inaplay.12.ashamed&shame(1)ashamedadj.惭愧，惭愧，为难，羞于；(常用作表语，几乎不放在名词前)①beashamedthat...对...感到惭愧；②beashamedtodosth.因做某事而感到惭愧。(2)shamen.耻辱，惭愧，惭愧，耻辱心，耻辱感，耻辱，丢脸①ashame令人惋惜的事，让人圆满的事；②Itisashamethat...真圆满...；③toone’sshame令某人感到惭愧的是；④Whatashame!多惋惜！/多圆满！练习：1.Yourbehaviorwasshocking.Youshouldbeashamedyourself.2.(令她感到惭愧的是),shegainedbackalltheweightshehadlost.3.Weshouldn’t(对...感到惭愧)ourweightbecauseourinnerbeautyismoreimportant.13.personality&personal&personally(1)personalityn.共性，性格；(2)personaladj.私人的，个人的；(3)personallyadv.就个人而言，亲自地。练习：1.(personal)playsakeyroleinsociallearninginanimals.2.(personal),Ibelievetelevisionisakindofpassivepastime.14.atmospheren.气氛，气氛，环境，大气(层)①createa(n)...atmosphere营造...的气氛；②pollutionoftheatmosphere大气污染。【留意】：抽象地点名词如position，point，case，stage，situation，atmosphere作先行词，且关系词在从句中作状语时，常用关系副词where引导定语从句。练习：1.Thebossofthepanyistryingtocreateaneasyatmospherehisemployeesenjoytheirwork.2.Thesefactoriesarereleasingtoxicgasesintoatmosphere.3.Therestaurantisfamousforits(友好的气氛)andexcellentservice.Unit4——单元语法：定语从句(Ⅰ)一、定语从句的概述英语中形容词、名词、名词全部格、物主代词、数词、不定式〔短语〕、动名词、分词〔短语〕、介词短语以及地点副词等度可以充当定语。但是，上述几种状况作定语，在语言运用中是远远不够的。这个时候就有定语从句，就是句子作定语。被它修饰的成分，叫作“先行词〞。充当定语作用的句子称为定语从句，定语从句由关系代词或关系副词来引导。〔1〕定义：在复合句中，作定语修饰名词或代词的从句，叫作定语从句。它所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。〔2〕构成：先行词+关系词+定语从句；〔3〕关系词作用：①连接主句和从句；②指代先行词；③在从句中充当句子成分。〔4〕分类：限制性定语从句，非限制性星语从句〔5〕关系词是总称，详细分为：①关系代词：who，whom，whose，that，which，as；②关系副词：when，where，why，that二、关系代词的用法被定语从句修饰的词叫作先行词；连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词〔包括关系代词和关系副词〕。关系词不仅在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，而且也充当定语从句中的一个成分。关系代词除了指代主句中的先行词外，同时还在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。作宾语时可以省略；但关系代词做介词宾语，而且介词提到它的前面时，关系代词不能省略。关系代词修饰的先行词从句中所作的成分who人主语、宾语whom人宾语whose人或物定语关系代词修饰的先行词从句中所作的成分that人或物主语、宾语、表语which物或事主语、宾语、表语、定语as人、物或事主语、宾语、表语1.who，whom的用法who和whom引导定语从句，二者都用于指人。who在定语从句中作主语或宾语，whom在定语从句中只作宾语。在现代英语中，跟特别疑问句一样，作宾语时可以用who代替whom。【留意】：在从句中做介词的宾语且介词提到关系代词之前时，只能用whom，不能用who。whose引导定语从句，既可指人，也可指物，它表示先行词和它所修饰的词是所属关系，在定语从句中作定语。除了用whose表所属关系以外，在whom和which之前加of也可以表示所属关系〔即ofwhom，ofwhich〕。这时名词需要特指，应加定冠词，放在ofwhom和ofwhich之前或之后均可。which引导定语从句，用来指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，间或作定语。that引导定语从句，既可指人，也可指物，指人时可与who或whom互换，指物时可与which互换。在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语。作宾语时可以省略；作介词的宾语时，介词不能提到that之前。as引导定语从句主要用于两种状况：一种是限制性定语从句，先行词由as，so，such，thesame修饰；另一种是②非限制性定语从句，其先行词是整个主句，即as指代整个主句的内容。〔1〕as引导限制性定语从句，先行词前有as，so，such，thesame修饰；领先行词前有as，so，such，thesame等修饰时，关系代词常用as，它在从句中作主语或宾语。【留意】：①在so/such...that...引导的结果状语从句中，that不作任何成分，只起引导作用。要留意和定语从句进行区分。②thesame后有时用that，它表示“同一个，就是那一个〞；而as表示“与...一样〞，但不是同一个。〔2〕as引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词是整个主句。as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，先行词就是整个主句，它在定语从句中作主语、宾语。它引导的从句可以谓语主句前，也可以谓语主句后，还可以谓语主句中间。as引导非限制性定语从句时，常见的固定表达：①asweallknow众所周知；②asIcanremember正如我所记得的；③asoftenhappens这常常发生；④asweexpect正如我们预料的那样；⑤asyousee这一点你明白；⑥ashasbeensaidbefore如前所述；⑦asiswellknown众所周知；⑧aswasexpected正如预料的那样；⑨ascanbeseen看得出来；⑩ashasbeensaidabove如上所述；⑪asmaybeimagined正如可以想象出来的那样；⑫asweallcansee正如我们都能看到的那样；⑬asisoftenthecase状况常常如此；⑭aseverybodycando正像人人都能做到的那样。三、使用定语从句时的考前须知〔1〕关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略；〔2〕关系代词在从句中作表语时可省略；〔3〕关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，而介词在从句句尾时，关系代词可省略；①领先行词是all，little，few，much，everything，nothing，none等不定代词时；②领先行词被all，every，no，little，few，much，theonly，thevery，theright，thelast等修饰时；③领先行词是序数词、熊蓉次最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修试时；【留意】以上三种状况有一个共同特点，就是先行词或先行词之前的修饰语往往带有“唯一〞概念或者“全部〞概念，以致无法作出选择。由于关系代词which原本也是疑问代词，表示“哪一个〞，含有选择意味，所以，关系代词用that是最平安的选择。④当主句是以which开头的特别疑问句。①关系代词前有介词时；②在非限制性定语从句中；③先行词本身就是that时；④关系代词后有插入语时。①领先行词为人称代词he，she，they或one(s)，anyone，nobody等指人的不定代词时；②当指人的先行词是those，或先行词被those所修饰时；③当指人的先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时；④当指人的先行词和定语从句被其他成分分隔时；⑤当指人的先行词是由两个定语从句修饰〔即双重定语从句〕时，其次个从句只能用who/whom引导，不能用that。其次个定语从句的关系代词不行省略。⑥therebe结构中先行词指人时。①在特别疑问句中，假如开头的疑问代词是who，为了防止重复，定语从句宜使用that引导，而不用who。②领先行词为疑问代词who，which时。③当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语或宾语补足语时，定语从句也不用who引导，而用that，或者省略关系代词that。这一般是确认性表语。④领先行词同时包含人和物时。①一般来讲，关系代词作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数方面应当与前面的先行词保持全都。②定语从句的时态一般不受主句影响，只须依据从句的状况而定。③依据英语习惯，在一个句子中，假设主句谓语动词已经说明白所谈论的时间，那么与之相关的其他从句的谓语动词就不必再次指明同一时间，而往往使用一个比拟简洁的时态，如用一般现在时表示一般将来时等。当主句为将来时态，定语从句通常用一般现在时表将来。四、语法专项练习Ⅰ.用适当的关系代词完成以下各句