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OfStudy“Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritingan______man.”--FrancisBacon

exact阅读使人充实,交谈使人机智,写作使人精确。

--培根

培根的Of

Study一文,写于四百年前。在今天的英国,此文当属古典文论,其用语不仅典雅,而且古奥,甚至玄秘。四百年前的语言,既便是当时通俗透顶的平民口语,在今人听来,亦充满“古色古香”之感。

培根是四百年前英国的哲人名士,学富五车,文震朝野,其散论札记当时亦属上乘之作。在四百多年来的英国文学史上,培根的文论以其思想精深、艺术精湛和文学精绝而风骚独领。其在英国文学与思想界之影响,颇似唐宋八大家之在中国,历久弥新。Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgementwhollybytheirrules,isthehumourofascholar.练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节,然纵观统筹,全局策划,则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰,文采藻饰太盛则矫,全凭条文断事乃学究故态。Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.读书补天然之不足,经验又补读书之不足,盖天生才干犹如自然花草,读书然后知如何修剪移接,而书中所示,如不以经验范之,则又大而无当。Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.有一技之长者鄙读书,无知者羡读书,唯明智之士用读书,然书并不以用处告人,用书之智不在书中,而在书外,全凭观察得之。Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.读书时不可存心诘难读者,不可尽信书上所言,亦不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细思。Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只需读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks;elsedistilledbooksare,likecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.书亦可请人代读,取其所作摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者,否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏,淡而无味。Readingmake

afullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人精确。Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强,不常讨论者须天生聪颖,不常读书者须欺世有术,始能无知而显有知。Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtile;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Studiesgotomakeupaman’scharacter.读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理学使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩;凡有所学,皆成性格。Naythereisnostandorimpedimentinthewit,butmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies:likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.人之才智但有滞碍,无不可读适当之书使之顺畅,一如身体百病,皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾,射箭利胸肺,慢步利肠胃,骑术利头脑,诸如此类。Soifaman'switbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen;fortheyarecyminisectores.如智力不集中,可令读数学,盖演题需全神贯注,稍有分散即须重演;如不能辩异,可令读经院哲学,盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人;Ifhebenotapttobeatovermatters,andtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyers'cases.Soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.

如不善求同,不善以一物阐证另一物,可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷,皆有特效可医。Listenandfillintheblanksperfect wisdomweigh tasteddigested fullreadyexactwisedeepcasesWhatisthestructureofthearticle?ThepurposeofstudyThemethodofstudyTheeffectofstudyTheFirstPart:ThepurposeofstudyTheSecondPart:ThemethodofstudyTheThirdPart:TheeffectofstudyPara1---Para5Para6---Para7Para8---Para9

Thepurposeadvantagesdelightornamentabilitydisadvantagespendtoomuchtime—slothusethemtoomuch—ornamentmakejudgementwhollybytheirrules—scholarcontrast

themethod

taste--

tobereadonlyinparts

swallow--

toberead,butnotcuriouslychewordigest--

tobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattentionextract—to

bereadbydeputySuggestion:reading、conferenceandwriting

metaph0r

theeffectmakeupaman’scharactereverydefecthasaspecialreceiptHistories--wisepoets--witty

mathematics--subtitlenaturalphilosophy--deepmoral--grave

logicandrhetoric--

contend

wanderingwit--mathematicswit--notapttodistinguish

--theschoolmen

notapttobeatovermatters

--thelawyers'casespurposeadvantagesdisadvantagescontrastmethodopinionsuggestionmetaphoreffectcharacterdefectmetaphorConclusionexample1、whatisthemainpointsofthistext?2、whatisthepurposeofthestudy?3、whatdisadvantagesmayappearinthestudy?Exercisedelight,forornament,andforabilityTospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffecta

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