2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

--PAGE11-SectionI Useof EnglishDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain1consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily2heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance_3_theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto4oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto_5_thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation2_andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe7.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor8extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow_9ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot10obtainable.[AJ otherthan [BJ aswellas [CJ insteadof [DJ morethan[AJ onlyif [BJ muchas [CJ longbefore [DJ everfor [BJ against [CJ of [DJ towardsreplace [BJ purchase [CJ supplement [DJ disposeenhance [BJ mlX [CJ feed [DJ raise6.[AJ vessels [BJ routes [CJ paths [DJ channelsself-confident [BJ self-sufficient [CJ self-satisfied [DJself-restrained8.[AJ search [BJ save [CJ offer [DJ proportion [BJ percentage [CJ rate [DJ [AJ genuinely [BJ obviously [CJ presumably [DJ frequentlySectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofquestions.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.points)Text1Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,mayatheUnitedStatesjustsuchaperiodaftertheoftheWorldithadaeighttimeslargerthananyitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld'sbest;itsworkersthemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.machine-toolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica'sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,"accordingtoRichardCavanaugh,executivedeanofHarvard'sKennedySchoolofGovernment."Itmakesproudtobeanjusttoseehowouraretheirproductivity,"saysMooreoftheCatoathink-tankinWashington,DC.AndSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas"agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates."TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldIIbecause ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal.itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore.thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors.theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy.ThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthatAmerican TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket.semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises.machine-toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions.autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride.Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtotheturningofthebusinesscyclerestructuringofindustryimprovedbusinessmanagementsuccessineducationText2Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70-year-oldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportant,anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsago,thechanceofababy(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.itmakesalmostnodifference.Sinceofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday-everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring-meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes.Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepast100,000years-eventhepast100years-ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.didnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they"lookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension."Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?Alackofmates.Afiercecompetition.Alowersurvivalrate.Adefectivegene.WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate?Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.Indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvancethenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendecliningourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolutionthedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearingWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution.[BJWaysofContinuingMan'sEvolution.TheEvolutionaryFutureHumanEvolutionGoingNowhere.Text3Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,isthatintocometheymaybeasWithto,thecaseisr,rrtymaybe-evengttheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight-itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.This,inbrief,iswhattheFuturistsays:foracentury,pastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeedingup,tillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.Consequently,ourfeelings,thoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.Thisspeedingupoflife,saystheFuturist,requiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupourliteraturetoo,ifwewanttointerpretmodemstress.Wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwords,unhamperedbystops,orqualifyingorfiniteverbs.Insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepage,andshortenorlengthenwordsatwill.Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadinexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver-andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:"Pluff1Pluff1Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms."This,thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetry,canhardlybeclassedasLiterature.Allthesame,nothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.Thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged?Thispassageismainly_____asurveyofnewapproachestoartareviewofFuturistpoetryaboutmeritsoftheFuturistmovementaboutlawsandrequirementsofliteratureWhenanovelliteraryideaappears,peopleshouldtrytodetermineitspurposesignoreitsflawsfollowthenewfashionsaccepttheprinciplesFuturistsclaimthatwemust increasetheproductionofliteratureusepoetrytorelievemodernstressdevelopnewmodesofexpressionavoidusingandverbsTheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis basedonreasonableprinciplesnewandacceptabletoordinarypeopleindicativeofabasicchangeinhumannaturemoreofatransientphenomenonthanliteratureText4AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.ButincreasinglytheJapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalwork-moralvalues.Tenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeing,butnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneeds,andyoungpeopledon'tknowwheretheyshouldgonext.Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteen-agerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan'srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.Inarecentsurvey,itwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollife,comparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheUnitedStates.Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression."Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores-personality,ability,courageorhumanity-arecompletelyignored,"saysKaifu,chairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty'seducationcommittee."Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild."LastyearJapanexperienced2,125incidentsofschoolviolence,including929assaultsonteachers.Amidtheoutcry,manyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedmoralityofrespectforparents."ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselife-styles."InJapan,"sayseducatorYokoMuro,"it'sneveraquestionofwhetheryouyourjobandyourlife,butonlyhowmuchyoucanendure."economicgrowthhascomecentralization;fully76percentofJapan's119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,two-generationhouseholds.UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutes(travelstoandfromwork)andcrowdedlivingconditions,butastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweaken,thediscomfortisbeginningtotell.Inthepastdecade,theJapanesedivorcerate,whilestillwellbelowthatoftheUnitedStates,hasincreasedbymorethan50percent,andsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyIntheWesterners'eyes,thepostwarJapanwas underaimlessdevelopment[BJapositiveexamplearivaltotheWestonthedeclineAccordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldeclineofJapanesesociety?participationinsocialactivitiesislimited.Moreworkersaredissatisfiedwiththeirjobs.Excessiveemphasishasbeenplacedonthebasics.Thelife-stylehasbeeninfluencedbyWesternvalues.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor ?Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocialladder.Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.Droppingoutleadstofrustrationagainsttesttaking.ThechangeinJapaneselife-styleisrevealedinthefactthat theyoungarelesstolerantofdiscomfortsinlifethedivorcerateinJapanexceedsthatintheU.S.theJapaneseenduremorethaneverbeforetheJapaneseappreciatetheirpresentlifeTextsIfambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofdistinction,controloverone'sdestiny-mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition'sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition-ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped-withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs-thelocations,placenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;journalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledForsuchpeopleandmanymorenotsoexceptional,theproper"Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious."Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanhaseverbeenintheThisdoesnotmeanthatisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregarded itsreturnswellcompensateforthesacrificesitisrewardedwithmoney,fameandpoweritsgoalsarespiritualratherthanmaterialitissharedbytherichandthefamousThelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitis customaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitioninwords[BJtoolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletoutdishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentofthegoalimpracticalfortheeducatedtobenefitsfromambitionSomepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause theythinkofitasimmoraltheirpursuitsarenotfameorwealthambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialbenefitstheydonotwanttoappeargreedyandcontemptibleFromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatambitionshouldbemaintained .secretlyandvigorouslyopenlyandenthusiasticallyeasilyandmomentarilyverballyandspirituallyPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.31)Undermodemconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.32)Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisintumrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthe