英国文学史复习资料

英国文学史资料BritishWritersandWorks=1\*ROMANI.OldEnglishLiterature&TheLateMedievalAges<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-SaxonsEpic:longnarrativepoemsthatrecordtheadventuresorheroicdeedsofaheroenactedinvastlandscapes.Thestyleofepicisgrandandelevated.e.g.Homer’sIliadandOdysseyArtisticfeatures:UsingalliterationDefinitionofalliteration:arhetoricaldevice,meaningsomewordsinasentencebeginwiththesameconsonantsound（头韵）

SomeexamplesonP5Usingmetaphorandunderstatement（保守陈说）Definitionofunderstatement:expressingsomethinginacontrolledwayUnderstatementisatypicalwayforEnglishmentoexpresstheirideasGeofferyChaucer杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（JohnDryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)ThefatherofEnglishpoetry.Itis____alonewho,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,presentedtousacomprehensive(综合，广泛)realisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflife.(A)A.GeoffreyChaucerB.MatinLutherC.WilliamLanglandD.JohnGowerwritingstyle:wisdom,humor,humanity.=1\*GB3①<TheCanterburyTales>坎特伯雷故事集：firsttimetouse‘heroiccouplet’(双韵体)bymiddleEnglish=2\*GB3②<TroilusandCriseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③<TheHouseofFame>声誉之宫MedievalAges’popularLiteraryform:Romance(传奇故事)Famousthree：KingArthurSirGawainandtheGreenKnightBeowulf=2\*ROMANIITheRenaissancePeriodAperiodofdramaandpoetry.TheElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.Renaissance:theactivity,spirit,ortimeofthegreatrevivalofart,literature,andlearninginEuropebeginninginthe14thcenturyandextendingtothe17thcentury,markingthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.ThreehistoricaleventsoftheRenaissance–rebirthorrevival:newdiscoveriesingeographyandastrology(占星术)thereligiousreformationandeconomicexpansionrediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekcultureThemostfamousdramatists:ChristopherMarloweWilliamShakespeareBenJohnson.EdmundSpenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为“诗人诗人”。）Thepoets’poet.ThefirsttobeburiedinthePoet’scornerofWesterminsterAbbey12.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisnotthereasonforthatEdmundSpenserisfamousfor“thepoet’spoet”?(B)A.Spenser’sidealismB.hisstruggleforcriteriaC.hisloveofbeautyD.hisexquisitemelody

=1\*GB3①

<TheFaerieQueene>仙后(forQueenElizabeth)Thethemeisnot“Armsandtheman”,butsomethingmoreromantic“Fiercewarsandfaithfullloves”.Artisticfeatures:UsingSpenserianStanza（诗一节）DefinitionofSpenserianStanza:astanzaofninelinesababbcbcc.Eightlinesiniambicpentameter（五步抑扬格）,andlastlineiniambichexameter.=2\*GB3②<TheShepherdsCalendar>牧人日历Thethemeistolament（悼念）overthelossofRosalind.③<Amoretti>爱情小唱2.

ThomasMore托马斯•莫尔1478~1535OneofthegreatestEnglishhumanists=1\*GB3①<Utopia>乌托邦3.

FrancisBacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626（哲学家、散文家；在阐述探究知识著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代试验科学先驱。）Philosopher,scientist,laythefoundationformodernscience.ThefirstEnglishessayist.Writingstyle:brevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions（暗示，提及）,metaphorsandphilosophytoman’sreason.=1\*GB3①<TheAdvancementofLearning>学术推进=2\*GB3②<Essays>随笔(famousquotas:<Ofstudies>)ThethemeofOfStudies:usesandbenefitsofstudyanddifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies.4.

BenJonson=1\*GB3①<ComedyofHumours>=2\*GB3②<Volpone,orthefox>狐狸5.ChristopherMarlowe柯里斯托弗•马洛1564~1595“UniversityWits”,thepioneerofEnglishdrama（完善了无韵体诗。）Blankverse:writteninunrhymediambicpentameter.14.Marlowegavenewvigorto____withhis“mightylines”(D)A.thePetrarchansonnetB.sestinaC.terzarimaD.blankverse=1\*GB3①<TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus>浮士德博士悲剧（依照德国民间故事书写成）=2\*GB3②<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝

③<TheJewofMalta>马耳他犹太人6.

WilliamShakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616

=1\*GB3①

Historicalplays:HenryVI;HenryIV:RichardIII;HenryV；RichardII；HenryVIII=2\*GB3②FourComedies:<AsYouLikeIt>皆大欢喜;<TwelfthNight>第十二夜;<AMidsummerNight’SDream>仲夏夜之梦;<MerchantOfVenice>威尼斯商人③FourTragedies:<Hamlet>哈姆莱特;<Othello>奥赛罗;<KingLear>李尔王;<Macbeth>麦克白④ShakespeareSonnet:154<TheSonnets>Threequatrainandonecouplet,ababcdcdefefggAsonnetisalyricconsistingof14lines,usuallyiniambicpentameterrestrictedtoadefinitionrhymescheme.=3\*ROMANIIIThe17thCentury

1.JohnMilton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。）=1\*GB3①Epics:

<ParadiseLost>失乐园

<ParadiseRegained>复乐园

=2\*GB3②Dramaticpoem:

<

SamsonAgonistes>力士参孙=3\*GB3③<Areopagitica>论出版自由<TheDefenceoftheEnglishPeople>为英国人民声辩④<OnHisBlindness>我失明 Thissonnetiswritteniniambicpentameterrhymedinabbaabbacdecde,typicalofItaliansonnet.ItsthemeisthatpeopleusetheirtalentforGod,andtheyservehimbestwhocanendurethesufferingbest.2.

JohnBunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具备永恒意义百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁《神曲》、奥古斯丁《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）Puritanpoet(清教徒派诗人)=1\*GB3①ReligionaryAllegory（寓言）:<ThePilgrim’sProgress>天路历程3.JohnDonnetheMetaphysicalpoet(玄学派诗人).MetaphysicalPoetry(玄学诗)：（用语）thediction（用语，措词）issimple,theimageryisfromtheactual,(形式)theformisfrequentlyanargumentwiththepoet’sbeloved,withgod,orwithhimself.（主题：love,religious,thought）Artisticfeatures:conceitsorimagery奇思妙喻syllogism三段论=1\*GB3①Meditations沉思录TheFlea虱子=2\*GB3②SongsAndSonnetsHolySonnets=3\*GB3③Valediction（告别演说，告别辞）:<ForbiddingMourning>=4\*ROMANIVThe18thCentury：Enlightenment同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，而且造成了资本主义和社会主义兴起，与音乐史上巴洛克时期以及艺术史上新古典主义时期是同一时期。Arevival（复兴）ofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,order,logic,restrainedemotion(抑制情感)andaccuracyTheAgeofEnlightenment/Reason:themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15thand16thcentries,aprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason(rationality),equality&science(the18thcentury)小说崛起：Inthemid-century,thenewlyliteraryform,modernEnglishnovelrised(realisticnovel现实主义小说)Gothicnovel(哥特式小说)：mystery,horror,castles(frommiddleparttotheendofcentury)1.

AlexanderPope亚历山大•蒲柏1688~1744（18世纪英国最伟大诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/“heroiccouplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）AsarepresentativeoftheEnlightenment，PopewasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland....Eg.AmongtherepresentativesoftheEnlightenment,whowasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland?(C)A.JohnBunyanB.DanielDefoeC.AlexanderPopeD.JonathanSwift=1\*GB3①<AnEssayonCriticism>批评论Artisticfeatures:1.Using“heroiccouplets”=2\*GB3②<TheRapeoftheLock>卷发遇劫记=3\*GB3③<MoralEssays>道德论

<EssayonMan>人论<TheDunciad>愚人记2.

SamuelJohnson塞缪尔•约翰逊1709~1784

=1\*GB3①Dictionary=<ADictionaryofEnglishLanguage>英语大词典3.JonathanSwift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745（十八世纪出色政论家和讽刺小说家amastersatirist。）

=1\*GB3①<Gulliver’sTravels>格列佛游记(fictionalwork)Fourparts:Lilliput小人国Brobdingnag大人国FlyingIsland飞岛Houyhnhnm马岛<AModestProposal>一个小小提议=2\*GB3②<TheBattleofBooks>书战=3\*GB3③<ATaleofaTub>木桶故事④<TheDrapper’sLetters>一个麻布商书信4.DanielDefoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说奠基人。）Heisthefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular（方言）,andheisthefounderofrealisticnovel.=1\*GB3①<RobinsonCrusoe>鲁宾逊漂流记ItpraisethefortitudeofthehumanlaborandthePuritan.Robinsongrewfromanaiveandartlessyouthintoashrewdandhardenedman,tempered（磨练）bynumeroustrials（考验）inhiseventfullife.Itisanadventurestory,Robinson,narrateshowhegoestosea,getsshipwreckedandmaroonedonalonelyisland,strugglestolivefor24-yearsthereandfinallygetsrelievedandreturnstoEngland.=2\*GB3②<MollFlanders>=3\*GB3③<ColonelJacque>④<Captainsingleton>5.HenryFielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父”。）Heiscalled“FatherofEnglishnovel”.Hewasthefirsttowritea“Comicepicinprose”(散文体史诗),andthefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.=1\*GB3①novels:<TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling>弃婴汤姆•琼斯<TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJosephAndrews>约瑟夫•安德鲁<TheLifeofMrJonathanWild,theGreat>大诗人江奈生•威尔德<Amelia>爱米利亚=2\*GB3②plays:<TheHistoricalRegisterfor1736>一七三六年历史记事<DonQuixoteinEngland>堂吉柯德在英国6.OliverGoldsmith奥利弗•格尔德斯密斯1730~1774=1\*GB3①poems:

<TheTraveller>旅游人

<TheDesertedVillage>荒村=2\*GB3②novel:

<TheVicarofWakefield>威克菲尔德牧师传7.

RichardBrinsleySheridan理查德•布林斯利•施莱登1751~1816=1\*GB3①<TheRivals>情敌=2\*GB3②<TheSchoolforScandal>造谣学校8.WilliamBlake威廉•布莱克1757~1827=1\*GB3①<SongsofInnocence>天真之歌Ahappyandinnocentworldfromchildren’seye.=2\*GB3②<SongsofExperience>经验之歌Awordofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholytonefrommeneyes.Include:

<TheChimneySweeper><London><TheTyger>LambisasymbolofpeaceandpurityTygerisasymbolofdread（恐惧）andoiolence=3\*GB3③

<TheMarriageofHeavenandHell>天堂与地狱婚姻9.RobertBurns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796ThegreatestScottishpoetinthelate18thcentury.PoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect主要用苏格兰方言写诗①<JohnAnderson,MyJo>约翰•安德生，我爱人②<ARed,RedRose>一朵红红玫瑰③<AuldLongSyne>往昔时光④<AMan’saManforA’That>不论那一套⑤<MyHeart’sintheHighlands>我心在那高原上⑥<BruceAtBannockburn>⑦<TheTreeOfLiberty>=5\*ROMANVTheRomanticPeriodTheromanticperiodbeganin1798thepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge’s<LyricalBallads>,andendin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeath.Romanticism:Itemphasizethespecialqualitieofeachindividual’smind.(人应该是独立自由个体)Init,emotionoverreason,spontaneousemotion,achangefromtheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules,imagination,nature,commonplace.TwomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic).“TheLakePoets”湖畔诗人，wholivedinthelakedistrict.WilliamWordsworth;SamuelTaylorColeridge;RobertSouthey1.WilliamWordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。TheLakePoets）①<LyricalBallads>抒情歌谣集(withSamuelTaylorColeridge)②<IWonderedLonelyAsACloud>Theme:1.Natureembodieshumanbeingsintheirdiversecircumstance.Itisnaturethatgivehim“strengthandknowledgefullofpeace”2.Itisblisstorecolledthebeautyofnatureinpoetmindwhileheisinsolitude.Comment:Thepoetisverycheerfulwithrecallingthebeautifulsights.Inthepoemonthebeautyofnature,thereaderispresentedavividpictureoflivelyandlovelydaffodils(水仙)andpoet’sphilosophicalideasandmysticalthoughts.③LinesComposedAFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey④TheSolitaryReaper孤独割麦女②<ThePrelude>序曲2.

SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834

TheLakePoets①<TheRimeoftheAncientMariner>古舟子颂②<Christabel>柯里斯塔贝尔③<KublaKhan>忽必烈汗Artisticfeatures:mysticism,demonismwithstrongimagination,astrangeterritory④<FrostatNight>午夜冰霜⑤<Dejection,anOde>忧郁颂⑥<LyricalBallads>抒情歌谣集(withWilliamWordsworth)3.

GeorgeGordonByron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824（拜伦式英雄Byronicheroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。）“Byronichero”isaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin,againsttyrannicalrulesormoralprinciples.=1\*GB3①<DonJuan>唐•璜<ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage>恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记<Cain>该隐 =2\*GB3②<WhenWeTwoParted>当初我们俩分别<SheWalksInBeauty>4.

PersyByssheShelley波西•比希•雪莱1792~1822=1\*GB3①PoeticDrama：<PrometheusUnbound>解放了普罗米修斯Theme:thedramacelebratesman’svictoryovertyrannyandoppression=2\*GB3②<QueenMab>麦布女王<RevoltofIslam>伊斯兰反叛<TheCenci>钦契一家<ADefenceofPoetry>诗辩<TheNecessityofAtheism>无神论必要性③Lyrics:<OdetotheWestWind>西风颂Theme:Theauthorexpresshiseagernesstoenjoytheboundlessfreedomfromthereality.Comparethewestwindtodestroyeroftheoldwhodrivesthelastsignsoflifefromthetrees,andpreserverofthenewwhoscattertheseadsshichsillcometolifeinthespring.Thisisapoemaboutrenewal,aboutthewindblowinglifebackintodeadthings,implyingnotjustanarcoflife(whichwouldendatdeath)butacycle,whichonlystartsagainwhensomethingdies.Comment:PercyByssheShelley's"OdetotheWestWind"iswritteniniambicpentameter.Itcontainsfivesonnetlengthstanzas,eachwithaclosingcouplet.Therhymingschemeformisababcbcdcdedee.Thetoneispoignant.Manywillagreethatthispoemisaninvocationforanunseenforcetotakecontrolandrevivelife.Artisticfeatures:Usingrerzarima(三行诗ababcbcdcdedefe…)<ToaSkylark>致云雀

5.

JohnKeats约翰•济慈1795~1821(“美即是真，真即是美”是他著名诗句。)

=1\*GB3①Fourgreatodes:<OdeonaGrecianUrn>希腊古瓮颂<OdetoaNightingale>夜莺颂<OdetoPsyche>心灵颂<OdeOnMelancholy>忧郁颂=2\*GB3②<ToAutumn>秋颂Theme:ThethemeofJohnKeats'poem,"ToAutumn",isthatchangeisbothnaturalandbeautiful.Thepoempraisesthegloriesofthefallseasonbyusingalmosteverytypeofimagerytobothcharmandappealtothereader.Comment:Thespeakerinthepoemacknowledgesthattimepassesby,butalsoassertsthatthischangeusuallyyieldssomethingnewandbetterthanwhatcamebefore.Eachofthepoem'sthreestanzasrepresentstheevolvingoftwodifferenttypesofchange.Onetypeofchangeshowninthepoemisthechangeofperiodsinaday.6.

JaneAusten简•奥斯丁1775~1817Shecomparedherworkstoafineengravinguponaliterarypieceofivoryonlyinchessquire.=1\*GB3①<SenseandSensibility>理智与感情<PrideandPrejudic>高傲与偏见(chapterI)【ElizabethBennet&Darcy】intheendfalseprideishumbledandprejudicedissolved【Collins&CharlotteLucas】seetherealityofmarriageasanecessarystepifawomanistoavoidthewretchednessofagingspinsterhood【Lydia&Wickham】shownthedangersoffeckless（软弱，没精神）relationshipsunsupportedbymoney.【Mr.&Mrs.Bennet,Mr.Collins,LadyCatherinedeBurgh】comiccharacters<MansfieldPark>曼斯菲尔德庄园<Emma>爱玛<NorthangerAbbey>诺桑觉寺<Persuasion>劝导7.WalterScott沃尔特•斯科特1771~1832(历史小说之父”)Fatherofhistorynovels=1\*GB3①<RobRoy>罗伯•罗伊=2\*GB3②<Ivanhoe>艾凡赫

=6\*ROMANVITheVictorianPeriod1832-1900Commonsenseandmoralpropreity,againbecamethepredominantpreoccupation.Criticalrealistswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeopleandeverydayevents.1.

CharlesDickens查尔斯•狄更斯1812~1870（批判现实主义小说家）criticalrealistwriter①<ThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub>匹克威克外传②<OliverTwist>奥利弗•特维斯特（雾都孤儿）③<TheOldCuriosityShop>老古玩店④

<AChristmasCarol>圣诞颂歌⑤<DombeyandSon>董贝父子⑥

<DavidCopperfield>大卫•科波菲尔⑦<BleakHouse>荒凉山庄<HardTimes>艰难时世⑧<ATaleofTwoCities>双城记(London&Paris)⑨<GreatExpectations>远大前途⑩<OurMutualFriend>我们共同朋友

是英国19世纪小说繁荣时期最出色代表作家，影响遍布欧美以及世界各国。他那富有社会批判意义现实主义小说不但使英国文坛焕然一新，而且对世界文学发展也产生了深远影响。2.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray威廉•麦克匹斯•萨克雷1811~1863①<VanityFair>oraNovelwithoutaHero名利场(thenameisanexcerptfrom<ThePilgrim’sProgress>byJohnBunyan)②<TheBookOfSnobs>

3.CharlotteBronte夏洛蒂•勃朗特1816~1855①<JaneEyre>简•爱JaneEyre,aplainlittleorphan,wassenttoLowood,acharityschool.Thereshesufferalotand8yearslatersheleftschoolandbecameabovernessatThornfieldHall.Thereshefallsinlovewiththemaster,Mr.Rochester.Itisnotedforitssharpcriticismoftheexistingsociety,e.g.charityinstitutionsuchasLowoodItisasuccessfulintroductiontothefirstgoverness（家庭女教师）heoineintheEnglishnovel,whomrepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenstrugglingforrecognitionoftheirbasicrightsandequalityasahumanbeing.②<Shirley>雪莉③<Professor>教师

4.

EmilyBronte艾米莉•勃朗特1818~1854①<WutheringHeights>咆哮山庄Astoryabouttwofamilieandanintrudingstranger.【TheEarnshawFamily】Mr.Earnshaw,hiswife,thesonHindley,thedaughterCatherine,Heathcliff【TheLintonFamily】Mr.Linton,hiswife,sonEdgar,daughterIsabella②<OldStoic>5.GeorgeEliot乔治•艾略特1819~1880①<TheMillontheFloss>弗洛斯河上磨坊②<AdamBede>亚当•比德③<SilasMarner>织工马南④

<Middlemarch>米德尔马契6.AlfredTennyson阿尔弗莱德•丁尼生1809~1892（维多利亚时代最具代表性伟大诗人）PoetLaureate（桂冠诗人）①<InMemoriam>悼念Tomemorializehisfriend②<Break,Break,Break>③<IdyllsoftheKing>国王叙事诗7.

RobertBrowning罗伯特•白朗宁1812~1889

①<MyLastDutchess>我已故公爵夫人②<HomeThoughtsFromAbroad>海外乡思theringandthebook指环与书pippapasses皮帕走过了ElizabethBarrettBrowing:①<SonnetfromthePortuguese>葡萄牙十四行诗8.RobertLouisStevenson①<TreasureIsland>金银岛9.ThomasHardy托马斯•哈代1840~1928（小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessexnovels;novelsofcharacterandenvironment）

=1\*GB2⑴Novels①<TessOfTheD’Urbervilles>德伯家苔丝Theme:experienceisastointensity,andnotastoduration②<JudeTheObscure>无名裘德③<UnderTheGreenwoodTree>绿荫下④

<FarFromTheMaddingCrowd>远离尘嚣⑤<TheMayorOfCasterbridge>卡斯特桥市长⑥

<TheReturnoftheNative>还乡=2\*GB2⑵

PoemsWessexPoemsAndOtherVersesPoemsOfThePastAndPresentTheDynasts列国=7\*ROMANVII1900~1950The20thCenturyPlaywrights=1\*GB3①OscarWilde=2\*GB3②GeorgeBernardShaw1.OscarWilde奥斯卡•王尔德1856~1900

（TheAestheticMovement:ArtforArt’sSake）

=1\*GB3①4Comedies:<TheImportanceOfBeingEarnest>认真主要<LadyWindermere’sFan>温德米尔夫人扇子

<AWomanOfNoImportance>一个无足轻重女人<AnIdealHusband>理想丈夫=2\*GB3②Novel:<ThePictureOfDorianGray>多利安•格雷画像=3\*GB3③FairyStories:<TheHappyPrinceAndOtherTales>愉快王子故事集2.GeorgeBernardShaw乔治•伯纳•萧1856~1950(英国出色批判现实主义剧作家）criticalrealisticdramatist

=1\*GB2⑴Plays=1\*GB3①PlaysUnpleasant<MrsWarren’SProfession>华伦夫人职业<Widowers’Houses>鳏夫房产=2\*GB3②PlaysPleasant<ArmsAndMan>武器与人<TheManOfDestiny>左右命运人③Plays<ManAndSuperman>人与超人<Pygmalion>匹格玛利翁<TheAppleCart>苹果车<SaintJoan>圣女贞德Novelists(Realists)1.JosephConcrad=1\*GB3①<LordJim>吉姆爷=2\*GB3②<HeartOfDarkness>黑暗心1.Whythebook’stitleisHeartofDarkness?ThestoryhappenedinCongo,theheartofAfrica,andthecolorofpeople’sskininthereisblack.Mostimportantpointaboutthetitleistotheevilinhumans’heart.2.Whatisthesymbolismofblackandwhite【Black/dark-】death,evil,ignorance,mystery,savagery,uncivilizedMiddleAges,whenscienceandknowledgewassuppressed,astheDarkAges.AccordingtoChristianity,inthebeginningoftimeallwasdarkandGodcreatedlight.AccordingtoHeartofDarkness,beforetheRomanscame,Englandwasdark.Inthesameway,Africawasconsideredtobeinthe“darkstage”.【White/light】life,goodness,enlightenment,civilized,religion.Yet,inConcrad,theusualpatternisreverseanddarknessmeanstruth(Thetruthwithin,thereforedarkandobscure.),whitenessmeansfalsehood.ThiscontrasttellsapoliticaltruthaboutcolonialismintheCongo.ThecontrastalsosuggestsapsychologicaltruthaboutMarlowandtheEuropeansmind.Whitealsosuggestsanynumberofunpleasantmoraltruths.Thetradeinivoryiswhiteanddirty.Kurtzthewhitemanistotallycorrupt3.CommentThebookimpliesthatcivilizationsarecreatedbythelawsandcodesthatencouragementoachievehigherstandards.Thelawactsasabuffertopreventmenfromrevertingbacktotheirdarkertendencies.Civilization,however,mustbelearned.Londonitself,inthebookasymbolofenlightenment,wasonce"oneofthedarkerplacesoftheearth"beforetheRomansforcedcivilizationupontheBritons.Butcivilizedsocietydoesnotgetridofprimevalsavagetendencieswhichlurkinthebackground.ThissavageryisseeninKurtz.MarlowmeetsKurtzandhefindsamanthathastotallythrownofftherestraintofcivilizationandhasde-evolvedintoaprimitivestate.4.Character【Kurtz】representswhateverymanwillbecomeiflefttohisownintrinsicdesireswithoutaprotective,civilizedenvironment.【Marlow】representsthecivilizedsoulthathasnotbeendrawnbackintosavagerybyadark,alienatingjungle.5.NarrativeStructureInHeartofDarkness,wehaveanoutsidenarratortellingusastoryhehasheardfromMarlow.ThestoryMarlowtellscentersaroundKurtz.However,mostofwhatMarlowknowsaboutKurtz,hehaslearnedfromothers.TheyhavegoodreasonfornotbeingtruthfultoMarlow.ThereforeMarlowhastopiecetogethermuchofKurtz’sstory.2.WilliamSomersetMaugham<OfHumanBondage>人性枷锁3.EdwardMorganFoster(E.M.Foster)<APassageToIndia>印度之行<HawardsEnd>霍华兹别墅

Modernists=1\*GB2⑴3Novelists=1\*GB3①JamesJoyce=2\*GB3②DavidHerbertLawrence=3\*GB3③VirgirniaWoolf

1.DavidHerbertLawrence戴维•赫伯特•劳伦斯1885~1930①<SonsAndLovers>儿子与情人(autobiographical)【Mrs.Morel】,daughter