2018考研英语五夜十篇10月7日讲义

例子1：Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandtheernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlyAnargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwas therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokingandthenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswaspeoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayofantismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingButsomeobserversareskeptical,"Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyarengancestrytesting,"saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather'slineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon'trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfails tracedistantrebuildreliablefullyusegeneticachievetheclaimedInthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfaces.disorganized overlapdatabaseexcessivesamplelackofpatentThevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeinerchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalernment’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,time-consuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3 shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivaltherewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanyoverchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforrate ernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwayToday,professorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressivepublicpolicyasthepropersubjectofstudywhileportrayingconservativeorclassicalliberalideas—suchasfreemarketsandself-reliance—asfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutine,andsometimeslegitimate,inlectualinvestigation.TheauthorimpliesinParagraph5thatprofessors supportiveoffreecautiousabout lectualconservativeaboutpublicbiasedagainstclassicalliberalSeveralmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear–fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarner,theAmericandefensecontractorScienceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley–haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricateITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities.AccordingtoParagraph2,someorganizationschecktheirsystemstofindwhetherthereisanyweakwhatsortofdatahasbeenwhoisresponsibleforthehowthepotentialspiescanbeConsumerssaythey’renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,“there’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses,”saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.“Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree,”saysJohnTealdi,aBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Whenmentioning“the$4millionto$10millionrange”(Lines3-4,Paragraph3)theauthoristalkingabout goldrealstockventureThecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged–thoughnotjustified–bythelackoflegalpenalty(inAmerica,butnotEurope)fordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalaw,Americanfirmsdidnothavetolanyone,eventhevictim,whendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationisnowngtheroundsinWashington,D.C.Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedonJune17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5dataleakageismoresevereinFTC’sdecisionisessentialtodataCaliforniatakestheleadinsecuritylegalpenaltyisamajorsolutiontodataThemostthoroughlystudiedinthehistoryofthenewworldaretheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas"Somuchimportantattachedtoinlectualpursuits"Accordingtomanybooksandarticles,NewEngland'sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritantraditioninAmericaninlectuallife.TotakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeantostartwiththePuritans'theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch-importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.Butinkeewithourexaminationofsoutherninlectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeancultureadjustingtoNewworldTheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity.TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchinthedecadeafter1629,therewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofinlectualWeshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswell但是我们记了，大多数的新英格兰人并没有受过良好的教育Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeyzed,itisobviousthatTheirthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitionsquality.（更不用说佃户和仆人了）但他们的观点明显不够理性。AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.sexualconfusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope-allnametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthefirstlinehesawwouldsettlehisfate,andreadthemagicalwords:"comeoutfromamongthem,touchnouncleanthing,andIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbemypeople."OnewonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexplainingtheBiblethatheheardinpuritanchurched.Meanwhile,manysettleshadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDane's,asoneclergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewworldforreligion."Ourmainendwastocatchfish.②Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeyzed，itisobviousthattheirviewswerelessfullyinlectualized.（更不用说佃户和仆人了）但他们的观点明显不够理性。③Theirthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitions他们的思想往往带有传统的色彩④AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.一位名叫JohnDane的裁缝，他在1630年代到了，他留下的关于离开英格兰⑤Sexualconfusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope-allnametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthefirstlinehesawwouldsettlehisfate,andreadthemagicalwords:"comeoutfromamongthem,touchnouncleanthing,andIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbemypeople."性的困惑，经济的挫折和的希望，所有这一切就在这样一个关键的时刻一下子涌⑥OnewonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexplainingtheBiblethatheheardinpuritanchurched.人们会纳闷 在清教教堂里听到那些精心诠释的解释的文时作何感想①Meanwhile,manysettleshadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDane's,asoneclergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewworldforreligion. ②"Ourmainendwastocatchfish.我们的目标就是