下丘脑与垂体的内分泌功能课件

04NeuroendocrinesystemAi-MinBao,M.D.Ph.DZhejiangUniversitySchoolofmedicine下丘脑与垂体的内分泌功能04NeuroendocrinesystemAi-MinBao,M.D.Ph.DZhejiangUniversitySchoolofmedicineMajorOrgansofEndocrineSystemHypothalamusPituitaryGlandThehPtaxisThyroidGlandParathyroidGlands(ondorsalaspectofTheHPAaxisthyroidglandAdrenalThehPgaxisPancreasGonadsOvaries(female)TheendocrinesystemdiffersfrommostoftheotherorgansystemsoftheTestesmale)body-thevariousglandsarenotanatomicallyconnected;howevertheydoformasysteminthefunctionalsense.EndocrineversusNervoussystemNervoussystemperformsshorttermcrisismanagementEndocrinesystemregulateslongtermongoingmetabolicEndocrinecommunicationiscarriedoutbyendocrinecellsreleasinghormonesAltermetabolicactivitiesoftissuesandorgansTargetcellsParacrinecommunicationinvolveschemicalmessengersbetweencellswithinonetissueMajorOrgansofEndocrineSystemHypothalamusPituitaryGlandThehPtaxisThyroidGlandParathyroidGlands(ondorsalaspectofTheHPAaxisthyroidglandAdrenalThehPgaxisPancreasGonadsOvaries(female)TheendocrinesystemdiffersfrommostoftheotherorgansystemsoftheTestesmale)body-thevariousglandsarenotanatomicallyconnected;howevertheydoformasysteminthefunctionalsense.EndocrineversusNervoussystemNervoussystemperformsshorttermcrisismanagementEndocrinesystemregulateslongtermongoingmetabolicEndocrinecommunicationiscarriedoutbyendocrinecellsreleasinghormonesAltermetabolicactivitiesoftissuesandorgansTargetcellsParacrinecommunicationinvolveschemicalmessengersbetweencellswithinonetissueHumanhypothalamusHereinthiswell-concealedspot,almosttobecoveredwithmainspringofprimitiveexistencereproductive-onwhichwithmoreorlesssuccessscometosuperimposeacortexofinhibitionsCushing(1932)rostalcaudaPVNPVNSDNOVLTBothhumanpvnandsoncontainabout50000neuronsAlmostallvasopressinergicSoNneuronsprojecttotheposteriorpituitarythusinfluencingplasmalevelsInthePvnthereare3differenttypesofvasopressinproducingneurons.SometakepartintheHPA-axis,someprojecttotheneuropituitary,sometootherbrainareasHypothalamusHypothalamusParvocellularneurosecretorycell(Pvc)神经内分泌小细胞Hypophysiotrophicarea,HTA④or下丘脑促垂体区unitary调节腺垂体内分泌活动eriorMagnocellularneurosecretorycell(Mgc)神经内分泌大细胞视上核、室旁核神经垂体激素一催产素、血管加压素神经垂体激素运载蛋白l,‖(Neurophysin,)神经肽:脑啡肽、内啡肽、神经肽YTheHypothalamus-HormonesandReleasingFactorsProlactinReleasingHormone(PRHProlactinInhibitingHormone(PIHHypothalamusThyrotropinReleasingHormone(TRH)ReleasingfactorsCorticotropinReleasingHormone(CRH)GonadotropinReleasingHormone(GnRH)GrowthHormoneReleasingHormone(GHRH)GrowthHormoneInhibitingHormone(GHIH)促黑素细胞激素释放/抑制因子(melanophoreulatinghormonereleasingfactor,MRFPituitarymelanophore-stimulatinghormonereleaseinhibitingfactor,MIF可能是催产素裂解出来的两种小分子肽Regulationofhypothalamichormones神经调节单胺类递质:DA,NE,5-HT肽类物质:脑啡肽、β-内啡肽、神经降压素、P物质、VP下级激素的反馈效应HypothalamusNegativefeedbackloopsregulatinghormonesecretioninatypicalXIH<thypothalamus-pituitaryperipheralglandaxisXRHXTHdⅢHInhibitPituitaX;peripheralglandhormonexXT;pituitarytropichormoneXRH;hypothalamicreleasinghormoneXIAHypophysispituitaryReleases9importantpeptidehormonesAll9bindtomembranereceptorsandusecyclicAMPasasecondmessengerAnteriorpituitaryoriginatesfromepithelium;posteriorpituitaryfromneuraltissueMedParsintermedia(p