英语专八英美文学常识汇总

英语专八英美文学常识汇总英语专八英美文学常识汇总英语专八英美文学常识汇总英语专八英美文学常识汇总编制仅供参考审核批准生效日期地址：电话：传真:邮编:3专八人文知识:英国地理概况theenglishchannel:thechannelisanarrowseapassagewhichseparatesenglandandfranceandconnectstheatlanticoceanandnorthsea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。

thedeeestuary:asmallsea(inirishsea)wherethedeeriverenters.

迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。"theactofunionof1801":in1801theenglishparliamentpassedanactbywhichscotland,walesandthekingdomofenglandwereconstitutionallyjoinedasthekingdomof1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。

gaelic:itisoneofthecelticlanguage,andisspokeninpartsofthehighlands.

盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。

the"backboneofengland":itreferstothepennies,theboardridgeofhills.

英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。

leadore:britishleadoreshavebeenworkedsincepre-romantimes.itcontainssilver.

铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。内含银。

chinaclay:thedepositsofchinaclayincornwallareofgreateconomicvalue.瓷土：康沃尔的瓷土沉淀带来了巨大的经济价值。

4专八人文知识复习：美国地理概况

本文针对英语专业八级考试的人文知识部分，总结了美国国家的主要地理概况，希望对同学们有所帮助。TheFallLine瀑布线：Apointwherewater-fallsorrapidssuddenlydropfromahigherleveltothelowerone.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。

TheAppalachianRange阿巴拉契亚山脉：1200mileslong，consistsofthePiedmontPlateau,AppalachianPlateausandAppalachianRange.阿巴拉契亚山脉全场1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。

TheCordilleraRange科迪勒拉山脉：ComposedoftheCoastRange,theCascadesandtheRockyMountains科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。

TheGreatBasin大盆地：ThePartbetweentheColoradoandColumbiaPlateaus.指的是科罗拉多和哥伦比亚高地之间的部分。TheGreatCentralPlain中部大平原：ThelandmassbetweentheRockyMountainsandtheAppalachians.指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亚山之间的平原。

TheGreatPlain大平原：Thewesternpartofthecentralplain.大平原：指的是中部平原以西的部分。

TheMississippiRiver密西西比河：Thelongest,themostimportantriverintheU.S.A..Ithasadrainageareaof3225000squarekilometers.密西西比河是美国最长、最重要的河流。它的流域面积达3225000平方公里。

TheFiveGreatLakes北美五大湖：LakeMichigan,Superior,Erie,HuronandOntario.北美五太湖指的是密歇根湖、苏必利尔湖、伊利湖、休伦湖以及安大略湖。

TheNiagaraFalls尼亚加拉瀑布：FamousfallsinNorthAmerica,1240meterswide,thedropaverages49meters.尼亚加拉瀑布是北美最著名的瀑布，有1240米宽，平均落差为49米。YellowstoneNationalPark黄石国家公园：LocatedinthenorthernpartofWyoming.ItistheoldestnationalparkintheworldandthelargestwildlifepreserveintheU.S.A.黄石国家公园位于怀俄明州的北部地区。是世界上最古老的国家公园，是美国最大的野生保护区。

GrandCanyon大峡谷：InnorthernArizona,oneofthegreatnaturalwondersoftheworld.Itmeasuresabout277mileslong,upto18mileswide,andmorethanamiledeep.Itswallsshowlayersthattellthestoryoftheformationoftheearth.大峡谷在亚利桑那州的北部，是世界上最伟大的自然奇迹之一。它约有277英里长，18英里宽，约1英里深。它的墙壁断层记录了地球形成的过程。OldFaithful老忠实喷泉：ThemostfamousgayerinYellowstoneNationalPark老忠实喷泉是黄石国家公园最著名的喷泉，每73分钟向空中喷水100英尺多高。

Chinatown唐人街：AnareainacitywheremanyChinesepeopleliveandwhereareChineseshops,restaurants,clubs;two,importantChinatowns:NewYorkCityandSanFrancisco.唐人街是许多中国人生活、居住的地区，那里有许多中国店铺、饭店、夜总会。两条最重要的唐人街分别在纽约和旧金山。

IndianReservation印第安保留地：ItreferstothebarrendesertregionswhereonlyIndiansliveexclusively.印第安保留地指的是专门给印第安人居住的贫瘠的沙漠地区。

NewEngland新英格兰：Itconsistsofsixstates:Maine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIslandandConnecticut新英格兰由六个州组成：缅因州、新罕布什尔州、佛蒙特州、马萨诸塞州、罗德岛州以及康涅狄格。这个地区主要以多山、多山谷、河流为特征。

TheMountainStates山地诸州：Montana,Wyoming,Colorado,andNewMexico.山地诸州指的是蒙大拿州、怀俄明州、科罗拉多州以及新墨西哥州。

ThePacificCoastStates太平洋沿岸诸州：Washington,OregonandCalifornia.太平洋沿岸诸州包括华盛顿州、俄勒冈州以及加利弗尼亚州。MountMcKinley麦金利山：6187metershigh,onthemiddleoftheAlaska,thehighestpeakonthiscontinent.麦金利山高达6187米。在阿拉斯加的中部。是这片大陆上最高的山峰。PearlHarbor珍珠港：ThebaseofthePacificFleetoftheU.S.A.nearthecityofHonoluluinHawaii.珍珠港是美国太平洋舰队的基地，在夏威夷的火奴鲁鲁市附近。5专八人文知识复习：加拿大地理概况

Canadaistheworld'ssecondlargestcountryafterRussia.60%ofthepopulationinCanadainhabitintheareabetweenQuebeccityandthewesternendofLake加拿大是世界上幅员第二大的国家，大约60%的人口集中在魁北克市与安大略省西端。Toronto多伦多：TorontoisCanada'slargestcityandtheprovincialCapitalofOntario.多伦多是安大略省的省会，加拿大经济中心，第一大城市。

Ottawa渥太华：OttawaisthecapitalofCanadaandthecountry'sfourthlargestcity.ItislocatedintheOttawaValleyintheeasternpartoftheprovinceof加拿大首都，第四大城市，地处安大略省东部的安大略谷。

Vancouver温哥华：VancouverisBritishColumbia’slargestcityandthethirdlargestcityinCanada.Itisanimportantice-freeharborandthemajorCanadianoutlettothePacificOcean不列颠哥伦比亚省的最大城市，也是加拿大第三大城市。它是加拿大一个非常重要的不冻港，而且是加拿大通往太平洋的主要通道，太平洋最大的货运港口。

Quebec魁北克省：QuebecisthelargestprovinceinCanadageographically,andthesecondmostpopulous,afterOntario.ItdiffersfromtheotherprovincesofCanadabecauseofitsstrongFrenchculture.Montreal,thesecondlargestcityofCanada,islocatedinthisprovince.TheQuebeccityisthecenteroftheprovince.魁北克省是加拿大最大的省，人口仅次于安大略省。法国文化的强烈影响使它与其他省区不一样。加拿大第二大城市蒙特利尔位于该省。其中心是位于圣劳伦斯河上的魁北克城。

TheCanadianShield加拿大地盾：TheCanadianShieldisasemicirclebandofrockyhighlandsandplateausaroundtheHudsonBayfromthenorthernshoresofQuebectotheArcticshoresoftheNorthwestTerritories.TheShieldcoversalmosthalfoftheCanadianterritory.这是围绕哈得孙海湾的一块半圆形多石高低和高原，从魁北克省的北部海岸一直延伸到西北自治领的北极沿岸。几乎加拿大的一半面积在加拿大地盾一带。

MountLogan洛跟峰：MountLoganisthehighestpeakinCanadaandislocatedintheYukonTerritoryofnorthwestCanada.加拿大最高峰，位于加拿大西北部的育空地区。

TheMackenzieRiver马更些河：TheMackenzieRiveristhelongestriverinCanada,flowingbetweentheCanadianShieldandtheRockyMountains.马更些河是加拿大最长的河流，流经加拿大地盾与西部落基山脉之间，全长1600公里。英国文学(EnglishLiterature)450-1066OldEnglish(orAnglo-Saxon)Period古英语（或盎格鲁—撒克逊）时期1066-1500MiddleEnglishPeriod中古英语时期1500-16601516-15781578-16251625-1660TheRenaissance文艺复兴1)ThebeginningoftheRenaissance2)Thefloweringperiod3)TheepilogueoftheRenaissance1660-1785TheNeoclassicalPeriod新古典主义时期1785-1830TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主义时期1832-1901TheVictorianPeriod维多利亚时期1901-1914TheEdwardianPeriod爱德华时期1910-1936TheGeorgianPeriod乔治五世时期1914-TheModernPeriod现代时期1945-Postmodernism后现代主义一、OldandMedievalEnglishLiterature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1)TheOldEnglishPeriod/TheAnglo-SaxonPeriod古英语时期(449-1066)a.paganpoetry(异教诗歌):Beowulf《贝奥武甫》-最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行)heroism&fatalism&Christianqualitiesthefolklegendsoftheprimitivenortherntribes;aheroicScandinavianepiclegend;善恶有报b.religiouspoetry:Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680):thefirstknownreligiouspoet;thefatherofEnglishsongCynewulf(基涅武甫9C):TheChristc.8thC,Anglo-Saxonprose:VenerableBede(673-735);AlfredtheGreat(848-901)2)TheMedievalPeriod中世纪(1066-ca.1485/1500):a.Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500):theMiddleAges;英雄诗歌无名诗人-SirGawainandtheGreenKnight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》:Celticlegend;verse-romance;2530lines~14thC,AgeofChaucer:*GeoffreyChaucer(乔叟1340-1400):文风：vividandexactlanguage,hispoetryisfullofvigorandswiftnessthefatherofEnglishpoetry;thefatherofEnglishfiction;首创“双韵体”;首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家TheCanterburyTales:pilgrimsstories受Boccaccio(薄伽丘)-Decameron《十日谈》启发TheHouseofFame;TroilusandCriseyde;TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作)*WilliamLangland(朗兰1332-1400)：TheVisionofPiersPlowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》:普通人眼中的社会抗议b.15thC,Englishballads:ThomasMalory(1395-1471):Morted’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》-圆桌骑士二、TheRenaissancePeriod英国文艺复兴(1500-1660):humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1)诗歌HenryHoward(霍华德1516-1547)a.ThomasWyatt(怀亚特1503-1542):thefirsttointroducethesonnetintoEnglishliteratureb.SirPhilipSidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想-“thecompleteman”DefenseofPoetry《为诗辩护》AstrophelandStella;Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》:aproseromancefilledwithlyrics;aforerunnerofthemodernworldc.EdmundSpenser(斯宾塞1552-1599):thepoets’poet;non-dramaticpoetof伊丽莎白时代-longallegoricalromance文风：aperfectmelody,araresenseofbeautyandasplendidimagination.TheShepherdCalendarTheFaerieQueen《仙后》：longpoemforQueenElizabeth;Allegory-nine-lineversestanza/theSpenserianStanzaSpenserianStanza(斯宾塞诗体):Ninelines,thefirsteightlinesisiniambic(抑扬格)pentameter(五步诗),andtheninthlineisaniambichexameter(六步诗)line.2)Prose散文a.ThomasMore(莫尔1478-1535):欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》:More与海员的对话b.JohnLyly(黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：EupheusEuphuism(夸饰文体):Abundantuseofbalancedsentences,alliterations(头韵)andotherartificialprosodic(韵律)means.Theuseofoddsimiles(明喻)andcomparisonsc.FrancisBacon(培根1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期;近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱thetrumpeterofanewage;Essays(论说文集)：OfStudies,OfLove,OfBeauty:thefirsttrueEnglishproseclassic3)戏剧a.ChristopherMarlowe(马洛1564-1593):UniversityWits大学才子派EdwardII；TheJewofMalta《马耳他的犹太人》firstmadeblankverse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗)theprincipleinstrumentofEnglishdramaTheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成;完善了无韵体诗。TamburlainetheGreat《帖木儿大帝》：残酷而野心勃勃的帝王b.WilliamShakespeare(剧作家&诗人,1564-1616):154sonnets(十四行诗)+37plays+longpoems;现实主义创始人16comedies:MerchantofVenice(Shylock;Antonio;Bassanio;Portia);TheTamingoftheShrew《驯悍记》AMid-SummerNight’sDream;AsYouLikeIt《皆大欢喜》;TheTwelfthNight;TheComedyofErrors;MuchAdoAboutNothing《无事生非》;TheWinter’sTale《冬天的故事》;AllisWellthatEndsWell《终成眷属》11tragedies:RomeoandJuliet;Hamlet;Macbeth《麦克白》;TheTempest《暴风雨》Othello:aheroOthellovs.badmanIago;VeniceandCyprusKingLear:BritishKing;greatestachievement;mostcomplexinplotandmostpainful10historicalplays:HenryIV;HenryVc.BenJonson(琼生1562-1637诗人&剧作家&批评家):ComedyofHumors;Volpone《狐狸》;TheAlchemist《炼金术士》三、17世纪文学1)LiteratureoftheRevolutionPeriod(AgeofMilton)资产阶级革命时期:poetry(Metaphysical玄学派+Cavalier骑士派)a.JohnDonne(多恩1572-1631)：玄学派创始人;AValediction:ForbiddingMourning《临别辞：莫悲伤》文风：obscene,vulgarandseriousphilosophicalthinking–theconflictbetweenbodyandsoulTheHolySonnets;TheFlea;GoandCatchaFallingStar;TheSongsandSonnets（主题-爱）b.JohnMilton(弥尔顿1608-1674)：RenaissanceandReformation(宗教改革)ParadiseRegained《复乐园》;ParadiseLost《失乐园》:thegreatestEnglishepic;SatanistheheroSamsonAgonistes《力士参孙》：closetdrama;forreadingratherthanperforming;OnHisBlindness《目盲自咏》;Areopagitica《论出版自由》;Comus;L’allegro《快乐的人》;Lycidasc.JohnBunyan(班扬1628-1688):prosewritinginthePuritanAge;文风：simpleandlivelyprosestyleThePilgrim’sProgress《天路历程》:proseallegorydepictingahumansoulsearchingforsalvation宗教寓言“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁《神曲》、奥古斯丁《忏悔录》并列世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。2)LiteratureoftheRestorationPeriod(AgeofDryden)王政复辟/德莱顿时期:tendancytoRealismandFormalismrestorationliterature:cliquishculture小集团文化;Frenchclassicaltastea.JohnDryden(德莱顿1631-1700,批评家&戏剧家)：firstpoetlaureate(桂冠诗人);thefatherofEnglishCriticismestablishtheheroiccouplet(英雄史诗式两行诗)asthefashionforsatiric,didactic(说教)anddescriptive(描写)poetry最先提出“玄学诗人”一词；他创造的“英语双韵体couplet”,成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。AllforLove;Alexander’sFeast;AnEssayofDramaticPoesy《论戏剧诗歌》:thegreatplaywrightsofGreeceandRome,英国文艺复兴&当代法国四、18世纪英国文学:Realism(关注社会现状，普通人)TheNeoclassicalPeriod(17世纪中期-18世纪)~Enlightenment(启蒙运动):18thC,法国-西欧,aprogressiveintellectualmovement.文艺复兴的衍伸；资本主义反对封建主义Enlightentheworldwithmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas;rationality,equality&science~Neo-Classicism:早期(Addison,SteeleandPope);中期(SamuelJohnson)oldclassicsConformtorulesandprinciplesestablishedbyRomanandGreekClassicalwriters;userimedcouplet(押韵的两行诗)Order,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,bejudgedintermsofthethematicconcerna.SamuelPepys(毕博思1633-1703):Thegreatestdiaristin17thCTheDiaryb.AlexanderPope(蒲柏1688-1744):新古典主义代表;masterinsatireandheroiccouplet;AgeofPope–18世纪初期文风：词句工整、精练、富有哲理；对Byron影响巨大firstintroducedrationalismtoEnglandAnEssayonCriticism(处女作);AnEssayonMan;Odyssey;TheRapeoftheLock《夺发记》;Dunciad《愚人记》c.RichardSteele(斯梯尔1672-1729)&JosephAddison(艾迪生1672-1719):literaryperiodicalsTheTattler(闲谈者报):1709,bySteele;Addisonwroteessays;抨击封建偏见，傲慢的富人，及大众对赌博和决斗的反感TheSpectator(旁观者报)：共同创办；theSpectatorClub现代英语小说先锋贡献：资产阶级新社会道德；18世纪英国社会真实写照；英语散文正式成为一大文学流派d.SamuelJohnson(字典约翰1709-1784):literarydictator;“grandchampioninliteratureofthatage”TheDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage:英语字典的基础；TheLivesofEnglishpoets:52earlyEnglishpoets2)十八世纪小说的崛起:首批英国小说家–theSentimentalist&theRealist*现实主义a.DanielDefoe(笛福1661-1731):英国现实主义小说奠基人;FatherofEnglishandEuropeanNovelsMollFlandersTheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe:thefirstpersonsingularCrusoerepresentedtheEnglishbourgeoisieattheearlystageofitsdevelopment.AJournalofthePlagueYearb.HenryFielding(菲尔丁1707-1754,小说家&戏剧家):英国小说之父;英国现代小说创始人；comicepicinprose创始人文风：exactstudyandobservationofreallifeJosephAndrews;AmeliaTheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling《弃婴汤姆·琼斯的故事》:18世纪英国群像；Mr.Allworthy“ProseHumor”c.JonathanSwift(斯威夫特1667-1745,政论家&讽刺小说家):伟大文学创造者之一；masterofEnglishsatiricalprose文风：simple,clearandvigor;“Properwordsinproperplaces,makesthetruedefinitionsofastyle”Gulliver’sTravels《格列佛游记》:Liliput(小人国);Brogdingnagians(大人国);Laputa(勒普泰岛);Houyhnhnms(慧马国)TheBattleoftheBooks;TheTaleofaTub;AModestProposal(bitterirony)d.TobiasGeorgeSmollett(1721-1771)：冒险小说*Sentimentalism(感伤主义):Itindulgesinemotionandsentiment,whichareusedasasortofreliefforthegrieffelttowardstheworld’swrongsandasakindofmildprotestagainstsocialinjustice.a.SamuelRichardson(理查森1689-1761):thefounderoftheEnglishdomesticnovel小说开始审视“发生于内心的东西”Pamela;Clarissa;TheHistoryofSirCharlesGrandisonb.LaurenceSterne(斯特恩1713-1768)：LifeandOpinionsofTristramShandy《项狄传》-unusualandqueerartisticformc.OliverGoldsmith(戈德史密斯1728-1774)：Romanticschool;TheDesertedVillage《荒村》;ShestoopstoConquerTheVicarofWakefield《威克菲尔德的牧师》：oneofthemostenduringcharactersinEnglishfiction3)PoetryofthePre-RomanticismandSentimentalism(前浪漫主义和感伤主义诗歌)：18世纪中期a.JamesThomson(汤姆森1700-1748苏格兰)：TheSeasons:theme-nature;blankverse；thefirstsignificantpoeminthetraditionofPre-Romanticismb.EdwardYoung(杨1683-1765)c.WilliamCollins(柯林斯1721-1759)：OdetoEvening《晚颂》d.ThomasGray(格雷1716-1771)：sympathyforthepoorandunknown,mocksthegreatoneswhodespiseandhurtthemElergyWritteninaCountryChurchyard《墓园挽歌》；OdeontheSpringe.WilliamBlake(布莱克1757-1827浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家)：symbolismTheMarriageofHeavenandHellSongsofExperience《经验之歌》:TheTiger;London;TheChimney-Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》世间的丑恶SongsofInnocence《天真之歌》:TheLambPoeticalSketches《素描诗集》f.RobertBurns(彭斯1759-1796苏格兰)：thegreatestsongwriter;thenationalpoetofScotland;thepeople’spoet文风：lyricsonloveandfriendship;simplicity;ScotchdialectsMyHeart’sintheHighlandARed,RedRose;AuldLangSyne《旧日美好时光》;Fora’Thatanda’That《不管那一套》4)戏剧a.JohnGay(盖伊1685-1732):TheBeggar’sOpera《乞丐歌剧》:oneofthemostconspicuousstagetriumphsb.RichardBrinsleySheridan(谢立丹1751-1816喜剧作家)：tendencytoRealismtheartificialcomedy(风俗喜剧)&anti-sentimentalmovement顶峰TheRivals《情敌》TheSchoolforScandal《造谣学校》：bestEnglishcomedysinceShakespearetwobrothers–Joseph/Charlessurface;criticizeEnglishhighsocietyforitsvanity,greedandhypocrisy五、TheRomanticPeriod英国浪漫主义文学(1798-1832)女性小说家涌现passion,emotionandnaturalbeautyItbeginswithWilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridge’sjointwork–LyricalBalladsin1798.ItendswiththedeathofWalterScottin1832.~ThePoeticRevolution(1798-1837):Blake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,ShelleyandKeats反对新古典主义文学1)特点individuals1.Itismarkedbyastrongreactionandprotestagainstthebondageofruleandcustom.2.Itreturnstonatureandtoplainhumanityforitsmaterial.3.Itismarkedbyrenewedinterestandmedievalidealsandliterature.4.Itismarkedbyintensehumansympathyandbyaconsequentunderstandingofthehumanheart.5.Itistheexpressionofindividualgeniusratherthanestablishedrules.6.Spenser,ShakespeareandMiltonareinspirationoftheRomanticMovement.2)诗歌–Lakers/LakePoets(湖畔诗人,第一代):Wordsworth,Coleridge&Southey-worshipperofnaturea. WilliamWordsworth(华兹华斯1770-1850)：PoetLaureateLyricalBallads《抒情歌谣集》：LinesComposedaFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey《丁登寺杂咏》;LinesWritteninEarlySpring英国浪漫主义开端ThePrelude《序曲》；TheSolitaryReaper《孤独的割麦女》；IWanderedLonelyasaCloud；ComposeduponWestminsterBridge；LucyPoems;MyHeartLeapsUp;TotheCuckoo《致布谷鸟》b.SamuelTaylorColeridge(柯勒律治1772-1834)：poetandliterarycritic；KublaKhan《忽必烈汗》；Christabel；TheRimeoftheAncientMariner(LyricalBallads)《古舟子咏》;TheFalloftheBastille《巴士底狱的倒塌》c.RobertSouthey(骚赛)：JoanofArc《圣女贞德》3)诗歌–第二代诗人:早熟、热情而短命；againstthebourgeoissocietyandtherulingclass;自由至上a.GeorgeGordonByron(拜伦1788-1824)：lyricalpoemsdealwithnatureandloveCain《该隐》DonJuan《唐璜》：西班牙贵族子弟周游各国，发生在18世纪后半叶。长诗ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记》:Childe是其诗歌中首位拜伦式英雄。长诗ByronicHeroes:孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满反抗精神。内心孤独苦闷，却又蔑视群小。SheWalksinBeauty;WhenWeTwoParted;HebrewMelodies《希伯来歌曲》b.PercyByssheShelley(雪莱1792-1822)：lovethepeopleandhatedtheiroppressorsandexploitersQueenMab；TheRevoltofIslam《伊斯兰的反叛》；Adonais；ADefenceofPoetry；TheNecessityofAtheism(无神论)诗剧：TheCenci《钦契一家》；PromethusUnbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Greekmythology)lovelyrics:OdeToaSkylark《云雀颂》；OdetotheWestWind(冬天来了，春天还会远吗):swift,proudandwild的西风c.JohnKeats(济慈1794-1821)：ode;“Beautyistruth,truthbeauty”–leadingprincipleOdetoPsyche《普赛克颂》Hispoetryisdistinguishedbysensuousness(知觉)andtheperfectionofform.OdeonMelancholy；IsabellaOdetoAutumn;OdetoaNightingale；OdeonaGrecianUrn《希腊古瓮颂》4)散文:19世纪早期，criticalprosewriting-LeighHunt,DeQuincya.CharlesLamb(兰姆1774-1834随笔):nostalgia,humor,delicacy,personalandobservations最佳散文家OldChina《古旧的瓷器》;TalesfromShakespeare(儿童文学);EssaysofElia(论说文集)b.WilliamHazlitt(哈兹利特1778-1830):犀利的文学批评-TheCharactersofShakespeare’sPlaysLecturesontheEnglishPoets;LecturesontheDramaticLiteratureoftheAgeofQueenElizabethMyFirstAcquaintancewithPoets;OnGoingaJourney《论出游》5)小说a.WalterScott(司各特1771-1832):西欧历史小说之父；thefirstnovelisttorecreatethepast浪漫主义向现实主义转变Waverley《威弗利》；RobRoy《罗伯·罗伊》(苏格兰历史)；Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》b.JaneAusten(简奥斯丁1775-1817)：humor,witanddelicatesatire;truetolife首位女作家，以特有的敏锐和细腻刻画英国乡村中产阶级的生活和思想。预示现实主义小说崛起NorthangerAbbey《诺桑觉寺》SenseandSensibility；PrideandPrejudice；Emma；Persuasion《劝导》;MansfieldPark《曼斯菲尔德庄园》c.MaryShelly(雪莉)：Frankenstein六、TheVictorianPeriod维多利亚时期(1832-1901)CriticalRealism批判现实主义-novelpoetry/proseFullanddetailedrepresentationofsocialandpoliticalevents,andthefateofcommonpeopleandofwholesocialclass1)小说a.CharlesDickens(狄更斯1812-1870):小资产阶级知识分子humoritst,satiristWithstrikingforceandtruthfulness,hepicturedbourgeoiscivilization,showingthemiseryofcommonpeople.BleakHous《荒凉山庄》；HardTimes《艰难时世》；AChristmasCarol《圣诞颂歌》~1stPeriod(1836-1841):youthfuloptimism-TheOldCuriosityShop《老古玩店》;OliverTwist《雾都孤儿》ThePickwickPapers《匹克威克外传》：退休商人Pickwick冒险经历-18世纪早期的英国的小资们petty-bourgeoisie~2ndPeriod(1842-):excitementandirritationDavidCopperfield;DombeyandSon《董贝父子》~3rdPeriod:intensifyingpessimismGreatExpectations《远大前程》ATaleofTwoCities:革命主题–法国革命中的巴黎与伦敦Dr.Manette-Lucie&Darnay,Defarge,SidneyCartonb.TheBronteSistersCharlotteBronte(1816-1855):JaneEyre(Mr.Rochester);Shirley《雪莉》EmilyBronte(1818-1848):WutheringHeights(Heathcliff&Catherine)–资本主义社会婚姻制度AnneBronte(1820-1849):AgnesGreyc.Mrs.Gaskell(盖斯凯尔夫人1810-1865):LifeofCharlotteBronte–英国最佳传记MaryBarton《玛丽·巴顿》：theclassstrugglebetweentheworkersandthecapitalistsd.GeorgeElliot(艾略特1819-1880女作家):田园生活，道德问题，心理描写SilasMarner《织工马南》文风：richhumorandkeenobservation,veryphilosophicalAdamBede：Adam爱上变心女TheMillontheFloss《弗洛斯河上的磨房》：Tom&Maggie；Middlemarch,aStudyofProvincialLife《米德尔马契》e.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray(萨克雷1811-1863):VanityFair/ANovelwithoutaHero《名利场》f.ThomasHardy(哈代1840-1928诗人&小说家): 多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。theWessexnovels(虚构地点)UndertheGreenwoodTree《绿荫下》；TheMayorofCasterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》；TheReturnoftheNative《还乡》FarfromtheMaddingCrowd《远离尘嚣》；JudetheObscure《无名的裘德》TessoftheD’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》:Tess&AngelClare–人无法掌控自己的命运g.RobertStevenson(史蒂文森1850-1894):TreasureIsland《金银岛》;Kidnappedh.WilliamMorris(莫里斯):TheEarthlyPradise;PilgrimsofHope《希望的探求者》2)诗歌:optimismandprogressivevitalitya.AlfredTennyson(丁尼生1809-1902)：维多利亚时代最具代表性的诗人PoetLaureateInMemoriam《悼念》soundsandrhythms;evokingmoods;linkingdescriptionsofnaturetothestateofmindsPoemsbyTwoBrothersThePrincess;Maud;Break,Break,Break《拍岸曲》；TheIdyllsoftheKing《国王叙事诗》;Ulysses《尤利西斯》b.TheBrownings布朗宁夫妇Robert/ElizabethBrowningTheRingandtheBook;SonnetsfromthePortuguese~RobertBrowning(1812-1889)：dramaticmonologues;realistic;optimistic;believedintheprogressofmankindMenandWomen(诗集)；MyLastDuchess《我的前公爵夫人》；MeetingatNight；HomeThoughts,fromAbroad3)散文a.ThomasCarlyle(卡莱尔1795-1881历史学家):TheFrenchRevolution–起因(theworker’smiserablelivingcondition)b.JohnRuskin(作家&艺术评论家):其社会和经济观念对WilliamMorris,OscarWilde,BernardShaw&D.H.Lawrence影响巨大ModernPainters;TheSevenLampsofArchitecture;UntothisLast;SesameandLiliesc.MatthewArnold(阿诺德1822-1888):DoverBeach《多弗尔海滩》4)无产阶级文学a.ErnestJones(琼斯1819-1869):theChartistpoets(宪章派诗人)b.WilliamMorris(莫里斯1834-1896):thefirstsocialistwriter5)19世纪末期文学趋势a.Naturalism:19世纪后半期，从现实主义发展而来；subjectiveandsomber-达尔文EmileZola&GeorgeGissingb.New-Romanticism:opposetheideathatartreflectslifereality–Stevenson(苏格兰小说家)c.Aestheticism(唯美主义):artisself-sufficientandhasnoreferencetolife–在诗歌中倾向于withdrawaloraversiond.Descadence(颓废派文艺):thecrisisofbourgeoisculture;opposesthedemocraticandsocialistideals;“artforart’ssake”~OscarWilde(王尔德1854-1900):AestheticismandDecadence-AnIdealHusband;AWomanofNoImportance;ThePictureofDorianGrey;TheHappyPrinceandOtherTales;Salome《莎乐美》LadyWindermere’sFan《温德米尔夫人的扇子》；TheImportanceofBeingEarnest《认真的重要》七、TheModernPeriod现代时期(1914-)：symbolism;thestreamofconsciousness;naturalism;impressionismImpressionism–个人经历(低层中产阶级&工人阶级)Poetry–shortlyricsNovels(代表JamesJoyce)–心理活动；人性的深度及缺陷anunendingstreamofimpression,feelingsandthoughtsa.JohnGalsworthy(高尔斯华绥1867-1933小说家&剧作家):1932NobelPrizeTheWhiteMonkey《白猿》strength&elasticity;powerfulsweep&深度心理分析文风：concise,clearandstraightforwardTheForsyteSaga《福赛特家史》(小说集)：TheManofProperty《有产者》(批判现实主义顶峰SoamesForsyte&Irene)InChancery《骑虎难下》；ToLet《出让》;Interlude:TheIndianSummerofaForsyte;Awakeningb.GeorgeBernardShaw(萧伯纳1856-1950批判现实主义剧作家)：1925NobelPrizeMrs.Warren’sProfession;批判资本主义的罪恶面；humoristdealswithcontemporarysocialproblemsHeartbreakHouse;Widowers’House;ManandSuperman《人与超人》；Pygmalion《卖花女》；MajorBarbara《巴巴拉少校》；TheAppleCart《苹果车》c. WilliamButlerYeats(叶芝1865-1939爱尔兰诗人&剧作家)：1923NobelPrize；TheIrishnationalistSailingtoByzantine《驶向拜占庭》；TheSecondComing《基督再临》；LedaandtheSwan《丽达与天鹅》TheWindAmongtheReeds《芦苇中的风》；Responsibilities；TheWindingStair《盘旋的楼梯》；TheLakeIsleofInnisfree《茵尼斯弗里岛》；Easter,1916；TheTower；TheLandofHeart’sDesired.T.S.Eliot(艾略特1888-1965诗人&剧作家&批评家):1948NobelPrizeTheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrockclassicistinliterature,royalistinpoliticsandAnglo-CatholicinreligionTheHollowMen《空心人》TheWasteLand《荒原》:alandmarkandamodelofthe20thCEnglishpoetryTheFourQuartets《四个四重奏》：anewserenityofoutlookAshWednesdaye.D.H.Lawrence(劳伦斯1885-1930诗人&小说家&散文家)：心理活动；资本主义工业化吞噬人性WomeninLoveTheWhitePeacock《白孔雀》；TheRainbow；SonsandLovers(半自传体)；LadyChatterley’sLoverf.JamesJoyce(乔伊斯1882-1941爱尔兰小说家)：意识流奠基者obsessedwithwordsTheDubliners《都柏林人》(短篇小说集)；Finnegan’sWake《芬尼根守灵夜》APortraitofanArtistasaYoungMan《青年艺术家的肖像》:自传性–bitterexperiences;最终艺术和精神上的解放Ulysses《尤利西斯》(非传统小说)：modernism–nostory/plot/actiong.VirginiaWoolf(伍尔芙1882-1941)：现代主义&意识流代表;BloomsburyGroupTheCommonReader；OrlandoNovels:Mrs.Dalloway;TotheLighthouse;TheWavesEssays:ARoomofOne’sOwn;ThreeGuineas《三个基尼》-女权运动经典作品h.JosephConrad(康拉德1857-1924):TheNiggeroftheNarcissus《白水仙号上的黑家伙》；LordJim；HeartofDarknessi.RobertTressell(屈赛尔1870-1911)：TheRaggedTrouseredPhilanthropists《穿破裤子的慈善家》j.EdwardMorganForster(E.M.福斯特):HowardsEnd《霍华德庄园》;APassagetoIndia《印度之行》ARoomwithaView;WhereAngelsFeartoTread《天使不敢驻足的地方》k.WilliamSomersetMaugham(W.S.毛姆1874-1965):TheMoonandSixPence;OfHumanBondage《人生的枷锁》i.GeorgeOrwell(奥威尔1903-1950)：政治讽刺小说AnimalFarm;1984*Post-modernism(二战后):愤怒青年AldousLeonardHuxley(赫胥黎):BraveNewWorlda.JohnJamesOsborne(奥斯本1929-1994剧作家)：LookBackinAngerb.SamuelBeckett(贝克特1906-1989爱尔兰剧作家&小说家)：1969NobelPrize荒诞派WaitingforGodot《等待戈多》c.WilliamGolding(戈尔丁1911-1993小说家):1983NobelPrize寓言风TheLordofTheFlies《蝇王》d.DorisLessing(多丽丝·莱辛1919-小说家)：2007NobelPrizeTheGrassisSinging(1950)；TheGoldenNotebook(1962)e.V.S.Naipaul(奈保尔1932-印度裔小说家):2001NobelPrize小说及非虚构文学AHouseforMr.Biswas;InaFreeState;ABendintheRiver《河湾》;TheEnigmaofArrival《抵达之谜》g.HaroldPinter(品特1930-2008剧作家):2005NobelPrize萧伯纳之后英国最重要剧作家-20世纪下半叶英国戏剧创作流派Pinteresque，早期作品常为荒诞派戏剧TheCaretaker《看房者》；TheBirthdayParty；TheHomecomingg.HerbertGeorgeWells(小说家-科幻)：TheTimeMachine;TheInvisibleMan美国文学一、BeforetheRevolutionofIndependence(17世纪之前)1)NativeAmericanLiterature(AmericanIndians)印第安传统文学1.TraditionalLiterature:口头文学–祝词、部落神话、英雄传说、民歌2.TransitionalLiterature:19世纪白人侵占史；翻译作品3.ModernLiterature:19-20世纪，美国印第安人所著作品2)ColonialAmeri