大学英语四级作文讲解

大学英语四级

写作辅导

WritingforCET4

提纲1.大纲对四级作文的要求2.四级评分原则和标准3.四级作文常考题型4.写作对策5.常用过渡词语6.常用句型大纲对四级作文的要求

要求应试者在30分钟内写出一篇不少于120个词的短文写作命题源于日常生活和有关科技、社会文化等方面的一般常识，不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。其命题方式有：给出题目、或规定情景、或给出段首句续写、或给出关键词写短文、或看图作文。要求内容切题，文理通顺，表达正确，语义连贯，无重大语言错误。评分原则1、检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级教学要求。2、采用总体评分（GlobalScoring)方法阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（rewardscores),而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。3、从内容和语言两方面对作文进行综合判断。作文应表达题目所规定的内容。评分要考虑文章是否切题，是否清楚而合适地表达思想，语言错误是否造成理解障碍。评分标准（按百分制评判）1、满分15分2、阅卷标准分五等：2分，5分，8分，11分，14分3、档次评分标准

2分，5分，8分，11分，14分2分—一塌糊涂条理不清，思想紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。Nowdays,SocialappearedmoremorefreeAdmissionstomuseums.it’sinordertopeoplewastedmoney.Inadition,richinpeople’slifeandincreasemoreknowldegesButsomepeoplethoughtfreeAdimssionstomuseumshavebroughtmuchproblems.Inhand,aplentyofpeoplevisited…5分—糊里糊涂基本切题，表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多严重语言错误。Inordertoenrichthecultureofpeople,moreandmoremusuemswereprovidedfreeadmissions.Somebodythoughtitwouldtakesomeproblemslikethat.Thefirst,becauseoffreeadmissionsofMuseumswereattractedalargenumbersofpeoplewhointerestedinallaroundtheworld.Andthosewhotakepartineffectedthetrafficcrowedaroundthemuseums,eventhoughaffectedpeoplewholiveinnexttothemuseumlife…8分—马马虎虎基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，有一些是严重错误。Thereisaninterestingandattractivepicturewhichgoeslikethis:Moreandmoremuseumsarefreeforpeople.Theywantmorepeoplegotomuseums.Butsomepeoplearguethatitmakesometroubleforfreeforpeople.Thereasonistheeconomyofthemuseumswouldbeworsethanbefore.Worstofall,itmaytakeamessformorepeoplecometothemuseums.…11分—清清楚楚切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误Nowmoreandmoremuseumsarefreewithoutchargetothepublic.Doesthatmakeanysense?Freeadmissiontomuseumshelpsussavemoney,butitalsoencouragesustogotomuseumstolearnsomethingelseandgetmoreknowledge.Thiscontributestoimprovethelivinglevelofthepublic.Itcancertainlyletusknowmoreaboutourcountryandtheworld,whichhasagoodeffectonourdevelopment.Everycoinhastwosides.Itcanalsobringsomeproblems.Forexample,…14分—漂漂亮亮切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺、连贯，基本上无语言错误。ExampleFreeAdmissiontoMuseums?越来越多的博物馆现在免费向公众开放,目的是……有人认为这样做会带来一些问题在我看来……Nowadays,moreandmoremuseumsareopentothepublicforfree.Freeadmissionstomuseumswillmotivatepeople’sinterestsinhistory,artsandscience.Inthisway,museumscanprovidepeoplewitheasieraccesstoknowledge,whichisofvitalimportanceforthewholenation.

However,somepeopleholdthatfreeadmissionstomuseumscanbringaboutmanyproblems.Sinceanybodycanenteramuseumwithoutpaying,themuseumcanbeovercrowdedanditwillbeadifficultjobformuseumstomaintaintheircollections.Besides,museumswillfacefinancialproblemssincetheycan’tmakeprofitsfromtheadmissionfee.Duetothedecreaseinprofits,museumshavelessmotivationtoup-datetheircollectionsandout-of-datemuseumscan’tavoidthefatetocloseupinthelongrun.

Inmyopinion,freeadmissionstomuseumsaregoodforthepublic,butontheotherhandtheymayposeproblemstothemuseummanagement.Governmentsshouldprovidehelptomuseumsandguidethemtoservethepublicbetter.作文题型：1）现象解释型这类作文多为图表式作文，说明文体裁。这类命题要求考生对某一社会现象进行解释，并加以评论。基本模式：第一段解释现象；第二段解释或阐述这种现象产生或存在的原因；第三段提出建议或总结观点。2）对比选择型这类作文多为提纲式作文，议论文体裁。通常首先论述相反的两个观点，或分析评论某一社会现象的优缺点。然后给出自己的见解和看法。基本模式：第一段论述一些人对某一事物或现象的看法，或某一事物的优点；第二段论述另外一些人对此的看法，或某一事物的缺点；第三段表明自己的观点3）问题解决型这类作文一般为提纲式作文，说明文体裁。通常首先提出一个有待解决的问题，然后要求考生就该问题提出解决方法、途径，有时还要求考试最后谈论适合自己的方法。基本模式：第一段提出问题或阐述某件事情的重要性或意义；第二段列举说明处理某事的方式或解决某个问题的途径；第三段针对第二段所阐述的方法给予简要的评论，也可以提出个人的建议或选择，并阐述理由。此题型的写作重点在How，即解决问题的办法。4）观点论证型这类作文多为提纲式作文，议论文体裁。通常是围绕某一事物或观点进行论证，有时以格言或谚语为议论对象，要求考试提供论据加以说明。在写这类作文时，尤其要注意的是，在表明自己的观点时，要清楚明白，不能含含糊5）应用文在四级考试中，出现频率比较高的应用文体有：个人简历、求职信、求学信、询问信、推荐信、表扬信、感谢信、投诉信、邀请信等。该文体的文章对格式的要求比较严格，常分三段来写：开头，正文，结尾。开头：介绍写信的原因，最近的情况。正文：写信的具体内容。结尾：期待盼望的话或再次提醒。写作对策1、内容要紧扣主题，涵盖提示要点要审准题——看清题目、提纲、图画、表格，扣紧题目写就不会出现大问题

注意：1.不要妄图以情动人；2.不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜。2.结构上要层次清晰

结构上牢记总分总：先写主题句(TopicSentence)，再写分论点，最后写总结句(Conclusion)。分段——文章结构的关键引言段——扩展段——结尾段

引言段要包含中心句；扩展段每段应有主题；结尾段自然收尾开头空出相同字符数空格；题目不必重抄；段与段之间不必空行3.语言上要表达流畅，无重大语病，句式有一定的变化。1）避免重大的语言错误。每完成一篇作文，应从单词拼写、动词时态、名词单复数、形容词、副词比较级别、固定搭配、介词用法等方面进行检查。

a.用不同的词或词组表达同一个意思，如：

think,believe,hold,maintain,argue,etc.

b.根据意义和语法要求把有关单句组合起来使句子在结构上更加多样化，既有短句，又有长句；适当使用从句、倒装句、非谓语动词、插入语等，从而使文章句子结构稍微复杂而富于变化，从而增加语言的表现力和文章的感染力2）注意遣词、造句以及句式的变化多样常用从句Which引导的非限定性定语从句2、状语从句（结果、原因、时间、比较）So…that…;because/since;before/after,not…until…;while/whereas3、名词性从句（同位语从句、宾语从句）倒装、非谓语动词和插入语的使用1、notonly…butalso…Onlyby…can…Notuntil…do…2、分词做状语，动名词做主语或宾语3、适当插入一些副词或介词短语等Thismeasure,undoubtedly(inmyopinion),willeliminatethewasteofwater.联句方法要做到句子结构的多样化，必须掌握改变句子结构形式的一些常用联句方法。现介绍如下：1．把两个词序和句型都一致的简单句，用并列连接词连成一句。例一：Hetookdifficultcourseslastterm.Hespentlonghoursstudying.Hetookdifficultcourseslasttermandspentlonghoursstudying.例二：Shewasnotsatisfiedwithherownachievement.Shewasnotsatisfiedwiththeteam'sperformance.Shewasnotsatisfiedneitherwithherownachievementnorwiththeteam'sperformance.2.将其中一句改成分词短语，在句中作状语。例一：Iwasdeeplytouchedbythescene.Icouldn'tkeepbackmytears.Deeplytouchedbythescene,Icouldn'tkeepbackmytears.3.将其中一句改成“介词+名词”短语，在句中作状语例一：Ineedrelaxation.Ihaveworkedaharddayinthefactory.After(or:becauseof)aday'shardworkinthefactory,Ineedrelaxation.4．将其中一句改成改分词独立结构，在句中作状语。例一：Wehaveconsideredeverything.ShanghaiisthemostexcitingcityinChina.Everything(being)considered,ShanghaiisthemostexcitingcityinChina.(过去分词独立结构用作状语，表示结果，being可省略)5．将其中一句改成不定式短语或形容词短语，在句中作状语例一：PeoplehearyouspeakEnglish.TheymaytakeyouforanEnglishman.TohearyouspeakEnglish,peoplemighttakeyouforanEnglishman.例二：Wemustguaranteethebasicneedsforpeople.Wewillproducemoreandbetternecessitiesoflifeforthem.Toguaranteethebasicneedsforpeople,wewillproducemoreandbetternecessitiesoflifeforthem.6．将其中一句改成定语从句例一：Somepeoplecannotdistinguishbetweencolors.Theyaresaidtobecolor-blinded.Somepeoplewhocannotdistinguishbetweencolorsaresaidtobecolor-blinded.例二：Theboyhasdefeatedmanygrown-upsatchess.Heisonlyfifteen.Theboyswhoisonlyfifteenhasdefeatedmanygrown-upsatchess.7．将其中一句改成状语从句例一：Susanexpectedherresearchpapertoreceiveagoodgrade.Shehadputmanyhoursofwritingintoit.Susanexpectedherresearchpapertoreceiveagoodgrade,becauseshehadputmanyhoursofwritingintoit.例二：Airtrafficiscloselycontrolled.Flyingisrelativelysafe.If(或Because/Aslongas/Providedthat)airtrafficiscloselycontrolled,flyingisrelativelysafe.4.卷面整洁，安排合理1.用笔的颜色(深蓝色使人心情放松愉快)2.粗细(粗线条给人以安全感)，3.整齐划一的格式(段首一律空两个手指)，4.明了的段落感(每段空一行)，5.清晰的字数感(一行以8-10字为宜)，6.工整干净的卷面（没有黑粑粑，涂改用短横杠）

7.作文的排版应该不多于2/3，不少于1/3，要留有余地，不要将卷面写得密密麻麻。英语四级作文中常用过渡语表示列举的方法Firstofall/Aboveall,secondly,moreover…Inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,furthermore/what’smoreTobegin(start)with,secondly,inadditionForonething,foranotherthing,forstillanotherthing表示举例说明的过渡语

Forexample,forinstance,foronething,toillustrate,asanillustration,acaseinpoint,Let’stake…asanexample.Take…forexample.…isatypicalexampleof……isatypical/propercaseinpoint.表示递进关系的过渡语

Inaddition,furthermore,moreover,besides,also,what’smoreNotonly,butalso,similarly,Another…is…isanother……isalsoafactor.表示对比对照的过渡语

Incontrast,bycontrast,ontheotherhand,incomparison,onthecontrary,unlike,like,contraryto,whereas,while,conversely,…differ/varygreatly/vastlyfromDifferentfrom表示因果关系的过渡语

Becauseof,onaccountof,dueto,owingto,thanksto,for,because,since,as,forthisreasonTherefore,so,asaresult,consequently,inconsequence,accordingly,hence,thusThereasonswhy/for…are/liein……resultsin……resultfrom…表示结论的过渡语

Tosumup,toconclude,tosummarizeInsum,insummary,inconclusion,inall,inaword,inshort,inbriefSo,therefore,thusWecancometotheconclusionthatAconclusioncanbereachedthat表示转折的过渡语

Though,although,however,nevertheless,nonetheless,eventhoughLet’slookattheothersideofthecoin.Aseverythinghastwosides,weshouldnotneglecttheothersideofthecoin.Justastherearetwosidesofacoin,.归纳总结概括全文，得出结论AllinallInaword

Asforme

InmyopinionPersonally,Ithink/believeAsfarasIamconcerned英语四级作文八种常用句型一.原因1.Anumberoffactorsmightcontributeto(leadto)(accountfor)thephenomenon(problem).2.Theanswertothisprobleminvolvesmanyfactors.3.Thefactorsthatcontributetothissituationinclude...4.Thechangein...largelyresultsfromthefactthat...5.Oneofthemostcommonfactors(causes)isthat...6.Anothercontributingfactor(cause)is...7.Perhapstheprimaryfactoristhat…8.Butthefundamentalcauseisthat二.比较1.Theadvantagesfaroutweighthedisadvantages.2.TheadvantagesofAaremuchgreaterthanthoseofB.3.Forallthedisadvantages,ithasitscompensatingadvantages.4.Likeanythingelse,ithasitsfaults.5.AandBhaveseveralpointsincommon.6.AandBdifferinseveralways.7.Evidently,ithasbothnegativeandpositiveeffects.8.Peopleusedtothink...,butthingsaredifferentnow.三.批驳1)Itistruethat...,butonevitalpointisbeingleftout.2)Somepeoplesay...,butitdoesnotholdwater.3)Manyofushavebeenundertheillusionthat...4)Acloseexaminationwouldrevealhowridiculousthestatementis.5)Itmakesnosensetoarguefor...6)Toomuchstressplacedon...mayleadto...7)Suchastatementmainlyrestsontheassumptionthat...8)Contrarytowhatiswidelyaccepted,Imaintainthat...四.后果1.Itmaygiverisetoahostofproblems.2.Theimmediateresultitproducesis...3.Itwillexerciseaprofoundinfluenceupon...4.Itsconsequencecanbesogreatthat...五.举例1)Agoodcaseinpointis...2)Asanillustration,wemaytake...3)Suchexamplesmightbegiveneasily.4)...isoftencitedasanexample.六.证明1)Noonecandenythefactthat...2)Theideaishardlysupportedbyfacts.3)Unfortunately,noneof