2008年全国入学考试英语一试题及参考答案

入学统一考试英语试Section UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,orDonANSWERSHEET1.(10Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreinligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGreoryCochramis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreinligentthantheothers,butexplainedtheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheinlectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.These14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheinligenceanddiseasesareintimay18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19 themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs.[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D]la[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]given [B]got [C]carried [D]put[A] [B] [C] [D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A] [C][D]Section ReadingPartReadthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40appearappearWhilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife, beaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelodepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen.”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith.”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,”sheobserves,“it’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheyewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandDr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysical.Thekindsofinteralthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunay,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecowithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoWomenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbyWomenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincowithMenandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwith needextradosesofchemicalstohandlehavelimitedcapacityfortoleratingaremorecapableofavoidingareexposedtomoreAccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendsto domesticandirregularanddurableandtrivialandThesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)shows AlvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingAlvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheResponsetoStress:GenderItusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthor’snamesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview,dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublishers,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet--andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit--ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificThevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness,inAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsiicensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthor thebackgroundinformationofjournaltherelationsofauthorswithjournalthetraditionalprocessofjournalWhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDItintroducesaneffectivemeansofItupsetsprofit-makingjournalAccordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantin itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificitbringshugeprofitstoscientificitemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificWiththeopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequired coverthecostofitssubscribetothejournalpublishingallowotheronlinejournalstouseitWhichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetheinternetisposingathreattoanewmodetopublicationis ethenewchannelforpublicationisrenderedeasilybyonlineIntheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofThetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today'speople--especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations--apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren'tlikelytogetanytaller.“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we'veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients--notably,protein--tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,oage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight--5'9"formen,5'4"forwomen--hasn'treallychangedsince1960.Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthc.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstraininflictedbyoversizelimbs."Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,"saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity. umscanchange,butdon'texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,"youcouldusetoday'sdataandfeelfairlyconfident."WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexample illustratethechangeofheightofNBAshowthepopularityofNBAplayersintheassesstheachievementsoffamousNBAWhichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtotheGeneticNaturalOnwhichofthefollowingstatementwouldtheauthormostprobablyNon-AmericansaddtotheaverageheightoftheHumanheightisconditionedbytheuprightAmericansarethetallest ageintheLargebabiestend etallerinWelearnformthelastparagraphthatinthenear thegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformthedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremaingenetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingtheexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeThetextintends lus thechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclichumanheight ingevenmoreAmericanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthteticpatternofAmericanshas In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecameoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw--havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.That'safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-chopGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontheroleslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.WorksbyGoreVidal,HenryWiencek,andGarryWillsrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation'searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry'sinfancy.Moresignificant,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong--andyetmostdidlittletofightit.Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivayexpresseddistasteforslavery(Jeffersononcecalleditan"execrablecommerce"),theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.Politicalcapital.Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas"likehavingalargebankaccount,"saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe"peculiarinstitution,"includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmen'spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryintheialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.Still,JeffersonfreedHemings'schildren--thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximay150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthevalorofblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia. showtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthedemonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisstresstheroleofslavesintheU.SrevealsomeunknownaspectofhisWemayinferfromthesecondparagraph DNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryinitsearlydaystheU.Swasconfrontedwithdelicatehistorians politicalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.SWhatdowelearnfromthetextaboutHispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsHisstatusasafathermadehimfreethechildHisattitudetowardsslaverywasHisaffairwithaslavestainedhisWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheSlavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherighttoSlaveownersusuallyhadlargesavingsSlaverywasregardedasapeculiar moralPartYouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutwhatparentsaresupposedtodotoguidetheirchildrenintoadulthood.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA--Gthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Therearetwoextraheadingsthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thetimeforsharpeningpencils,arrangingyourdesk,andngalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsit,standup,orliedowntowrite.(41) Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenext,butdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounow,workitintothedraft. .Grammar,punctuation,andspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors. .Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatway,andifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceisewhere,youwillnotloseanywritingoneitherside.Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessor,youcanmakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyourwriting.(44) .Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.Onceyouhaveafirstdraftyoucandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.ThestudentwhowrotetheA&PasastatewiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.(45) Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes–andthenagainworkingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintosimple.Tomakerevisioneasier,leavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwords,sentencesandcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.Afteryouhavealreadyandadequaydevelopedthebodyofyourpaper,payparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraph.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlast,afteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.It’sworthremembering,however,thatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrible,itwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondesksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwrite,justsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesis,youcanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.Althoughthisisaninterestingissue,ithasnothingtodowiththethesis,whichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.Insteadofincludingthatparagraph,sheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P“policy”heenforces. Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin“A&P”thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstoreByusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosay,youwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Inhisautobiography，Darwinhimselfspeaksofhisinlectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconcisely,but(46)hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations,Hediedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwit,suchasdistinguishedHuxley.(47)Heasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurely trainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.Hismemory,too,hedescribedasextensive,buthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasitthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.(48)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.This,hethought,couldnotbetrue,becausethe"OriginofSpecies"isonelongargumentfromthebeginningto,andhasconvincedmanyablemen.Noone,hesubmits,couldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.Hewaswillingtoassertthat"Ihaveafairshareofinvention,andofcommonsenseorjudgment,suchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthave,butnot,Ibelieve,inanyhigherdegree."(49)Headdshumblythatperhapshewas"superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully."Writinginthelastyearofhislife,heexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedinentyorthirtyyears.Uptoofthirtyoritpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerly,too,pictureshadgivenhimconsiderable,andmusicverygreat,delight.In1881,however,hesaid:"NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry;IhavetriedlaytoreadShakspeare,andfounditsointolerablydullthatitnauseatedme.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.MusicgenerallysetsmethinkingtooenergeticallyofwhatIhavebeenatworkon,insteadofgivingmepleasure.Iretainsometasteforfinescenery,butitdoesnotcausemetheexquisitedelightwhichitformerlydid."(50)Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness,butmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheinlect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.SectionIIIPartYouhavejustcomebackfromCanadaandfoundamusicCDinyourluggagethatyouforgottoreturntoBob,yourlandlordthere.Wri