博士学术写作

AcademicWritingAresearchpaper(RP)isusedtotellthereadersWHATyoudid,WHYyoudidit,(Introduction),HOWyoudidit(Methods),WHATyouhavefound(Results)andWHATitmeans(Discussion).

UnitOne:AnOverviewofEffectivewriting

PartA:stepstosuccessfulwritingofaresearchpaperPartB:thestyleofacademicwritingObjectivity:Helpingstudentsknowthefivestepsofwritingaresearchpapersuccessfullyandthestyleofacademicwriting.PartA:stepstosuccessfulwritingofaresearchpaper

Stepstosuccessfulwriting:Step1.Preparation:choosingatopicStep2.Research:collectinginformationandevaluatinginformation

Step3.Organization:organizingideaswiththewaysofdevelopingparagraphsandworkingoutanoutlineStep4.WritingthefirstdraftStep5.Revision:revisingthedraftandfinalizingit.Step1:choosingatopicSomesuggestionsforchoosingatopic:1.Choosingatopicthatinterestsyouandattractstheothers’attention.2.Choosingatopiconwhichyoucanfindsufficientmaterialsanddevelopfurtherbyofferingsomethingoriginal.3.Choosingatopicthatisneithertoogeneralnortoonarrow.e.g.USForeignPolicy——>Bush’sChinaPolicy——>Bush’sChinaPolicyinEconomyElizabethan’sDrama——>Shakespeare’sTragedies——>Hamlet——>OnHamlet’sInsanity4.Choosingascientifictopicthathaspracticalvalue:comingfrompracticeandbacktopractice.5.Choosingatopicthatismanageableandfeasible.6.Choosingatopicthathasuniversalmeaningandcanbeusedtoguidesomecommonproblems.StepTwo:FindingandEvaluatingMaterialsFindingmaterials:locatingandgatheringthemostpromisingmaterialsourcesEvaluatingmaterials:evaluatingthentodeterminewhichonesareuseful,eliminatingthosethatareoutofdate,unreliable,orthatleadawayfromthetopicYoushouldbegincollectingthenecessaryinformationthemomentyoustartyourresearchandyouaresupposedtokeepondoingthistilltheendofyourresearch.Takingnotes:Basically,therearethreemajorkindsofnotes:thedirectquotation,theparaphrase,andthesummary.

Thedirectquotationisanotethattakesdowntheexactwordingofaparticulareffectivestatementonasubject.

Theparaphraseisanotethattakesdowntheinformationofasourceinyourownwords.

Thesummaryisanotethatabstractsandcondensesalargeamountofmaterialintoasmallspace.Whichevermethodyouuse,youmustcitethesourceoftheinformation.Sourcesofinformationavailabletoyou:1.websitesonInternet2.libraries3.personalinterviewsandwrittenquestionnaires4.experiments5.yourownbackgroundknowledgeandcurrentmagazine,newspaperandjournalarticles6.paper,thesisanddissertation7.supervisors

Step3:Organization:organizingideaswiththewaysofdevelopingparagraphsandworkingoutanoutlineAnoutlineistheframeworkofaresearchpaper.Theoutlinewillhelpyouorganizeyourideasandputyourmaterialingoodorder.atopicoutline,inwhichallthepartsofyourpaperarelaidoutinshortphrases.

asentenceoutline,inwhichallpointsofyourpaperareexpressedincompletesentences.

Step4:writingthefirstdraftWhenwritingyourpaper,learnto

1.useyourownwords,

2.usethepropertenses,

3.unitefactsandviews,

4.payattentiontologicandorganization,

5.makeyourtoneobjectiveratherthanpersonal,and

6.choosetherightstyle.

1.useyourownwordsThebasicprincipleisthatthepapermustbeyours─yourideas,yourorganization,andforthemostpart,yourownwords.

2.usethepropertense3.unitefactsandviewsAgoodpaperismarkedbytheunityoffactsandviews.

4.payattentiontologicandorganizationViewsshouldbedevelopedlogically,andfactsshouldbeusedtosupportyourviewsattherighttimeandintherightplace.5.makeyourtoneobjectiveratherthanpersonalYourargumentswillbeconvincingiftheyarewellgroundedandpresentedinanobjectivetone.6.choosetherightstyleForthestudentswhoarelearningtowritearesearchpaper,itisadvisabletousetheformal,writtenstyle.Youshouldtrytomakeyourpapereasyforyourreaderstounderstand.Yourlanguageshouldbeclear,straightforwardandsmooth.Floridandpompousexpressionsorunnecessarilycomplicatedstructuresshouldbeavoided.Step5:Revision:

*checkyourdraftforaccuracyandcompleteness*checkyourdraftforunity,coherenceandtransition*checkyourdraftforclarity*checkyourdraftforstylePartB:thestyleofacademicwriting

Definitionofstyle:

Inaresearchpaperorlegaldocument,mostsentencesarelongandcomplicated,withmoreformalwordsandsomespecialtermsdifficultforordinarypeopletounderstand.Thespecialfeaturelikethisinlanguageisamatterofstyle.Specificfeaturesofacademicwritingstyle:1.Vocabularyshift*formalverbse.g.Somethinghappens.---Somethinghasoccurred.*Usemoresingleverbsinsteadofphrasalverbse.g.Researcherslookedatthewaystrainbuildsuparoundafault.(lessformalstyle)Researchersobservedthewaystrainaccumulatesaroundafault.(academicstyle)

speedup----acceleratesetup----establishthrowback---reflectpushinto---insertbreathein---inhalethinkabout---considerfindout----discovertakeaway---removehangup---suspendjointogether---combinespreadout—diffuseuseup---consume/exhaustgetridof---eliminatepushaway—repelpasson---transmit/transferlookinto---investigatecutdown---reducegoupanddown—fluctuatehelpout---assistgoup---increase

FormalCommon

commencebeginprofounddeepfortunateluckyterminateendproceedcontinue

elevateraisegratuitousunnecessaryexplicitclearidenticalsameeruditelearnedendeavortryeccentricstrange,queer

*formaladjectivesandadverbse.g.alotof----many-------several,various,numerous(informal)(lessinformal)(formal)without---intheabsenceofnotasgoodas----inferiortosometimes---occasionallybeforethis---previouslyintheend---eventuallyalittle---slightlytoday---nowadays/atpresentallrightfor---suitableforwithoutstopping---unceasinglySomeformaladjectivesinresearchpapers:PositiveworkNeutralorAverageworkPoorworkimportantsmallflawedinnovativeexploratoryunsatisfactorycarefulremarkabletraditionalrestrictedsignificantpreliminarythininterestingmodestsloppyelegantimpressivesimplerigorousunusualaccurate2.

ActiveorPassiveVoicee.g.Icarriedoutanexperimenttoinvestigatetheeffectoflightonplantgrowth.Anexperimentwascarriedouttoinvestigatetheeffectoflightonplantgrowth.e.g.Forthesecondtrial,theapparatuswascoveredbyasheetofplastic.Itwasbelievedthatthismodificationwouldreducetheamountofscattering.Forthesecondtrial,theapparatuswascoveredbyasheetofplastic.Webelievedthismodificationwouldreducetheamountofscattering.

SomewordscannotbeusedaspassivevoiceSomeintransitiveverbs:appear,rise,happen,occur,lie,depart,takeplace,breakoutSomewordsthatdon’texpressaction,butsituation,state,orcondition:hold,contain,comprise,become,form,combine,change,lack,fit,suit,mean,resemble,cost,equal,benefit,increase,decrease,contrast,expand,fail,consistof,looklike.3.FormalgrammarAvoidcontractionsandsomecolloquialexpressionsLimittheuseof“andsoforth”and“etc”

Thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixstates:Illinois,Iowa,Ohio,etc.Thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixstates,includingIllinois,IowaandOhio.（better）Smallanimals(e.g.rats,gerbils)wereusedinthestudy.Usemoreappropriateformalnegativeforms

not…any--nonot…much--littlenot…many--fewe.g.Theanalysisdidnotyieldanynewresults.Theanalysisyieldednonewresults.Avoidusing“you”and“I”YoucanseetheresultsinFigure1.Inmyopinion,theresearchresultsreflectthe…Trytolimittheuseofdirectquestions

Whatcanwedonetolowercosts?Wenowneedtoconsiderhowc