2023年考研英语真题及答案详解

^|Yｏuhavｅtobelieve，thereisaway．Tｈeaｎｃiｅnｔssaiｄ:＂thｅkingdomofheavenｉsｔryｉngtoｅnｔｅr".Onｌywhentheｒeluctantstepbyｓｔeptogoｔoｉｔ'stiｍe，muｓtbｅmanａgeｄｔｏｇetoneｓtepdown,ｏｎlｙhａｖｅstrｕｇｇlｅdtoachiｅveｉt.－－GuoＧeTeｃｈ2０2３年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题ＳｅctionI UsｅofＥnglisｈDｉｒecｔｉoｎｓ:Ｒeadtｈefolｌｏwiｎgｔｅxt.Chooｓetｈebestｗord(s)ｆｏｒｅaｃhnumｂeｒeｄblａnkａnｄmａｒk[Ａ],[B]，[C］or［D]ｏnANＳWERSHEEＴ1.(10pｏinｔｓ)In1９24Ａmerｉca＇ｓNationalReｓeａrchCouncilsｅnttwoeｎgｉneｅrstoｓupervisｅaseｒｉｅsofｉnｄuｓｔｒｉalexperｉｍｅｎtsａｔａlargeｔelephone-ｐａrtsfacｔｏrycalledtheHａｗthornePｌａntnearChｉcago.Ithopｅdtheywouldleａrｎhowsｔｏp-fｌoorlｉgｈtingEQ＼X\ＢO（大1家)wｏrkers'prodｕｃtiviｔy.Insｔｅad,tｈestuｄiesenｄｅdEＱ\Ｘ\BO(大2家)ｇivingtheｉrnaｍｅtoｔhe"Hawｔｈｏｒｎeeffect＂，thｅextremelyinfluentialｉｄｅathattheveryEＱ＼Ｘ\BＯ(大3家)tobeiｎｇeｘpｅｒimｅntｅduponchａｎｇedsubｊｅcts'behaｖior.ＴheｉｄeａａrｏｓebeｃauｓｅofｔhｅEQ\X\BO(大４家）bｅhaviｏroftheｗomenｉnｔhｅHaｗｔhorneｐｌaｎｔ．AccordｉｎgtoEQ\X\BO(大５家)ｏｆtｈｅexperiｍentｓ,theirhourlyoutputrosewhｅnlighｔingwasincreased,ｂuｔalsowhenitwaｓdiｍmｅd.IｔdｉdnotＥQ＼X＼BO(大6家)wｈaｔwaｓｄｏｎeiｎthｅexpｅｒｉmenｔ；EＱ\Ｘ\ＢO(大７家）sｏmethingｗascｈａｎged,pｒｏduｃtｉvitｙrose.A(n)EQ＼X＼ＢO(大８家)thaｔtｈeywerｅｂeingexperimenteduponseeｍedtobeEQ\X\BO(大9家)toaltｅrｗorkers'ｂehａviorEQ\X\ＢO(大10家)itsｅlf.Ａfteｒseveｒaldｅcadeｓ,thesａmedaｔawｅｒeEQ\X\BＯ(大１１家)tｏeconomeｔrictheanalysｉｓ.HawtｈorneexpｅｒimentｓhａsaｎｏthersurpriseｓｔoreEQ＼X＼ＢO(大1２家)thedescｒｉｐｔｉonsonrｅcorｄ,nｏsystemａｔicEＱ\X\ＢO（大１3家)wasfoｕｎdthａtlevｅlsofproｄucｔivｉtywerereｌatｅdｔoｃhａnｇｅsinlighting.IttｕrｎｓoutthatpｅcuｌiarwayoｆｃoｎｄuctingｔｈｅexperｉｍentsmayｂｅhavelｅttoEQ\X\BO(大14家)intｅrprｅtａtionｏfｗｈathapped.EQ\X\BＯ(大１5家),lｉghtiｎgｗasalｗaysｃhanｇｅdonaSunｄay.ＷhenworkstarｔedａｇainoｎMonｄａｙ,ｏutｐuｔEQ\X\BO（大16家)rｏparedwithtｈepreviousSaturdayaｎｄEQ\X\BO（大17家)ｔorｉsｅforｔheneｘｔcoｕpｌｅofｄays．EQ\Ｘ＼BO(大18家),acoｍpａｒisｏnwithｄataforweｅkｓｗheｎtherewasnｏｅxｐerimentａtionshowedthaｔｏｕtpuｔalｗaysｗentuponMonｄay,woｒｋｅrsEQ\Ｘ\ＢO（大１9家)ｔobｅdiligｅｎtforｔhefirstfｅwｄaysｏftheweekinａｎycasｅ，befoｒeEQ\X\BO(大２０家)aplateaｕａｎｄtｈenslackｅｎingoff．Ｔｈissuｇｇｅstsｔhattｈeａlｌｅged"Hawｔhoｒneeｆfecｔ"isharｄtopiｎdown．1． ［Ａ]ａffectｅd [B]ａchieveｄ [C]exｔrａｃtedﻩ[D]ｒestoｒed2.ﻩ[A]at [B］up ［C]witｈﻩ[D］ｏff3.ﻩ[A]ｔrutｈ [B]ｓｉｇhｔ ［C]actﻩ[D]proof4.ﻩ[Ａ]cｏntroｖersｉalﻩ［B]peｒplexing ［C]mｉschiｅvｏuｓ [Ｄ]ambｉguoｕs５.ﻩ［A］reqｕirｅmenｔｓ ［B]ｅxplaｎations ［Ｃ]aｃcoｕntsﻩ[D］ａｓｓessmeｎts6.ﻩ[Ａ]coｎclude ［B]matterﻩ[C]indｉｃate [D]wｏrｋ7. [A]ａsfaras [B]ｆorfeaｒｔhａt ［C]ｉncａsethat ［D]solｏngas8. [A]ａwaｒｅnｅss [B]expｅctatｉｏnﻩ[C]ｓeｎtimentﻩ[D]illuｓｉon9．ﻩ［A]suｉtａｂｌｅ [B］excessiveﻩ[Ｃ]ｅnｏuｇhﻩ[Ｄ]abunｄａnt1０. [A]aboｕt ［B]forﻩ[C］ｏｎﻩ［D]by1１. [A]comｐarｅｄﻩ[B]shown [C]sｕbjected [D］conveyed1２. ［Ａ]coｎｔｒａrytoﻩ[B]cｏnsiｓtentwith [C］paｒalleｌwithﻩ［D]peｃｕliａrtｏ13．ﻩ［A]ｅvidｅnce [B］guidａnceﻩ［Ｃ]iｍplicatｉoｎﻩ[D]sourcｅ14. [A]ｄisputableﻩ[B]ｅnlightｅning [C］reｌiabｌｅ ［D]ｍｉｓleadiｎg15． [Ａ］Inｃontrast [B]Foreｘamｐｌe ［C]Ｉnconseqｕｅnce [Ｄ]Ａsｕｓuａｌ１6． ［Ａ]duｌy [B]aｃciｄentally [C]unprｅdｉctabｌyﻩ[Ｄ]sudｄｅｎｌy１7.ﻩ[A]failedﻩ[Ｂ]ｃeased ［C]sｔaｒｔed [D]cｏｎtinued２0. [A]breaｋｉｎgﻩ[B]cｌimbｉngﻩ[C]sｕrｐassｉng [Ｄ]hittingＳectiｏnＩI ReａdingCｏmprehensionPａrtAＤirectiｏns:Readtｈeｆoｌlowｉngfourtexts.Answertheqｕｅstｉonsbeloweachteｘtbyｃｈoｏｓinｇ[A］，[B］,［C]or[D］．ＭａrkyoｕｒansｗersonANSWＥＲSＨＥET１.(4０points)Teｘt1OfallthechangｅsthａｔhａvetａkenplacｅinEnglｉsh-laｎguageｎｅwｓｐapeｒsduｒingthepastｑuarter－cenｔury,peｒhａｐsthemostfar-rｅachｉnghａsbｅｅntheinexorabｌedｅclineintｈeｓcopeａndｓｅriousnessoftｈeiｒａrtscoveraｇｅ.Ｉｔiｓdｉfficulｔtｏthepoｉntofｉmpoｓｓｉbiliｔｙfｏrthｅavｅｒaｇereａderｕnderｔheageoffortytoｉmａgineatｉmeｗhenhigｈ-qualityartscｒitiｃiｓmcoｕlｄbｅfouｎｄinmostbｉｇ-citynewsｐaperｓ.Yetaconｓiｄｅrableｎｕmbｅｒoｆｔhｅmoｓtsigｎificaｎｔcｏlleｃtioｎsofｃriticismpｕblisｈedｉnｔhe2０thcentｕｒyconsistedｉnlargepartｏfneｗsｐaperreｖiewｓ.Toreadsuchbｏokstoｄａｙiｓtoｍarｖelattｈｅｆactｔhaｔtheirleａrnｅdcｏntｅntsweｒeonceｄｅemedsuｉtableforｐublｉｃationingenｅｒａl-circulaｔioｎdaｉliｅs.WeareevｅnfartｈerｒｅmｏvedfromtheunｆocuｓｅdｎewsｐapｅrｒevieｗsｐublｉsｈｅdｉnEnglandｂeｔweentｈeｔurｎｏfthｅ20thcenturyaｎdtheevｅofＷｏrlｄWaｒII,ａtatimeｗｈenｎｅｗsｐrintｗasdｉrt－chｅapａnｄstylishａrtsｃritiｃisｍwasconｓiderｅｄanornamenｔｔｏtheｐｕbliｃａtionｓｉnwhichitappeared.Inｔhoｓefａr-oｆｆdays，ｉtwastakｅｎforgrantedthattｈecｒiｔｉcsofmａｊorｐapｅrｓwoｕldwritｅｉndｅtailandａtｌｅnｇｔhaｂouｔtheｅventsｔheycovｅrｅd.Theirｓwasaseriousbuｓｉness，ａndｅvｅｎtｈoｓereviewｅrswhｏwｏretheiｒｌｅａrninglightｌy,lｉkeGeorｇeBerｎarｄＳhawａndErnｅstNeｗｍan,cｏｕldbetｒｕstｅdtoknｏwwhａtｔhｅyｗｅreabout.Tｈeｓeｍenbelievedｉnｊournaｌismasacaｌｌｉｎg,andｗereproudtoｂepublishedinthedａiｌyｐress.“Sofeｗaｕｔhorsｈａvebrａinsenｏugｈorlｉterarｙgｉftenoughtｏｋeeｐｔhｅirownenｄupiｎjournａｌiｓｍ,”Nｅwmanwrｏtｅ,“thaｔIａmｔemptedｔodefine‘journalｉsｍ’as‘ａtermｏfcoｎtemptａppｌiedｂｙｗriterswhｏarenｏtrｅａdｔowriterswhoaｒe.’”Unfoｒtｕnatelｙ,thesecritｉｃsarevirtuallyfｏｒgotten．ＮevｉlｌｅCardus,wｈｏwｒoｔｅfｏｒtheMａｎchestｅrＧuardｉanfrom1917uｎtilｓhorｔlybeforehisdeａｔhｉn１9７5,ｉsnoｗｋnｏwnsolｅｌyasaｗｒｉterofｅｓｓaysontheｇameｏfcrｉｃket.Durｉnghｉｓｌiｆetiｍｅ,tｈouｇh，heｗasalｓoonｅofＥnglａnd’ｓｆoremostｃlａssｉcａｌ－muｓiｃcriｔics,asｔyｌiｓtsowidelｙａｄmiredthａtｈisAutｏbiogrａphｙ(1947)ｂeｃａmeabest-sｅllｅr.Hewasknightedin1967,theｆiｒstmｕsiｃcritictobesohonorｅd.Yeｔonlyｏｎｅoｆhisboｏｋsisnowinprint,ａndｈisvastbｏdｙofｗrｉtingsoｎｍuｓicｉｓｕnｋnoｗnｓaｖetospeｃialistｓ.IsthｅreanychanｃetｈａｔCarｄus’scrｉticismｗillenjoyareviｖal?Ｔｈepｒoｓｐecｔseemｓrｅmote.Journａlｉｓtiｃtasteｓｈadchangedloｎgbｅｆorehisｄeatｈ,andposｔmｏdｅｒｎreaｄeｒsｈavｅlittlｅuｓefoｒtherichlyupholｓteｒedVicwardianｐroseiｎｗhichhespecｉalizeｄ.Moreｏver,tｈｅamａtｅｕrtraditioｎinmｕsicｃriｔicismhasbｅenｉnheadlｏngｒetreaｔ.21.ﻩItisiｎdicａteｄinParagraphｓ1and2thａt［A]aｒtsｃｒiticismhａsdｉsapｐeａrｅdfrombig－ｃitｙneｗspaｐerｓ.[B]Enｇlｉsh－ｌanguagｅneｗｓpaｐｅｒｓusｅｄtｏcarrｙmｏrｅaｒtsrｅｖiｅws.[C]high-qualiｔynｅｗspapeｒｓretainalarｇeboｄyofrｅaders.[D]youｎgreadｅrｓｄｏｕbtthesｕｉｔaｂilitｙoｆcritｉcismoｎdaiｌiｅs.２2.ﻩNewｓpａperreｖiewｓinEnglandbｅforeWorｌdＷａrIIwerecharactｅrizｅdby［A]frｅethemeｓ.[B]cａｓualstyle.[C]ｅlaｂorａtelayｏｕt.[D]ｒａdｉｃalvieｗpｏiｎts.23．ﻩWhiｃhｏftｈeｆollowingwoｕldShawaｎdNewmanmｏｓtpｒobａｂｌｙａgreeon?［Ａ]Itiｓｗｒiters'dutytoｆulfｉllｊournalisticgoals.[B]Iｔiscｏnｔeｍpｔｉbｌｅforwｒiｔerｓtｏbｅjｏｕrｎalｉstｓ.［Ｃ］Writｅrsarｅlikeｌyｔobetｅmｐtｅｄｉnｔｏｊournａlism．[D]Nｏtallwriｔersａreｃapaｂｌeｏfjouｒnalisｔｉcwritｉng.24.ﻩＷhaｔcａｎbeｌearnedabouｔCarduｓaccｏrdｉnｇtoｔhelaｓttｗoparagraphs?[A]Hiｓmusicｃriｔiｃismmａyｎotａpｐealtorｅａdersｔoｄay.[Ｂ]Ｈisreputａtｉｏnasａmｕsiccritiｃｈaｓlongbeeｎindｉｓｐute.[C]Hｉssｔylecａterslaｒgeｌyｔｏｍoｄｅrnsｐｅcialists.[D]Hｉswritingsfａｉｌｔofoｌloｗthｅamａteuｒtｒａditiｏn.２5． Whatwoulｄｂeｔhｅbesttｉｔｌeforｔhetｅxt？［A]NｅwspapｅrsｏftｈeＧｏodOlｄDayｓ[B]TｈeLostHorizoninNeｗspapers[C］MournfulDeｃliｎeofJｏｕrnalism[D］ＰrｏminｅnｔCriｔｉcsinMｅmｏｒyTｅｘt2Oｖｅrthepastdecade，thouｓandsoｆpatentshaｖebeengrantedforwhatａｒeｃａlleｄbusineｓsｍethoｄs.Amazoｎ．cｏｍreceivｅｄｏneｆｏｒits＂ｏne-click"ｏnliｎepａymｅntsyｓteｍ.MerｒiｌlLｙnchｇotlegalprｏｔｅｃtionfｏranasｓetａllocatiｏnstrａteｇy.Oneinveｎtorpateｎtedatechｎiｑuｅforliｆｔｉngaｂox.Nowｔｈenａtiｏn'ｓtｏｐpateｎtcｏurtapｐearscompletelyrｅadytoscalｅbaｃkｏnbusineｓｓ-mｅtｈｏdpaｔents，whichhavebeenconｔroverｓiaｌeｖerｓｉncｅtｈeｙwerefirｓtａuthｏrｉzed10yｅaｒsａｇo.Iｎａｍoｖeｔhathasiｎtellｅctuaｌ-ｐｒｏpertｙlawyersａbｕzｚtheU.S.courtofApｐeａｌsfｏrtｈefｅderalｃｉrcuｉtsaiditwoｕlｄuseaparｔｉｃuｌａrcasetｏcondｕcｔaｂroadrｅviewｏfｂuｓiness-methodpaｔents.ＩnrｅBiｌski,asｔhecasｅｉsknｏwｎ,iｓ"ａveｒybiｇｄeal"，sａysＤennisD.CrouｃｈoｆtheUniｖeｒsityofMｉssｏｕriSchｏoloflaw.It"haｓthepｏtｅntialｔoeｌiminatｅaｎenｔireｃlasｓoｆpatentｓ."Ｃurｂｓｏnbｕsiness-ｍeｔhoｄｃlaｉmswｏuldbeａｄｒamaticabout-fａce,ｂeｃａｕｓeitwastｈefederａlｃiｒcｕititselｆthatｉntroｄuceｄsuchpatentswithｉs１99８dｅｃisioniｎｔhｅso-calledｓｔａteＳtｒeetＢankｃase,ａpprovingａpａｔｅntｏnａｗaｙofpｏｏliｎgmutual－funｄassets.Ｔhatｒuｌingprｏducedanexpｌosionｉnbusinｅｓｓ－mｅthodpatenｔfilings,initiaｌｌybyeｍerginｇinternetｃｏmpaniｅstryｉngtostaｋeｏutexｃlusiverigｈtsｔospeｃifictypesoｆonlinetraｎsactionｓ．Latｅr,moveestabｌishedcｏmｐanieｓrａceｄtoaｄｄsuｃｈｐatｅntｓtｏｔｈeirfｉleｓ,ｉfｏnｌyasadefeｎsivemovｅａｇaｉnsｔｒivalｓthaｔmigｈtbeattheｍｔｏthｅｐｕnch.In2023,IBMnotedinaｃｏurtfiｌinｇｔhaｔithaｄｂeenｉｓsuedmoreｔhan300busineｓｓ-mｅｔhodｐatｅntｓdespitetｈeｆacｔthatｉｔqｕestiｏnedthelegalbaｓisｆorgｒantinｇｔｈem.Similarlｙ,soｍeWａllStrｅｅｔｉnｖestmentfｉlmｓarｍeｄtｈemsｅlveswiｔhpaｔｅntｓforfinaｎcｉalｐroduｃｔs,ｅｖenasｔｈeytooｋｐosｉtiｏnsincouｒtｃasｅsｏppｏsingtｈepｒacｔice.TheBｉlskicaseinvｏlvｅｓacｌaimedpａtenｔｏnametｈoｄfoｒｈedｇingriｓkintｈeenergymａrｋｅｔ.TheＦedeｒalｃｉrcuｉtissｕｅｄaｎuｎusuａlorｄｅrstaｔingthａｔthｅcasewｏuｌdbeheardｂyalｌ12oｆthecourt＇sjudgｅs,ratｈeｒthanatｙｐicaｌpａｎeｌｏftｈreｅ，anｄtｈａtoneｉｓsｕeiｔwaｎｔstoevalｕateiswhｅtｈerｉtshould＂ｒeconsider"itsstａｔeｓtｒeｅｔBankｒuling．TｈｅFedｅｒａlCiｒcuit'ｓactioncomesinthewaｋeoｆａserｉesofrｅｃentdeｃisioｎsｂytheｓｕｐreｍeCourｔtｈａｔhaｓｎarrowedtｈescopｅofｐｒotｅctionｓforpatentholders.LａstＡpril,forexampｌｅthejusticｅssignalｅｄthattｏomａnｙｐateｎtｓwerebｅｉngｕpheldfoｒ"inventｉons"thaｔａrｅobviｏuｓ.TｈejudgesonｔhｅFeｄeｒalciｒｃuitare＂reacｔingｔoｔｈeａntｉ-patｅnttrendattheSupｒeｍeCourt"，saysＨａroｌdC.Ｗegneｒ,apａteｎtattｏrneyａnｄprofｅssoratＧeorge２6. Ｂｕsiｎeｓｓ-mｅthｏdpateｎtｓｈaｖｅｒecentlyaroｕsｅdconcｅｒnｂecａuseof[Ａ]thｅiｒｌiｍiｔedvalueｔｏbｕｓiｎesｓ[Ｂ］theirconｎectionwithaｓsetaｌlocatioｎ[C]tｈeposｓｉblerestricｔionontheiｒgranting[D]tｈecontｒoversyovｅrauthｏrｉzation2７.ﻩWｈiｃhoｆthefollowingisｔrueoftheBilskicase？[A]Itsplｉeswｉｔhthecourtdeciｓioｎs[Ｂ]Itinvoｌvesaｖerybiｇｂusinesｓtraｎsaction[Ｃ]IthasｂeeｎdismiｓsedbｙtheFederａlCｉrcuit[D]ItmaycｈaｎｇethelegalpｒacticesintｈeU．S.2８． Theword"aｂoｕt－face"(Linｅ１,Para3)moｓtｐｒｏbaｂlymｅａns[A]lossofgoodwｉｌl[B]inｃreaｓeofhｏsｔilｉty［Ｃ］chaｎgeoｆattiｔudｅ[Ｄ]ｅnhanｃemeｎtｏfdiｇnity2９.ﻩＷelearnｆromthｅlaｓttwoparagraphsthａtbusineｓｓ－methodpａｔeｎｔs[A]ａｒeiｍmunetoleｇaｌchａｌlenges[B]ａｒｅｏftｅnｕnneｃeｓｓarilyissued[Ｃ］lowertheｅsteｅmｆｏrpａｔｅｎtｈolders[Ｄ]inｃｒeasetｈｅincidenceｏｆrｉsks30．ﻩWhichｏfｔhefｏllowinｇwouldbｅｔhｅsubｊectｏfｔhetexｔ?[A]Ａlｏoｍｉngthreattｏbｕsiｎeｓs-methoｄpaｔents[Ｂ]Proteｃtioｎforbusｉness－methodｐａｔenthoｌdｅｒs[Ｃ]Aｌｅgaｌcａｓeregａrdiｎｇｂｕsinｅｓs-ｍethodpateｎｔs[D]Aprevaiｌiｎgtrendａgainstbuｓiｎeｓs-meｔｈoｄｐateｎtsTｅxt3InhisbｏｏkTheTiｐpｉngPoｉｎt,MalcolmGladwellarｇｕesｔhatｓｏcialepidｅmicｓareｄrｉveｎｉnｌargeparｔbytｈeactinｇofatinｙminorityｏｆspeｃialｉndiｖiｄualｓ,ofteｎcａｌledinfluｅnｔials,ｗhoareunuｓuallyiｎｆｏrmｅd，persuａｓive，orwｅｌl-ｃonnecteｄ.Tｈeiｄeａiｓintuitivｅlｙcｏmpｅｌlｉng,bｕｔitdｏesｎ'tｅxplainhowｉdeasactuallyspread.Ｔhesupposｅｄimpoｒtａｎceｏｆinfluentialsｄeｒivｅsfrｏmaplausｉbｌeｓoｕｎdingｂutlargelyuntesteｄtheorｙcalleｄthe"twosｔeｐflowoｆｃoｍmｕｎicaｔｉon":Ｉnfｏｒmatioｎｆｌｏｗｓfromtheｍediａｔｏtheｉnfｌuentialsandfromthｅｍtoeｖeryｏnｅelse．Marketershaveembｒacｅdthetwo-steｐfｌowbｅｃauｓeitsuggｅsｔｓｔhatifｔｈｅｙcanjｕstfindaｎｄｉｎfluｅｎｃethｅinflｕｅntiaｌs,tｈoｓｅselectedpeoplewiｌlｄoｍoｓtofｔhｅworkfｏrｔhem.Thethｅoryalｓosｅemstｏｅｘplａintheｓuddenanｄunexpeｃtｅdｐopulariｔyoｆcertaiｎlooｋs，braｎds,orｎeighｂorhoodｓ.Inmaｎｙsucｈｃases,acursoryｓｅaｒchforcausesfindsｔｈatsｏmesmalｌgroｕpｏｆpｅoplewａsweａrｉng,promotｉｎｇ，ordevｅｌｏｐingwhatevｅｒitisbｅforeａnyoｎｅeｌsepａiｄａttention．AｎeｃdｏｔａｌｅvideｎｃeoｆthiskindｆｉtsｎiｃｅｌywiththeiｄeａｔｈａtonlycertaｉｎｓｐｅｃｉaｌpｅｏplecandrivｅtreｎｄsＩnthｅirrｅcenｔｗｏｒk,hoｗever,somereseａrcheｒshａvｅcｏmeuｐｗiｔhｔhefinｄingthatｉnｆｌｕｅｎtialsｈavefａrlessimpａctonｓoｃialepidemｉcsｔhanisgeｎeralｌysupｐosed．Infact,theydｏn＇tseemtobeｒeqｕｉrｅdoｆall．Theresｅaｒcｈers'ａrgumenｔsｔｅmsｆｒomａsｉmpleobserｖingaboutsｏcialｉnfｌuencｅ，wiｔhtheeｘceptionｏfaｆｅwcelebritieslikeOprahＷinｆrｅy—whｏsｅoutsiｚeｐｒesencｅiｓprimａrilyaｆｕnｃtioｎｏfmedia,notinｔeｒpersoｎal,ｉnflｕｅnce—ｅｖenthemostｉnflｕｅnｔｉａlmｅmbersofapopulatｉoｎsimｐｌydｏn＇tinｔeracｔwithｔｈatmａnyｏtherｓ.Yetｉtisｐｒｅciselythesenoｎ-ceｌebrｉｔyiｎfluentialswho,aｃcordingｔotｈetwo-stｅp-flowtheｏｒy,ａrｅsｕpposeｄtodrivesoｃiaｌeｐideｍｉｃｓbyinｆluｅncinｇｔheｉrfｒiendsaｎdｃolｌeagｕesdireｃｔｌy.Ｆｏrasocｉaleｐidemiｃtooccur,ｈｏwever,eaｃｈｐｅrsoｎsoａｆfecｔed,muｓttheninfｌuencehisorherownacqｕaintanｃｅｓ，ｗhｏmustinｔuｒｎｉnflｕenｃｅtheｉrs,ａndsoon；andjｕsｔｈowmanｙotｈerspayａｔtenｔionｔoeachoftheｓepeｏpleｈａsliｔtlｅtoｄowitｈtheinitialinfluentｉal.Ifpeｏpleinthenｅtwｏrkjusttｗodｅｇreesreｍovｅdfromtheinitialｉnｆluｅntialprｏｖｅresistant,foｒexａmplefｒomtｈｅinｉｔialiｎfｌｕentialｐroｖｅｒesisｔａnt,foｒexaｍplethecaｓcａｄeofｃhaｎgｅｗon'tpropaｇａteｖｅryfaｒorａffectｍaｎypｅople.Ｂuildingoｎthebasictruthａboutintｅrpersonaliｎflｕence,ｔhereｓｅarcherｓｓｔudiｅdtｈedyｎamiｃsofpｏpulatｉｏnｓｍanｉpulatｉｎgaｎumbeｒofvariaｂlｅsｒelaｔingofpopulａｔioｎｓ，ｍａnipuｌatinganumberofvａriablesrelaｔingtopeople'ｓabiｌitytoinflｕenｃeotｈersandｔheirtendencytoｂeinfluenｃeｄ.Ourwｏrkｓhｏwsthaｔtheprincipalｒｅquirementforwhatweｃall"globaｌcａscades"–theｗiｄespreａｄpropagaｔｉoｎofinfluencethrｏｕｇhneｔworｋs–ｉsｔhepreｓeｎｃeｎoｔoｆafewinfluｅntｉalｓbuｔ,rａtheｒ，ofａｃritｉcalmaｓsoｆｅasilyｉnｆluenceｄpeｏple,ｅaｃｈofwhｏｍadopts，saｙ,aloｏkorabranｄafterbeiｎgｅxposedtｏaｓinｇｌｅaｄoptingneｉｇhbｏr．Regaｒdlｅssofhoｗｉｎflｕentialanｉｎdｉvｉdualisｌocaｌly，heorｓhecaｎｅｘeｒtglｏｂalinfｌueｎcｅonlyifｔhisｃｒiticalmａssisaｖａilabletopｒｏpaｇａｔeachaｉｎrｅactiｏn．31． BycｉtｉｎgthｅbookTheTｉpｐiｎgPｏｉnt，thｅauｔhorｉnｔendstｏ[A]anaｌｙzｅthecoｎsequencｅｓｏｆsｏcialepidemｉcｓ［Ｂ]ｄiscussinｆluenｔials＇ｆuｎｃtｉoｎinｓpreadingideas[C]exemplifｙｐeople＇sintuiｔiverespoｎsetosociａｌepiｄｅmｉcｓ[D]describetheessentiａｌchａrａｃterｉstｉcｓofiｎflueｎtｉals.32.ﻩTheautｈorsuggestsｔhatthe＂twｏ－stｅｐ-flowtheｏry＂[Ａ]servｅｓaｓasｏｌｕｔｉonｔomarｋetｉnｇｐｒｏblems[B]ｈasheｌpedeｘｐlaｉncertaｉｎpｒevaｌeｎtｔrendｓ［Ｃ]hａｓwonsuｐpoｒtｆｒomiｎｆｌueｎtiａls[Ｄ］reqｕirｅssolｉdevｉdeｎcefoｒｉｔsvalidity３3．ﻩWhatthｅｒｅsｅａｒcheｒshaveobservedrｅceｎｔlyｓhｏｗsthaｔ[Ａ]ｔheｐowerｏfinfｌuenｃｅｇoｅswｉtｈｓｏcialｉnｔｅractｉonｓ[B］inteｒpersｏnallｉnkscanbｅenhancedｔhrｏughtｈｅmedia[C］influentiaｌｓhavemorｅchanneｌｓｔoｒeachthepublic[Ｄ]ｍostcｅｌebritｉeseｎjoｙwｉdemediaaｔｔeｎtion３4．ﻩＴheunderlｉneｄｐhrase"thｅsｅpeople"iｎｐaragrapｈ４refｅrｓtｏtｈｅoｎｅsｗho［A］ｓtaｙoutｓｉdethenetwoｒkｏfsociａliｎfｌｕenｃe[Ｂ]hａveｌiｔｔlｅcoｎｔａｃtwitｈtｈesｏｕｒcｅｏfiｎflｕeｎｃe[C]arｅinｆlueｎcedaｎｄtheｎinfluencｅotｈeｒs[Ｄ］ａreｉnｆluｅncｅdbｙtheinitialinｆluentｉaｌ３5. whａtistheessentｉａｌeｌemeｎtiｎthedynamicsｏfsociａliｎflｕｅnce?[A]Theeaｇｅrnesstobｅaｃcepted［Ｂ]Theｉmpuｌsetoinfluenｃｅoｔherｓ［C]Ｔheｒeadｉｎeｓｓtobeｉｎfluｅnceｄ［D]ＴhｅiｎｃlinatｉontoｒｅｌｙoｎotｈersＴexｔ４Bankeｒshａvebeeｎblａminｇthｅmsｅlｖesfｏrtheirtrｏubｌｅsinｐublｉc.Beｈｉnｄthｅscｅnｅs，theｙｈaｖebeenｔaｋinｇaｉmatsomeｏneelse:ｔheaccounｔｉngstanｄaｒｄ-seｔｔers.Theirruｌes,moａｎｔhebａnks,havefｏrcedthemtoｒeportenｏｒｍoｕsｌosses，ａndit'sjustnｏｔfaiｒ.Thesｅrulessａytｈeyｍusｔｖａｌuesｏｍeassetsａttｈepriｃｅathｉｒｄpａrtywoulｄpａｙ,ｎottｈepricｅmanagｅｒsandregｕｌatorswouldｌｉkethemtofeｔｃh.Uｎfｏrｔuｎaｔely,bankｓ＇lｏbbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmayｂeｕｎknoｗable，buｔｔｈeinｄepｅnｄenceoｆstandard-setｔeｒs,esｓentialtｏｔheｐｒoperfunctioｎingofｃapｉtalmarkeｔs,ｉｓbeｉngcomproｍised.And,ｕnlesｓbankscarrytoxｉｃassetsａtpｒicｅsｔhatatｔractｂｕyｅrs,ｒeviｖingｔhebanｋinｇsystemｗiｌｌｂedifficult．ＡfterａbｒｕiｓinｇencoｕｎtｅrｗiｔhCongress,Aｍｅｒicａ'EuropeanｍinistersinsｔanｔlｙdeｍaｎｄedthaｔｔheInternationａｌAｃcoｕｎtinｇStandaｒdsＢoarｄ(ＩＡSB)ｄolikeｗise.TｈeIＡSBsａysｉtdoesｎｏtwanttoactｗiｔｈoutovｅraｌlplａｎｎing,butthｅｐrｅｓsurｅtoｆoldwhｅnitcｏｍｐｌetesitreｃonstrucｔiｏnofruleslatertｈisyｅarisｓtｒonｇ.ＣhaｒlｉｅMｃＣrｅevy,aEuropeanｃommｉssｉoｎeｒ,wａrnedtheIASBthaｔitdid＂notliveinapolｉtiｃalvaｃuｕｍ"ｂuｔ"inｔｈereａlword"andthatＥｕｒopeｃouｌｄyｅtdevelｏpｄifferenｔｒulｅs.Itwasbanksthatｗereｏnthｅwrｏngｐlanet，wｉtｈａｃcouｎtsthatvastｌyoveｒvａluｅdasｓeｔs.Tｏdaythｅyaｒｇｕｅthaｔmarkｅtpricesoｖerstatelosseｓ,becａｕseｔheylaｒgelyｒｅflectthｅteｍｐoraryilliｑuiditｙoｆmａrｋetｓ,notｔhｅlikelyexteｎtofbaddebｔs.Thetｒuthwilｌnoｔbeknｏｗnforyeａrs．Butbaｎｋ'ssharestｒadｅｂelowtheirｂoｏｋvaｌue,ｓｕggｅstinｇthａtｉｎveｓtoｒｓareskeptiｃａl.Aｎddeadmaｒｋetspartlyｒefleｃttｈeparａｌyｓisｏfｂankｓｗhiｃｈwillnｏtseｌlasｓetsｆorfearoｆbｏoｋinｇｌosｓｅs,yetarｅrｅｌuctaｎｔtoｂuyａlｌtｈosesｕｐpｏｓedbａｒｇainｓ.Toｇeｔthesystemworkｉngａgain,lｏsｓｅsmustberｅcoｇniｚedanddｅaltwｉth.Aｍeｒiｃa＇ｓnewｐlanｔoｂｕyuptoxicａsｓetswilｌnoｔｗoｒkunlesｓｂanksｍarkaｓsetstoleveｌswhichbuyerｓｆindａttractivｅ.Succｅssｆulmarketsｒequiｒeinｄeｐeｎdentandevencombatｉｖeｓtanｄard-setters.TheＦASBanｄIASBｈavebeｅnexactｌythat,cleａninｇｕpｒulesonｓtockoptiｏnsandpensions,ｆｏrexaｍpｌe，agaiｎsthoｓｔilityfrｏmspeciaｌiｎteｒests.Bｕtbｙｇｉｖingｉｎtocritｉcsｎｏwtｈeyａreinｖitingpresｓuretｏmａkｅｍorecoｎcｅssｉｏns.3６． Bａｎkｅrsｃｏmplainedthattheｙwerｅｆorcｅdｔo[A]followuｎfａvｏrableasseｔevaluａｔｉonrules[B]cｏｌｌｅctpaymｅnｔsｆromｔhirdpaｒties[C］cｏoperatewithtｈeprｉceｍanａgers[D]reeｖａluａtｅｓｏmeofｔheirassets．37． Aｃｃoｒdingtotheauthoｒ,therulechａngeｓｏftheFASＢmayｒeｓultin[A]ｔhedimiｎishｉngrolｅｏfmanagement[B］ｔｈereviｖａloftheｂaｎkinｇsystem[C]tｈebaｎks'loｎg－termassetlossｅs[D]thｅweaｋeｎingofitsindepｅｎｄence３8. AccordiｎgｔoPaｒａgｒａｐh4,McCreevyｏbjｅctｓtｏｔｈｅIASB'satｔｅmptｔｏ[A］kｅepawayｆrompolｉticａliｎflｕｅncｅｓ.［Ｂ]ｅvaｄetｈepressurefromtheｉｒｐeerｓ.［C]acｔontheirowniｎrule-ｓｅttinｇ．［D]tａkegｒaｄｕalmeasuresinｒｅｆorm.39．ﻩTheauthorｔhiｎksthebaｎkswｅre＂ontｈeｗrongpｌａnet"ｉnthａttｈey[A]misｉnterpretedmａrｋetｐrｉｃeindicators[B］exaggeratedｔhereａlvalueoftｈeirａsｓetｓ[C]neｇｌeｃｔｅdｔheｌikeｌyexistencｅofbａdｄｅbts.［Ｄ］deniedbooｋｉngｌossesinthｅirsaｌｅｏｆassets.40. Theaｕthoｒ'sａttitudｅtowardsstandarｄ-setteｒsｉｓoｎｅof[A]saｔisfactｉｏｎ.［B]ｓkepｔicism．[C]objectｉvenｅss［D]ｓｙmｐａthyPartBDirｅｃtｉons:FｏｒQｕｅｓｔiｏnｓ41-４5,chooｓethemostsuitａｂｌｅparagｒａｐhsfroｍthｅｌisｔA-Gandfilltｈemintothenuｍbereｄｂoｘeｓtoｆoｒmacoherentteｘｔ.PａragrａphEhａsbeeｎcoｒrｅctlｙpｌaced.Thereisoneｐarａgraｐhwhｉchｄoeｓnotfiｔｉnwiｔhｔhｅｔext.MａrkyouｒansｗｅrｓonANSWEＲSHEET1.（10pｏiｎts)[Ａ]Thｅfirstａndｍoreｉｍｐortanｔistｈecｏnsｕmer'sgｒoｗｉngｐreferｅｎcefｏｒeatｉｎｇｏｕt;theconｓｕmｐｔionoffｏodaｎddrinkinplaceｓotｈertｈanhomeshａｓriｓenfroｍabｏut3２ｐercｅnｔoftｏtalconsｕｍptioｎin１９95to35pｅrceｎtｉn２0２３ａndiｓexpｅctedtoaｐｐroacｈ38perceｎtbｙ２０23．Ｔhisdeｖeｌopmｅntisbooｓtｉｎgwｈolesalｅdemaｎdfromtｈefoodsｅrviｃesegｍeｎｔbｙ4ｔo5peｒcｅntａyeaｒacｒoｓsＥuroｐe,comｐaｒedwithgrｏwｔhiｎreｔaiｌdemandｏｆ1to2pｅrcｅｎt.Ｍeaｎwhｉｌe,aｓtherecesｓionisｌoomiｎｇｌarｇe,peｏplｅareｇettingａnｘiｏus.Tｈeｙteｎｄtｏkｅepatiｇｈｔerｈｏldontｈeirｐurseandconｓiderｅaｔingathoｍearealｉstｉcalternatｉvｅ.［B]ＲeｔailsalesoｆfｏodanddriｎkinEurope'sｌargeｓtmarｋetsareａtasｔandｓtｉｌl,leaｖiｎgＥuropeａｎgroceｒyretaｉlｅrshungｒｙfｏroppoｒtｕniｔiestoｇrow.Mostleadingretailｅｒshavealreadytriｅde-coｍｍerｃe，withlimitedsuccess,aｎdexpａnsiｏnａbroａd.Butalmoｓtalｌhａveignoｒedthebig,ｐroｆitableｏpporｔｕnｉtyinｔｈｅｉrownbackyａrd:theｗholesalefｏｏdａnｄdｒinｋtradｅ,whiｃhapｐeａrstoｂeｊustthｅkindoｆｍaｒketretailersneeｄ.[C］Willsｕｃhvａrｉationsbrｉnｇabouｔａcｈangeintheovｅrallstrｕcｔuｒｅofthefoodａnｄdrｉｎkmarket？Defｉnｉtelynｏt．Thefunctioningoftｈeｍarkeｔisbａsedonflexiｂｌeｔrenｄｓｄomiｎatｅdbyｐotentialｂuyｅrs.Inｏtｈｅrwｏｒds,ｉtisupｔothｅbuyeｒ,rａthｅrthaｎtheｓeｌｌer，tｏdecidｅｗhａttobuy.Atanyrate,thｉschaｎgewiｌlultiｍａtelｙｂeａcｃlaiｍedｂｙaneｖeｒ－ｇrowingnｕmbeｒoｆboｔｈdｏmesｔicaｎｄintｅrｎationalconsumers,ｒegardleｓsofｈｏwlongthecurｒentｃｏnｓumeｒｐatｔernwillｔakｅhoｌd．[Ｄ]Allinalｌ，thisclearlｙsｅemstoｂｅamarketiｎwhichbｉgretａilerscｏulｄproｆｉtablyapｐｌytheｉrscale，existinｇiｎfraｓtructureａndｐrovenskilｌｓintheｍaｎａgemｅntofpｒoｄuctranges,logistｉcs，aｎdmarｋｅtinｇinｔellｉgｅｎcｅ.RetaiｌerstｈatmａstｅrtｈeiｎｔricaｃiesoｆwholesａliｎgｉnEuroｐemayｗｅllｅxpeｃｔｔorａｋeinsubsｔantialpｒoｆitｓthｅrｅbｙ．Ａtlｅaｓｔ,thａｔishowiｔｌｏoksaｓawhoｌe.Cｌoseｒinspeｃtioｎrｅvealｓimportantｄiffeｒｅncｅsamongthebiggｅsｔnａtiｏnａlmarkeｔs,esｐeｃialｌyintheｉrcuｓtomｅｒsegmeｎtsandｗholesaleｓtructures,ａsweｌlasthｅcoｍpetｉｔivｅdynaｍｉcsｏfiｎdｉvidualfoodanｄdriｎkcategｏries．BigretailersｍustｕndｅrsｔａndthesediｆｆerｅncｅｓbefoｒetheycaniｄenｔifytheｓeｇmeｎtsofEuropeａｎwhoｌeｓａlinｇinwhicｈthｅirparticｕｌａrabilｉｔｉeｓmigｈtunｓeａtｓｍａllｅｒbuｔｅｎtrenchｅｄcomｐetitorｓ.Ｎｅwskillsａndｕnfaｍiｌiarbusiｎessmoｄelsareneeｄｅdtｏo.[Ｅ]Despitevaｒiatiｏnsindｅtaｉl,wｈｏｌesaleｍarkｅｔsiｎｔhｅcｏｕｎtｒiestｈathavebeencｌｏｓelyexamined—France,Ｇermaｎｙ，Ｉtaｌy，andSpaｉn—aremadｅouｔofｔhesａmｅｂｕｉlｄiｎgblocks.Dｅmandcoｍｅsmaｉｎlyfromtwosources:iｎdeｐenｄentｍｏｍ-ａnd-popgｒocerystoresｗhich,unliｋelａｒgeretaｉlchａinｓ,aｒetwｏsｍａlｌtobuystｒaightfｒoｍproｄｕcｅｒs，aｎdfooｄserｖiｃeoｐeｒａtorsthatcatertｏｃｏnｓｕmerswhentheydon'tｅataｔhomｅ．Ｓuchｆoodseｒviceoperａtorsrangefromsnaｃｋmacｈｉnesｔolａrgeinstiｔutioｎalcateringvenｔｕres，butmｏｓtoｆthesebｕsinｅssｅｓareknoｗnintheｔradeas"ｈｏrｅcａ＂:ｈotels,reｓtａurants，anｄcaｆes．Overall,Ｅｕrｏpe＇ｓｗholｅsaleｍarketforfoodanddrｉnkisgroｗｉngａttｈesamｅsluggiｓhpaceastｈeｒｅtaiｌmarkｅt，butthefigures,whenaｄｄeｄtｏgetｈｅr，maskｔwoopposingtrends.[F]Foreｘaｍple，wholesaｌｅfoodａnddrinkｓａｌescomeｔo$268bｉllioninFｒancｅ,Germanｙ,Ｉｔａlｙ,Spaiｎ,andthｅUniｔeｄKｉngdｏｍin2023—mｏreｔhan４０pｅrcentofretaｉlsaｌes.Mｏreover,averaｇeoｖeraｌlｍargｉnsａrehighｅｒinwholeｓaｌethaｎinｒeｔail；wholeｓaleｄemａndfroｍthｅfｏodservicｅsectorｉsｇrｏwｉngquicklyasmoｒeＥuropeanseatoutmoreoften；aｎdchａngesinthｅcompetｉtｉvedyｎａmｉcsofthisfｒagmeｎtedｉndustｒｙaｒｅatlaｓｔmａkinｇitfeａsibｌefｏrｗhｏleｓaｌerｓtｏconsolidate.[G]Howｅver，nonｅoｆｔｈeserequiremｅntssｈoｕlddｅtｅｒlarｇeretailers(aｎdｅveｎsoｍelargegoｏdｐroducｅrsandexistingwｈolesａｌers)frｏmｔｒyingtheｉrhanｄ,foｒｔhoseｔhaｔｍaｓtｅrtｈeintｒicaｃiesofwhｏｌesaｌingiｎＥuropｅstaｎdｔorｅaｐcoｎsｉdｅｒａblegａins.41→42→43→44→E→45PartCDiｒectionｓ:ReaｄtｈefｏllｏwiｎgtextcarｅfuｌlyanｄtheｎｔranｓｌａteｔheunderlｉnｅdsegmeｎｔoＣhiｎｅsｅ．YoｕrtranslaｔioｎshouldbewrittencａreｆｕllyoｎAＮSＷＥRSHＥＥT2.(１0ｐｏints)Oｎebａｓicwｅaｋnessinａcoｎｓeｒvａtionｓystｅｍbasedwhollyoｎeｃoｎｏｍiｃmotivｅsiｓｔｈａｔmｏsｔmｅmbersｏfthｅlａndcｏmmｕnityhａｖenoｅconｏmicｖalｕe.Yｅtｔhesecrｅａｔｕrｅsaｒememｂeｒsｏfthebioticｃommuｎityaｎｄ,ｉｆｉtsｓtａbiｌitydeｐeｎｄsonｉtsｉntegrｉty,ｔheｙarｅeｎtitｌeｄtｏcontｉnｕａnｃｅ.Whenoｎeoｆtｈｅseｎoｎeconｏｍiｃcaｔegｏｒiesiｓthreａtｅnedand，ifｗehａppentｏloｖeiｔ.Ｗeｉnverｔeｘcusestｏgｉveitecｏｎｏmｉｃimｐoｒｔａnce.Ａtthｅｂegiｎningoｆｃｅnturysongbirｄswｅresuｐposedtoｂedisappeａriｎg.（46)Sｃｉeｎtｉstsjｕｍpedtothｅreｓｃuｅwｉthsomedistinctlyshakｙevｉdeｎceｔotheeffｅctthatｉnsectｓwouｌdｅａｔuｓupifｂｉｒdsｆａiledtocontrolthｅｍ.ｔｈeevidencehａｄtobeecoｎoｍｉｃｉｎordｅｒｔoｂevaliｄ.Ｉｔispaiｎfｕｌtorｅadthｅseroｕndaｂouｔacｃｏｕｎtstoｄay.Wehavenolandethicyet，（47)buｔwｅhaveatleastdrａwnｎeａｒtｈepointofadmittinｇthatbirｄｓshouldｃｏnｔinueａsamａtteroｆintrｉnsｉcrigｈt，regａrｄlｅssｏftｈｅpｒｅsenceｏrabｓenceoｆeconomicadｖanｔａgetｏｕs.Apaｒalｌeｌsituaｔionexｉｓtsinrespｅctofpｒedａｔorymaｍmａｌｓａnｄfｉｓh－eaｔingbirds.（４8)Tiｍewａswhｅnbｉologistssｏｍｅwhatovｅｒｗoｒdｅdthｅevｉdeｎcｅthatthｅｓecreaｔuｒesprｅseｒvetheｈeａlｔhｏｆｇａmｅbyｋillinｇtｈephｙｓicallyweak,oｒｔhaｔtｈｅｙｐreyonlyon"ｗortｈｌess＂speｃｉes.Ｓomｅｓpecｉｅｓoftreeｈａvebeeｎreadoutｏfthｅparｔybyecoｎｏｍｉcs-minｄedｆorｅstersｂecａusetheygｒoｗtooｓloｗｌy,ｏrhａveｔoolowaｓaｌｅｖaletｏpayａstｉｍbeｒｃrops．(49）ＩnEurope,whｅreｆoｒestｒｙisecologicallyｍoreａｄvanｃed,thenoｎ-commeｒcialｔｒeeｓpecｉesａｒerｅcｏgｎizｅdａsmｅmbersofnａｔiveforeｓtｃoｍmuniｔｙ,tobepreｓervｅdａssucｈ,withｉnreaｓon.Tosｕｍup:asystｅmofconｓｅrｖaｔiｏnｂasedsoｌelｙoneconomicｓelf－ｉnterｅsｔishｏpｅlesslyloｐsidｅd．(50)Iｔtendstｏigｎｏre,anｄｔhｕsevenｔｕaｌlytoｅliminａｔe,manｙelementsinｔheｌandｃｏmmｕnｉtyｔｈａｔlａckcoｍmｅrcialvａlue,buｔthatarｅｅssentialtoｉtshealtｈyfunctiｏｎing.Itａsｓumeｓ,faｌsely,Iｔhiｎｋ,thatthｅeconomicpaｒtsofthebiotｉccloｃｋｗilｌfunctｉｏnwiｔhoｕtthｅuneconoｍｉｃpaｒts．SectionⅢﻩWrｉtingParｔA51．Dｉrections：Youareｓｕppｏsedｔowrｉteｆortheｐｏstgraduateａｓｓociationanotiｃetoｒecruｉtｖolunｔeerｓｆoraninterｎaｔioｎａｌconferenceｏnｇlobalizａtｉon,yoｕsｈouldｃｏncluｄeｔhｅbaｓicqualifiｃａtionofａpplicantaｎdtheotheｒｉｎｆｏrmatiｏnyouｔhinkrｅlativｅ.Yoｕshouldwriｔｅabｏut100worｄs.Donotｓignyoｕrownnameａtｔheendofthｅleｔter.Use"pｏstｇｒaｄuaｔeasｓociatｉｏn"ｉｎstead.PartB52．Directions:Writeａｎｅsｓａyof１60-2０0worｄsｂaｓedonthｅfollowiｎgdrawing.Ｉnｙouｒessａｙ,yoｕsｈoｕld1)ｄｅscribeｔhｅdrａwiｎgbriefｌy,2）explainitsiｎtendeｄｍeaning,anｄｔhｅn３）gｉｖeyｏurcｏmments.YousｈouldwriteneatlyonANＳHWＥRSHＥＥT２.(2０ｐoinｔs)202３年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题答案(万学海文做的答案)SeｃtionＩUseｏfＥngliｓh1.A2.B3.C4.B5．Ｃ6.B7.D8.A9．C10.D11.C12.A13.A14.D1５.Ｂ16.A17．D1８.C１9．B20.DSectionIIReａdiｎgＣoｍprｅhensiｏnPartA21.B２2.Ａ2３．Ｃ24.Ａ2５．B26.C２7．D28.C29．B30．D31.B3２.D3３.A34.Ｃ3５.C36.A37．A3８.Ｃ３9.C４０.DParｔＢ41.B42.F43.D４4.G45．APａｒｔCTrａnｓｌatioｎ46．科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾,大体说的是假如鸟儿不能控制害虫的话,害虫就会把我们吃掉。47.但是我们至少已经几乎认可了这样一种观点:那就是鸟儿的生存是它们的固有权利，不管它对我们是否有经济利益。48.曾几何时,生物学家总是重述以下的这条证据:这些生物是为了维持食物链的正常运营去捕食弱小的生物或“没有价值的物种”。49．在生态林业较为先进的欧洲，没有成为商业化对象的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员适本地加以保护。50.他容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺少商业价值的物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运营是至关重要的。SｅctionIIIＷriｔiｎg51.小作文以研究生会的名义写一封告知,告知的内容是为全球一体化的国际会议招募志愿者,这个告知必须涉及申请者的基本职位规定及你认为相关的其他信息。写10０个字左右，不要在告知末尾写你自己的名字,用“Pｏｓtgraｄuaｔes’Assｏcｉation”代替。参考范文一：NoticeVｏluｎtｅｅｒsforｔhｅInternatｉｏnalConfｅrenceoｆGｌｏｂaｌＩntegratioｎａｒewantｅｄ.AｎyｏｎewhoisingｏodcoｍmａndofEｎglishandeｘperieｎcediｎｃross-cｕlturalcｏmｍuｎicａtionaｒeｅｘｐecteｄｔｏtakepartinthiｓactivity.Thｅmajｏｒｔasｋfｏｒthiｓpoｓiｔionaｒeasfolloｗｓ：tｏbeginwｉth,ｔoｐropaｇａｎdath